Health Health PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY

Chapter 1Chapter 1Introducing Health Introducing Health

PsychologyPsychology

Second EditionSecond Edition

Slides prepared by Richard O. Straub, University of Michigan, Dearborn

Health and IllnessHealth and Illness

What Is Health? What Is Health? A state of complete physical, mental, and social A state of complete physical, mental, and social

well-beingwell-being Physical healthPhysical health Psychological healthPsychological health Social healthSocial health

Health and Illness: Health and Illness: Lessons from the PastLessons from the Past

Ancient ViewsAncient Views Prehistoric Medicine Prehistoric Medicine

Illness caused by evil spiritsIllness caused by evil spirits TrephinationTrephination Demons and punishment by the gods cause illnessDemons and punishment by the gods cause illness

Health and Illness: Health and Illness: Lessons from the PastLessons from the Past

Hippocrates (c. 460 – c. 377 B.C.)Hippocrates (c. 460 – c. 377 B.C.) Rejected ancient focus on mysticism & superstitionRejected ancient focus on mysticism & superstition ““Father” of western medicineFather” of western medicine Humoral theoryHumoral theory

Wellness: equilibrium among four bodily fluidsWellness: equilibrium among four bodily fluids

Claudius Galen (A.D. c. 129 – c. 200)Claudius Galen (A.D. c. 129 – c. 200) Developed widely used system of pharmacologyDeveloped widely used system of pharmacology

Roots of Non-Western MedicineRoots of Non-Western Medicine

Traditional Oriental MedicineTraditional Oriental Medicine Founded on principle of internal harmonyFounded on principle of internal harmony Qi Qi — vital energy or life force— vital energy or life force Acupuncture, herbal therapy, meditationAcupuncture, herbal therapy, meditation

AyurvedaAyurveda (longevity-knowledge) (longevity-knowledge) Oldest known medical systemOldest known medical system Health is a balance of bodily humors Health is a balance of bodily humors (doshas)(doshas)

Health and Illness: Health and Illness: Lessons from the PastLessons from the Past

The Middle Ages and the RenaissanceThe Middle Ages and the Renaissance Epidemic Epidemic — disease that spreads rapidly — disease that spreads rapidly

within a communitywithin a community Plague Plague — bacterial disease carried by — bacterial disease carried by

rodents that occurred during the Middle Agesrodents that occurred during the Middle Ages

Health and Illness: Health and Illness: Lessons from the PastLessons from the Past

The RenaissanceThe Renaissance Reemergence of scientific inquiry Reemergence of scientific inquiry

and medical studyand medical study Mind–body dualism Mind–body dualism — philosophical — philosophical

viewpoint that mind and body are viewpoint that mind and body are separate entities that do not interactseparate entities that do not interact

Health and Illness: Health and Illness: Lessons from the PastLessons from the Past

Post-Renaissance RationalityPost-Renaissance Rationality Focus shifts from mysticism to the biological causes Focus shifts from mysticism to the biological causes

of diseaseof disease Anatomical theory of disease Anatomical theory of disease — theory that the — theory that the

origins of diseases lie in the internal organs, origins of diseases lie in the internal organs, musculature, and skeletal system of the bodymusculature, and skeletal system of the body

Health and Illness: Health and Illness: Lessons from the PastLessons from the Past

Discoveries of the Nineteenth CenturyDiscoveries of the Nineteenth Century Cellular theory Cellular theory — theory that disease results from — theory that disease results from

abnormalities in body cellsabnormalities in body cells Germ theory Germ theory — —

theory that disease theory that disease is caused by is caused by microorganismsmicroorganisms

Health and Illness: Health and Illness: Lessons from the PastLessons from the Past

The Twentieth Century and the Dawn The Twentieth Century and the Dawn of a New Eraof a New Era Biomedical model Biomedical model — the idea that illness always has a physical cause— the idea that illness always has a physical cause

Dominant view of twentieth-century medicineDominant view of twentieth-century medicine Embraces Embraces reductionismreductionism (complex phenomena derive ultimately from a single primary factor) (complex phenomena derive ultimately from a single primary factor) Based on the Cartesian doctrine of Based on the Cartesian doctrine of mind–body dualismmind–body dualism Health viewed as simply the absence of diseaseHealth viewed as simply the absence of disease

Pathogen — Pathogen — a virus, bacterium, or some other microorganism that causes a a virus, bacterium, or some other microorganism that causes a particular diseaseparticular disease

Health and Illness: Health and Illness: Lessons from the PastLessons from the Past

The Twentieth Century and the Dawn The Twentieth Century and the Dawn of a New Eraof a New Era Psychosomatic Medicine Psychosomatic Medicine — outdated branch of medicine focused on the — outdated branch of medicine focused on the

diagnosis and treatment of physical diseases caused by faulty mental diagnosis and treatment of physical diseases caused by faulty mental processesprocesses

Started trend toward modern view of illness and health as Started trend toward modern view of illness and health as multifactorialmultifactorial Interaction of Interaction of host factors, environmental factors, behavioral factors, host factors, environmental factors, behavioral factors,

psychological factorspsychological factors

Health and Illness: Health and Illness: Lessons from the PastLessons from the Past

The Twentieth Century and the Dawn of a New The Twentieth Century and the Dawn of a New EraEra Behavioral medicine Behavioral medicine — interdisciplinary field — interdisciplinary field

that integrates behavioral and biomedical that integrates behavioral and biomedical science in promoting health and treating diseasescience in promoting health and treating disease

BiofeedbackBiofeedback

Health and Illness: Health and Illness: Lessons from the PastLessons from the Past

The Emergence of Health PsychologyThe Emergence of Health Psychology 1978: APA establishes the division of health psychology (Division 38) 1978: APA establishes the division of health psychology (Division 38)

and lays down four goals for the new fieldand lays down four goals for the new field To scientifically investigate the psychological, behavioral, and social To scientifically investigate the psychological, behavioral, and social etiologyetiology of of

diseasedisease To promote healthTo promote health To prevent and treat illnessTo prevent and treat illness To promote public health policy and the improvement of the health care systemTo promote public health policy and the improvement of the health care system

The Biopsychosocial ModelThe Biopsychosocial Model

Biopsychosocial PerspectiveBiopsychosocial Perspective

The Biological ContextThe Biological Context Every thought, mood, and urge is a biological eventEvery thought, mood, and urge is a biological event Evolutionary PerspectiveEvolutionary Perspective

Adaptation and reproductive successAdaptation and reproductive success

Life-Course PerspectiveLife-Course Perspective Age-related aspects of health and illnessAge-related aspects of health and illness

Biopsychosocial PerspectiveBiopsychosocial Perspective

The Psychological ContextThe Psychological Context Coping with stressful experiencesCoping with stressful experiences Attitude and treatment effectivenessAttitude and treatment effectiveness Psychological interventions Psychological interventions

Biopsychosocial PerspectiveBiopsychosocial Perspective

The Social ContextThe Social Context The ways we think about, The ways we think about,

influence, and relate to one influence, and relate to one another and the environmentanother and the environment

Birth cohort Birth cohort — — group of group of people who, because they people who, because they were born at about the same were born at about the same time, experience similar time, experience similar historical and social conditionshistorical and social conditions

Biopsychosocial PerspectiveBiopsychosocial Perspective Sociocultural PerspectiveSociocultural Perspective

Theoretical perspective that focuses on how social and cultural factors contribute Theoretical perspective that focuses on how social and cultural factors contribute to health and diseaseto health and disease

Culture Culture —— the enduring behaviors, values, and customs that a group of people the enduring behaviors, values, and customs that a group of people transmit from one generation to the nexttransmit from one generation to the next

Ethnic group Ethnic group —— large group of people who tend to have similar values and large group of people who tend to have similar values and experiences because they share certain characteristics experiences because they share certain characteristics

Socioeconomic status (SES) Socioeconomic status (SES) —— a measure of several variables, including income, a measure of several variables, including income, education, and occupation education, and occupation

Biopsychosocial PerspectiveBiopsychosocial Perspective

Gender PerspectiveGender Perspective Theoretical perspective that focuses Theoretical perspective that focuses

on gender-specific health problems on gender-specific health problems and barriers to health careand barriers to health care

Under-representation of women as Under-representation of women as participants in medical research participants in medical research trialstrials

Biopsychosocial “Systems”Biopsychosocial “Systems”

FAQs About Health PsychologyFAQs About Health Psychology

What Do Health Psychologists Do?What Do Health Psychologists Do? Teachers, research scientists, cliniciansTeachers, research scientists, clinicians Positive psychology: Positive psychology: new focus on optimal, healthy new focus on optimal, healthy

human functioninghuman functioning Applied health psychologists: Applied health psychologists: licensed practitioners who licensed practitioners who

focus on health-promoting interventionsfocus on health-promoting interventions

Where Do Where Do Health Health Psychologists Psychologists Work?Work?

FAQs About Health PsychologyFAQs About Health Psychology

How Do I Become a Health Psychologist?How Do I Become a Health Psychologist? General psychology training at the undergraduate levelGeneral psychology training at the undergraduate level Special training at the doctoral (Ph.D.) levelSpecial training at the doctoral (Ph.D.) level

Four- to six-year programFour- to six-year program 65 Ph.D. programs in health psychology in the United States65 Ph.D. programs in health psychology in the United States Curriculum follows the biopsychosocial modelCurriculum follows the biopsychosocial model