26448_26445trainingpackageonnaturalhazard

7/30/2019 26448_26445trainingpackageonnaturalhazard

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Training Package on Natural Hazards

and Early Warning for Training

of Trainers in Kenya

United Nations

International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

Regional Office for Africa

I S D R

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protecon


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Training Package on Natural Hazardsand Early Warning for Training of

Trainers in Kenya

United Nations

International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

Regional Office for Africa

I S DR

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protecon


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Printing: UNON, Publishing Services Section, Nairobi, ISO 14001: 2004-certifed


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Table of Contents

Acknowledgement................................................................................................................. v

GlossaryofCommonTerminologies..................................................................................... vi

AcronymsandAbbreviations............................................................................................... vii

1. Introduction.................................................................................................................... 11.1 Background............................................................................................................11.2 Rationale o the natural hazard act sheet training ................................................11.3 Objectives o the training course .........................................................................21.4 Expected outcome ................................................................................................ 21.5 Training methods .................................................................................................. 21.6 Course duration ....................................................................................................2

1.7 Target group/participants ..................................................................................... 21.8 Course structure and contents .............................................................................. 31.9 Proposed profle o trainers ..................................................................................41.10 Usage o the training manual ................................................................................4

2. TrainingModules1:...................................................................................................... 52.1 Module 1: introduction to disaster risk reduction .................................................52.2 Session1: Knowing the participants ......................................................................52.3 Session 2: Expectation setting .............................................................................. 52.4 Session 3: Why this course? .................................................................................52.5 Session 4: Understanding language o disaster risk reduction .............................62.6 Understanding disaster risk reduction language ..................................................62.7 Global and regional perspectives o hazards and disaster risk reduction ........... 16

3. Modules2:NaturalHazardsandDisasterRiskReductioninKenya............................223.1 Background ........................................................................................................223.2 Natural hazards in Kenya .................................................................................... 223.3 Disaster risk reduction in Kenya: Institutional and legal rameworks .................24

4. Modules3:DroughtHazardInKenya..........................................................................294.1 Learning objectives .............................................................................................304.2 Background and distribution o drought in Kenya ...............................................31

4.3 Types o droughts ................................................................................................314.4 Parameters o drought severity ............................................................................314.5 Causes o drought ................................................................................................314.6 Impact o drought .............................................................................................. 324.7 Drought hazard assessment and mapping ..........................................................344.8 Drought onset, monitoring and early warning ....................................................344.9 Elements most risk to drought hazard ................................................................ 344.10 Drought mitigation, minimization and risk reduction strategies ......................... 354.11 Aims o drought mitigation .................................................................................354.12 Community participation .................................................................................... 39


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5. Modules4:FloodHazardinKenya..............................................................................425.1 Learning Objectives ............................................................................................425.2 Understanding oods ......................................................................................425.3 Areas aected by oods in Kenya .......................................................................425.4 Parameters o ood severity ...............................................................................43

5.5 Causes o oods ................................................................................................. 435.6 Mechanisms o ood destruction ........................................................................445.7 Economic and social impacts o oods on the regions aected .........................465.8 Floods hazard assessment and mapping ............................................................465.9 Flood monitoring and early warning institutions ................................................465.10 Elements most at risk to ood hazard ................................................................465.11 Mitigation prevention, minimization and risk reduction strategies .....................475.12 Community-based risk reduction measures ........................................................49

6. Modules5:Earth/LandMovementHazards(LandslidesandEarthquakes)............... 526.1 Landslides .......................................................................................................... 52

6.2 Earthquake .........................................................................................................577. Modules6:Tsunami.....................................................................................................62

7.1 Learning objectives .............................................................................................627.2 Tsunami occurrence in Kenya .............................................................................. 627.3 Causes o tsunamis .............................................................................................627.4 Impact and eects o tsunamis ........................................................................... 637.5 Mitigation, minimization and risk reduction strategies .......................................63

8. Modules7:LighteningandWildFires.........................................................................648.1 Lightening .......................................................................................................... 648.2 Wild Fires ............................................................................................................ 65

9 Modules8:DiseasePandemics................................................................................... 739.1 Malaria ................................................................................................................739.2 Cholera ...............................................................................................................76

10. Modules9:DisasterPreparednessandEarlyWarning................................................ 7910.1 Module learning objectives .................................................................................7910.2 Understanding disaster preparedness ............................................................7910.3 Components o a disaster preparedness mechanism .........................................7910.4 Disaster preparedness and disaster risk reduction ............................................. 7910.5 Disaster contingency planning ............................................................................80

10.6 Early warning systems ........................................................................................8010.7 Code o conduct in disaster response ................................................................84

11. RecommendationsonAwarenessRaisingStrategies..................................................85

11.1 Increasing awareness to district and sub national level personnel ....................8511.2 Increasing community awareness .......................................................................8511.3 Communication tips on public awareness ...........................................................8511.4 Planning public education initiatives ..................................................................8611.5 The seven DRR potential partners.......................................................................86

References........................................................................................................................... 87


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Acknowledgement

This Natural hazards training package herein also reerred to as a training toolkit is developed

by the Kenya National Disaster risk reduction (DRR) Platorm through the Ministry o Stateor Special programmes (MoSSP) with technical and fnancial support rom United NationsStrategy or Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), Arica and the Government o Germany.

The team at Kenya National platorm grateully acknowledges the individual and institutionalreviewers or their input which has inormed this second version o this toolkit. The reviewersinclude Julius Kabubi [DRR Advisor, UNISDR [Arica], Beatrice Teya (UNDP, Nairobi), ThomasNyambane (UN OCHA, Ofce or the Coordination o Humanitarian Aairs) and Vincent Matioli(MoSSP).

The team greatly appreciates the involvement, technical inputs and guidance provided inevery step o the development o this toolkit by Rhea Katsanakis rom UNIDR Regional Ofcewhich laid the oundation o this manual. The National platorm expresses sincere gratitude tothe Government o Germany and ECHO or the fnancial support in developing this importanttoolkit which is believed would be o great importance in building capacity or reducing riskreduction rom natural hazards in Kenya.

The training package looks orward or greater improvement rom the inputs and eedback tobe received rom the participants during the planned workshop or sub national DRR platormmembers and stakeholders in Nakuru.

This manual is developed by Nicodemus Nyandiko, a DRR analyst.


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Glossary of Common Terminologies

Hazard

A potentially damaging physical event, human activity or phenomenon with a potential tocause loss o lie or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption, environmentaldegradation among other eects.

Vulnerability

Vulnerability reers to a set o conditions resulting rom physical, social, economic andenvironmental actors, which increase the susceptibility o a community to the impact odisasters. Vulnerability also reers to the characteristics o a person or group in terms o theircapacity to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover rom the impact o natural hazards.

Disaster

A disaster can be defned as a serious disruption o the unctioning o the society causingwidespread human, material or environmental damage and losses which exceed the ability othe aected community to cope using their own resources.

Risk

Risk is the probability o harmul consequences or loss resulting rom the interaction betweennatural hazards and vulnerable conditions o property and people.

Mitigation

Short and long-term actions, programmers or policies implemented in advance o a naturalhazard or in its early stages, to reduce the degree o risk to the people, property, andproductivity capacity.

Preparedness

Pre-disaster activities designed to increase the level o readiness or improve operationalcapabilities or responding to an emergency.

Response

Actions taken immediately beore, during or directly ater a disaster to reduce impacts andimprove recovery rom disaster eects.

Impacts

Specifc eects o hazards or disasters also reerred to as consequences or outcomes.


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Acronyms and Abbreviations

ALRMP Arid Lands Resource Management ProjectAP Administrative Police

ARV Anti-retroviral treatment

ASAL Arid and semi arid land

AU Arica Union

CBSE Central Board o Secondary Education

CTBTO Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization

DDMT District Disaster Management Team

DDMU District Drought Management Unit

DEPHA Data Exchange Platorm or Horn o Arica

DMC Drought Monitoring Centre

DSG District Steering Group

EDRP Emergency Drought Recovery Project

EIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEMCA Environment Management and Coordination Act

GoK Government o Kenya

GSU General Service Unit

HFA Hyogo Framework or Action

ICPAC IGAD Climate Predictions and Applications Centre

ICSU-ROA International Council or Scientifc Union - Regional Ofce or Arica

IDPS Internally Displaced People

IGAD Intergovernmental Agency or Agricultural Development

ITNS Insecticide-treated nets

KEMRI Kenya Medical Research Institute

KMD Kenya Meteorological Department

KPLC Kenya Power and Lighting Company

LLITNs Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets


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MAM March, April & May

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

NAPDD National Action Programme or Combating Drought and Desertifcation

NDCF - National Drought Contingency FundNDOC National (Disaster) Operations Centre

NEPAD New Partnership or Aricas Development

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NTEWC Tsunami Early Warning Centre

NTIC National Tsunami Inormation Centre

NYS National Youth Service

OCHA Ofce or the Coordination o Humanitarian Aairs

OFDA-CRED Ofce o U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance-Centre or Research on theEpidemiology o Disasters

OND October, November & December

POA Programme o Action

ROK Republic o Kenya

SAR Search and Rescue

UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientifc and Cultural Organization

UNISDR International Strategy or Disaster Reduction

WARMA Water Resources Management Authority

WCDR World Conerence on Disaster Reduction

WWSSN World Wide Standardized Seismic Network


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1. Introduction

1.1 Background

Kenya has become increasingly predisposed

to a variety o natural and man-made disasters

including oods, drought, landslides, fres, HIV/

AIDS, terrorism among others. Disaster impacts

cause enormous suering including loss o

lie, disruption o livelihoods and o economic

activities and degradation o the environment.

The government o Kenya, in recognition o

the need to minimize disaster impacts has

embarked ully on disaster managementstrategies aimed at risk reduction in support

o sustainable development objectives. It

is in this context the government has put in

place legal, institutional and administrative

measures aimed at strengthening capacity

and strategies to be taken beore, during and

ater disasters. The policies and institutional

mechanism the government has developed

include: development o national disaster

policy, establishment o national disaster

reduction platorms, strengthening institutions

tackling disaster risk reduction (DRR) related

tasks and developing hazard maps. Increasing

stakeholder awareness on natural hazards in

Kenya is critical to developing programs and

projects that are resilient to disaster impacts

in support o sustainable development.

The UNISDR and Ministry o State or Special

Programmes (MoSSP) has supported

establishment o district specifc hazard actsheets which has been utilized to develop

this training package or DRR stakeholders in

addition to other inormation sources and the

existing disaster preparedness and response

measures. This training manual aims at

building capacity o the DRR platorms at all

levels and other relevant actors to design

and implement development projects that

enhance protection o lives and livelihoods

while improving environmental quality andprotecting ecosystem services.

1.2 Rationale of the naturalhazard fact sheet training

In the past two years Kenya has suered

massive decline in economic growth due to

high population pressure, widespread poverty

and 2007/8 post election violence. This has

been compounded by the global economic

recession and natural disasters. Natural.

hazards in Kenya include requent drought

episodes, oods, wild fres, landslides among

others. The hazards on their own are notdangerous but when they interact with people

or their assets, they can cause damage o

varying magnitude resulting into disasters.

Disasters disrupt peoples lives throughdisplacements, deaths and injuries. Theydestruct livelihoods and drain years oeconomic gains and development. Naturaldisasters or instance cause loss o livesand property, displacement o people rom

homes, destruction o inrastructure likeroads, rails and telecommunication lines,contamination o water sources causingdiseases or depletion o the same altogether.The magnitude o a disasterdepends on thecharacteristics, the probability and intensityo the hazard and the susceptibility oexposed elements based on the prevailingp hys ica l , s o cia l a n d e n vir on m en talconditions. Kenya experiences a number o

natural hazards, the most common beingweather and climate related, includingoods, droughts, landslides, lightening/thunderstorms, wild fres, and strong winds.Other hazards experienced in Kenya includeHIV/AIDS, and conict. In the recent pastthese hazards have increased in number,requency and complexity. The level odestruction has also become moresevere with more deaths o people and

animals, loss o livelihoods, destructiono inrastructure among other eects


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resulting in losses o varying magnitudes.This training manual aims at buildingDRR capacity o DRR managers and otherdisaster risk management actors to designand implement programs/projects thatenhance protection o lives and livelihoodswhile improving environmental quality andprotecting ecosystem services.

1.3 Objectives of the trainingcourse

The overall aim o the training package is toincrease awareness on natural hazards anddisaster risk reduction to key stakeholderswith knowledge on disaster management

to empower the actors to support theirorganizations in developing disasterresilient programs and projects.

This training manual is or use in DRR trainingaimed at building the capacity o sub nationalgovernment ofcials, NGOs, academia andother actors responsible or delivering,implementing, planning, researching orcoordinating programs/policies and projects

by raising awareness on DRR issues. Theknowledge shared through this toolkit willhelp participants increase their knowledgeo preparedness; response, recovery,rehabilitation and development projects/programs that incorporate DRR concerns.At the same time, the package also aims atraising awareness o DRR practitioners onvarious hazards in Kenya, their potentialimpacts, temporal and spatial distributionand possible mitigation measures.

1.3.1 Specicobjectives

At the end o the training course it isexpected the participants will be able to:

Identiy global and regional typologyo hazards including their spatial andtemporal distribution

Identiy and understand the causes and

impacts o various hazards in Kenya

Understand disaster risk reductionconcepts and DRR conceptual rameworksand institutional mechanisms

Identiy disaster risk reduction strategiesand opportunities in programming

1.4 Expected outcome

The training package is expected to achievethe ollowing goal:

Taking the objectives into account, the package

is expected to enhance knowledge o national

and district level disaster risk reduction

government, NGOs, civil society, media

personnel and other actors so as to achieve

substantive results on reduction o disasterlosses, in lives and in the social, economic and

environmental assets o communities.

1.5 Training methods

The ollowing training methods are plannedor use during workshops:

Power point presentations Group discussions

Group exercises Supplementary handouts Review sessions

1.6 Course duration

The course is designed to take a maximumo two days

1.7 Target group/participants

The target group includes:

District DRR platorm stakeholders Sub National DRR platorm members/

stakeholders Academic institutions Emergency responders

The course will be helpul to practitioners who

are involved in: Developing and implementing

DRR policies, plans and projects.


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1.8 Course structure and contents

The course is structured in nine (9) modules.Hereunder is a brie description on each othe module.

Module 1: Introduction to disaster riskreduction

The course would start with an introductory

session, which would establish the importance

o the course or the participants and the

skills, technique and knowledge they would

acquire at the end o the course. The rationale

would be established through citing the

impacts o natural hazards on development

projects as well as how improper planning

and implementation o these projects couldlead to increase in risk rom natural hazards.

Introduction to key concepts and principles

used in disaster management such as

hazard, disaster, vulnerability, disaster risk

and coping will ollow. The module will also

explore hazard and disaster management at

global and regional perspectives including

introduction to global trends, disaster risk

reduction rameworks, hazards and disaster

risk in Arica.

Module 2: Natural hazards and disasterrisk reduction in Kenya

The module will highlight typology o hazardsin Kenya, temporal and spatial hazarddistribution, disaster management legaland institutional arrangements includingKenya disaster policy, legal rameworks androle o relevant DRR institutions.

Module 3: Drought hazard in Kenya

The module will highlight the typology odroughts in Kenya, temporal and spatialdistribution and causes o drought. Themodule will also ocus on drought mitigation,prevention and risk reduction measures.The module will have our sessions.

Module 4: Flood hazard in Kenya

The module will cover the ollowing:

defnition o ood, occurrence o oodin Kenya, mitigation measures and riskreduction strategies. It will also ocus onIntegrated Flood Management (IFM) inthe context o legal, social, economic andenvironmental aspects

Module 5: Earth/land movement hazards(earthquake, volcano and land slide)

The training will highlight the occurrence,

causes, impacts and disaster risk reduction

strategies or the ollowing hazards:

earthquake, volcano and landslide. The

module has three main sessions.

Module 6: TsunamiThe module will highlight the typology oTsunami, temporal and spatial distributionand causes o Tsunami. The module will alsoocus on Tsunami mitigation, preventionand risk reduction measures. The modulewill have our sessions.

Module 7: Lightening and wild res

The module will ocus on the ollowing:

Types o lightening, occurrence in Kenyaand causes, mitigation strategies andrisk reduction measures. The module willalso explore the causes and occurrence ofre in Kenya, methods o controlling fre,predicting likely fre impacts and fre hazardmitigation measures

Module 8: Disease pandemics (malariaand cholera)

The module will highlight the types oMalaria/cholera in Kenya, temporal andspatial distribution and causes o Malaria/Cholera. The module will also ocus onMalaria mitigation, prevention and riskreduction measures. The module will haveour sessions.

Module 9: Disaster preparedness andEarly Warning

The module will highlight disaster

Introduction


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preparedness and response mechanismsw i t h D R R p e r s p e c t i v e i n c l u d i n g :Components o disaster preparedness,Contingency planning, response strategies,rehearsals, resource mobilization andhazard monitoring and early warning.

1.9 Proposed prole of trainers

It is proposed that the training will bedelivered by a wide range o trainers drawnrom various partner agencies with respectiveexpertise on disaster management, DRR,ecosystem and environmental managementand working closely with governmentsat National and sub national levels. It is

proposed to draw a pool o trainers withexperience in programs and projects in DRR.

1.10 Usage of the training manual

The training package is developed or

training participants at sub nationallevel. It is intended to guide acilitatorsduring training o trainers (ToT) trainingduring delivery o the training course, as acompanion document to the power pointpresentations. It would also be used bylearners on sel study aimed at enhancingknowledge sharing and learning processon the issue o DRR. It is believed that theparticipants attending the training coursewould fnd the manual handy in terms ogetting introduced to key concepts or eacho the session, reinorced with case studiesrom Kenya and other regions to supportthe learning process. In addition, whereverapplicable Case Studies are provided to

elaborate the key concepts which thesession aims to convey to the participants.An attempt has been made to capture casestudies or the sake o amiliarity o theparticipants who are expected to be romthe Kenya.


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2. Training Modules

Instructions: Provide each participant with

a piece o paper and a pen and ask them towrite their names on the top.

Suggest participants spend at least thirtyseconds talking to one another.

2.3 Session 2: Expectation setting

Session learning objective: At the end othe session the participant would be able tolist out their expectations rom the training

course.

Sessiondelivery:Session will be deliveredthrough an exercise involving each o theparticipants.

Materialsrequired: Colored cards, papers,tape board.

Instructions: Provide each participant with3pieces o colored paper and request themto write their expectations rom the trainingcourse

Give around 10 minutes to the participantsto write the expectations which are to begrouped by the acilitator

Ater all the expectations are written, theacilitator shall group them.

2.4 Session 3: Why this course?

Sessionduration: 15 Minutes

The session will highlight the ollowing:

i. Kenyas landscape covers a totalo 583,000 sq. km. The populationgro wt h rat e o 3 . 1 % an d t h epopulation stands approximately 40

million people. The countrys GNP isclose to US $ 330

2.1 Module 1: introduction todisaster risk reduction

The module will cover the ollowing contentsto be delivered in fve sessions:

i. Climate settingii. Module learning objectivesiii. Knowing each other and the resource

persons betteriv. Listing out the expectations rom this

training coursev. Understanding the importance o this

course and how it would help in theirproessional work

vi. Introduction to disaster risk reductionwill include the ollowing disastermanagement terminologies and keyconcepts: Hazards, d isaster, d isaster

risk, vulnerability coping andvulnerability

Classifcation o hazards anddisasters

Disaster elements and disastercycle

Overview o hazards/disasters(global and regional perspectives),

Disaster risk reduction legalrameworks and institutionalmechanism

2.2 Session1: Knowing theparticipants

At the end o the session the participantswould be able to know each other betterand the training resource persons

Session delivery: The session would bedelivered through an exercise involvingeach o the participants.

Materials required: Paper, pen, maskingtape


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ii. The populat ion is predominantlyrural and relies on agriculturewhich contributes about 28% o thecountrys total GDP

iii. Natural hazards in Kenya includedrought, oods, earthquakes,volcanic eruptions, landslides amongothers. These occur all over the worldand on their own are not harmul

iv. When natural hazards interact withvulnerable populations such aspeople, property or livelihoods, theycause disasters

v. Natural disasters continue to strike andincrease in magnitude, complexity,requency and economic impact. The

cyclic nature o disasters in Kenyahas constantly eroded the recoverycapacity o communities. They havetaken back years o developmentthus posing a major challenge tothe achievement o MillenniumDevelopment Goals (MDGs)

vi. Whereas the natural phenomenon(hazards) causing disasters in mostcases beyond human control, the

vulnerability is generally a result ohuman activity

vii. There is now internat ional andnational acknowledgement thateorts to reduce disaster risks mustbe systematically integrated intopolicies, plans and programmes orsustainable development and povertyreduction, and supported throughbilateral, regional and international

cooperation, including partnerships.viii. Unders tanding character istics ,

nature and probability o occurrenceo hazards is one such eort. Anintegrated, multi-hazard approachto disaster risk reduction should beactored into policies, planning andprogramming related to sustainabledevelopment, relie, rehabilitation,and recovery activities in post-

disaster and post-conict situationsin disaster-prone areas

2.5 Session 4: Understandinglanguage of disaster riskreduction

At the end o the session, the participantsshould be able to:

Defne and understand common keyterms used in disaster risk reduction

Classiy disasters based on causativeactors; Understand the concept odisaster cycle

Discuss the causal phenomenon o eachdisaster

Describe the cycle o common disastersin Kenya

Understand the global and regionalperspectives o hazards and disasters

Understand and apply the disaster riskramework

Sessionduration:45 Minutes

2.6 Understanding disaster riskreduction language

Defne and understand key terms (event,hazard, disaster, vulnerability, coping,disaster risk and vulnerability)

Give examples o common events,hazards, disasters

Categorize common events, hazard ordisaster

Understand vulnerability, hazard anddisaster risk

Understand disaster risk reductionand how it is linked to sustainable

development

2.6.1 Deningthewordevent

An event reers to anything that happens or

takes place. Some happenings occur naturally

without the control o human beings such as

breathing. Other happenings are planned to

occur such as walking and driving.

Can you give fve examples o happeningsor occurrences?


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Some events are undesirable or harmulsuch as a road accident or a heavy storm. Aheavy storm is a natural event while a roadaccident is man- made event.

What are the eects o an undesirable eventsuch as a storm?

Destroys the environment (degradation) Can drown people (kill) Destroy crops and drown livestock Damage houses (residential, schools,

hospitals etc) Damage roads

2.6.2 Deningthewordhazard

Hazard is an expression that reers to thepotential harmul eect o an event. A morestandard defnition o the word hazard is anatural or man-made phenomenon whichmay cause physical damage, economiclosses, or threaten human lie and well-being i it occurs in an area o humansettlement, agricultural or industrialactivity. In engineering, the term is usedin a more specifc, mathematical sense tomean the probability o the occurrence,within a specifed period o time and a givenarea, o a particular, potentially damagingphenomenon o a given severity/intensity.

Thereore hazards are events that are:

Extreme Excessive Abnormal

Unwanted

2.6.3 Deningtheworddisaster

When a hazard does occur, there is an eecton society. For example when lighteningdoes occur in a crowded stadium, manypeople may perish; others get injured and

destroy acilities. The eect is on peopleand property and that is what is reerredto as society and the society is seriouslydisrupted. The eect on people includesdeath, injury, and pain: both physicaland psychological. The eect on propertyincludes damage, loss, destruction anddeormation.

Thus, a disaster unlike a hazard is an eect.

What level of effect?

The eect o a disaster must be overwhelmingbeyond the capacity o the aected societyto cope. Thus a disaster is defned as aserious disruption o the unctioning othe society causing widespread human,material or environmental damage andlosses which exceed the ability o theaected community to cope using their own

resources. Two conditions MUST be metwhen a disaster happens: there must be aneect on society and the eect must be tosuch level that the society is overwhelmed.Thus a disaster can be defned as aserious disruption o the unctioning othe society causing widespread human,material or environmental damage andlosses which exceed the ability o theaected community to cope using their

own resources.

Table 2.1: Hazardous events

Event Hazardous Level Tale-tale Signs

Rain Floods (heavy rainfall) Washes away crops

Wind Strong winds Damage roofs

No rain No rain for long period Drought, famine

Lightening Lightening strike in a crowded room People killed and maimed

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2.6.3.1 Classicationofdisastersbasedoncausativefactors

Disasters can be classifed based on thenature o the causative actors namely:natural or manmade.

NaturaldisastersThese are disasters caused by naturalhazards. Examples are oods, earthquakes,drought, lightening, Cyclones and tsunami.

Humanmade(Anthropogenic)disastersThese are disasters linked to human-madehazards. Examples are war, technologicaldisasters, oreign auna, HIV/AIDS pandemic,bomb blast and environmental disasters.

2.6.3.2 Classicationbasedonoriginofdisasters

The table below summaries this type odisasters

Assignment

a. Can you name another two disasters oreach o the above categories?

b. Can you fll the table 2.3 with appropriateexamples o the disasters in eachcategory?

Assignment 1.1

i. Give three examples of each of the following; events, natural hazards, man-made hazards

ii. Discuss why a hazard may be a disaster in one location and not in another

iii. Distinguish clearly the meaning of the words hazard and disaster

Table 2.2: Classification of natural hazards

Category Types of Hazards

Geological hazards Earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and landslides

Hydro-metrological hazards or hydro-

climatological

Droughts, floods, cyclones, tornadoes, hurricanes, hailstorms, heat

waves, cold waves

Biological hazards Disease epidemics, pest attacks, invasive species

Environmental hazards Desertification, deforestation, soil erosion, environnemental pollution

2.6.3.3 Classicationofdisastersbasedontimeofonset

Based on time o on-set, disasters can beclassifed as:

Rapidonsetdisasters(RODS)These disasters happen over relatively shortperiod o time such as seconds, minutes orhours. For example; lightening, earthquake,bomb blast, tsunami and ood.

Slowonsetdisasters(SODS)These disasters take a relatively longperiod o time to occur. Examples areamine, drought, locust invasion, HIV/AIDSpandemic, war and rost.

2.6.3.4 Disastercycleanddisasterriskreduction

Thedisastercycle:Disaster cycle or management cycleillustrates the going process by whichdisaster managers and society plan orand reduce the impact o disasters, reactimmediately ollowing a disaster, andtake steps to recover ater a disaster hasoccurred. Disaster managers and societyshould always expect disasters to happen


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and be prepared. Appropriate actionsat all points in the cycle lead to greaterpreparedness, better warnings and reducedvulnerability or prevention o disasters

during the next iteration o the cycle.This acilitates disasters to be analyzedin the ramework o their occurrence,relie, rehabilitation, mitigation, disasterpreparedness and response. This concept isreerred to as disaster cycle, in what we callthe phases o a disaster.

PreparednessphaseThe goal o this phase is to develop measures

in advance to ensure a satisactory level oreadiness to respond to any emergencythrough programs that strengthen thecapacity o the society and the disastermanagers. This includes issuance o timelyand eective early warnings and temporaryevacuation o people and property romthreatened locations. This is the timeor planning and being prepared or thedisaster.

Impactphase

It is marked by overwhelming disruptiono the local community at the interceptionregion beyond their capacity to withstandthe eects o the hazard. It is marked byhigh degree o chaos but it could havea remarkable degree o organizationdepending level o organization andeectiveness o disaster risk reduction andmitigation measures put in place beore the

disaster.

Table 2.3: Natural and human-made disasters

ExamplesNatural Disasters Human Made Disasters

Slow On-set Fast On-set Slow On-set Fast On-set

1

2

3

4

5

Relief/responsephase

Begins when assistance arrives rom outsidethe disaster area to support the disastervictims to maintain lie, improve health and

sustain the morale o the aected population.Such assistance ranges rom evacuation,temporary shelter, ood, education,medicine and water. Disaster relies need tobe integrated into development planning andlocal capacities to strengthen sustainabilityo the interventions.

RecoveryphaseIt is characterized restoring pre-disaster

conditions and undertaking activitiesrestoring their lives and inrastructure.However, there is no distinct point at whichimmediate relie changes into recoveryand then into long term sustainabledevelopment. There are many opportunitiesduring recovery period to enhanceprevention, disaster preparedness, reducevulnerability and sustainable development.Recovery eorts include returning liesupport systems to minimum operatingstandards; temporary housing, publicinormation, health and saety education;reconstruction; counseling programsand economic impact studies. Theseinterventions need to be tailored to ensurethe society is built back better to withstanduture hazards.

Mitigationphase

Involves establishing structural and

non-structural measures undertaken

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to limit the adverse impact o naturalhazards, environmental degradation andtechnological hazards aimed at reducingdisaster occurrence or reducing the eectso unavoidable disasters including buildingcodes, vulnerability analyses and updates;zoning and land use management; saetycodes; preventive health care and publiceducation.

2.6.4 Hazard,vulnerability anddisaster risk

Disasterrisk

Risk reers to expected lives lost, propertydamaged and economic losses. It is

probability o a disaster happening in anarea. Two elements are essential in theormulation o risk: a potential damagingevent, phenomenon or human activity hazard; and the degree o susceptibilityo the elements exposed to that source vulnerability. Thereore Risk is the expectedor anticipated losses (lives lost, peopleinjured, property damaged, and economicactivities or livelihoods disrupted) rom the

impact o a given hazard on a given elementat risk over a specifc period o time. Risk hastwo components-hazard and vulnerability.

Risknotation

Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability/Capacity

Riskassessment

Reers to a methodology to determine

the nature and extent o risk by analyzingpotential hazards and evaluating existingconditions o vulnerability that could pose apotential threat or harm to people, property,livelihoods and the environment on whichthey depend.

Many tools are available for carrying

out risk assessment which ranges from

Figure 2.1: Disaster cycle

Whatcausesdisasters?

Disasters, whether natural or manmade, donot just happen. Favorable conditions mustexist or a disaster to happen. The causativeactors or each disaster can easily beenumerated.

Box 2.1:Illustration of drought causal phenomenon

Illustration: Causal factors of drought and famine in Kenya

i. Climatic changes (drought)

ii. Loss of soil fertility

iii. High Population

iv. Land fragmentation

v. Poor seed quality

vi. Pests and diseases

vii. Poor agricultural policy

viii. War and conflict

ix. Pest and disease infestation

Pre

pared

nes

s

Preven

tion

RiskReduction

Miti

gatio

n

Re

covery

Respo

nse

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mathematical models, statistical models,

access model, SWOT analysis, GIS tools,

Risk mapping, remote sensing, cost

benet analysis and Environment Impact

Assessment.

Disaster risk management involves;

Risk identication Making inormeddecisions on where to invest and howto design sustainable projects thatwill withstand the impacts o potentialdisaster events including identifcationo hotspots

Riskreduction - The second componento an eective risk managementstrategy is to reduce risk, includingstrategies to avoid hazards (e.g., landuse and development planning) andresist disaster impacts (e.g., buildingcodes, socio-organizational measures).Examples o this work include thedevelopment o methodologies to assessdamage and needs and the evaluationo recent experiences in reconstructionater major disasters (e.g., HurricaneMitch, oods in Mozambique)

Risk transfer - The third componento the risk management strategy istranserring, or sharing the risks thatcannot be reduced. This includeseorts that protect developmentinvestments and advance disasterrisk awareness, including traditionalinsurance mechanisms, saety nets,

calamity unds, or inormal insurance

arrangements. A good example in onweather index insurance plans in Malawi

Disasterriskreductionandmitigation

measuresThe techniques or measures that anauthority might consider in assembling anappropriate package or disaster mitigationcan be classifed as:

1. Physical planning measures2. Economic measures3. Management and institutional measures

4. Societal measures

1.Physicalplanningmeasures

Careul location o new acilities particularlycommunity acilities such as schools,hospitals and inrastructure, plays animportant role in reducing vulnerability. Inurban areas, deconcentration o elementsespecially at risk is an important principle.This principle also applies to populationdensity: a denser concentration o peoplewill always increase the potential ordisaster compared to a more dispersedpopulation. On the other hand dry lands,ood plains and steep slopes are oten themarginal lands that are available to thelower-income communities and the mostvulnerable social groups. The economicpressures that drive these groups frst tothe city or jobs and opportunity and secondto the marginal lands to live need to be ullyunderstood at the context or reducing

their risk. Prohibition or measures to clear

Vulnerability + Hazard = Disaster

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settlers rom hazardous areas are unlikelyto be successul or long i the backgroundpressures are not addressed.

2.Economicmeasures

Equitable economic development is the keyto disaster mitigation. A strong economy inwhich the benefts are shared throughoutthe society is the best protection againsta uture disaster. A strong economymeans more money to be spent on landmanagement measures and larger fnancialreserves to cope with uture losses. Theinterdependency between Disasters andDevelopment cannot be overemphasized.

Inevitably it is those who have least that,proportionally, lose most in a disaster. Theweakest members o the economy have eweconomic reserves. I they lose their cropsor their animals they have no means orecovering them. They are unlikely to haveinsurance or access to credit and can quicklybecome destitute. Rehabilitation plans otenextend generous loans to victims to aid theirrecovery but a amily without an income has

little prospect o making repayments and isthereore unable to beneft.

Some aspects o economic planning aredirectly relevant to reducing disasterrisk. Diversifcation o economic activityis as important economic principle asdeconcentration is in physical planning. Asingle industry (or single-crop) economy isalways more vulnerable than an economymade up o many dierent activities. Thelinkages between dierent sectors o aneconomy - the transportation o goods, theow o inormation, and the labour market -may be more vulnerable to disruption roma disaster than the physical inrastructurethat is the means o production.

3.Managementandinstitutionalmeasures

Disaster mitigation also requires certain

organizational, management and procedural

measures. The objectives and policies thatguide the mitigation processes have tobe sustained over a number o years, andhave to survive the changes in politicaladministration that are likely to happenwithin that time, the changes in budgetarypriorities and policies on other matters. Theinstitutionalization o disaster mitigationrequires a consensus o opinion that eortsto reduce disaster risk are o continualimportance. Education, training andprofessionalcompetence,andpoliticalwill,

arenecessaryaspectsofinstitutionalizing

disasterriskreductionandmitigation.Inormation is a critical element in planning

or disaster mitigation, e.g. the basicmeteorological observatories to monitorhazards have to be a continuous activity.Research, technical expertise and policy-making organizations are importantresources or developing mitigationstrategies both nationally and locally. Atthe local level, community-based mitigationrequires the strengthening o the capabilityo the local institutions to carry out local

protection measures such training andsupport can oten be carried out mosteectively by national or international NGOs.

4.Societalmeasures

The mitigation o disasters will only comeabout when there is a consensus that it isdesirable, easible and aordable. In manyplaces, the individual hazards that threatenare not recognized, the steps that people can

take to protect themselves are not knownand the demand o the community to havethemselves protected is not orthcomingor recognized. Mitigationplanningshouldaimtodevelopadisastersafetyculture

inwhichthepeoplearefullyawareofthe

hazards they face,protect themselves as

fullyastheycanandfullysupportefforts

madeontheirbehalftoprotectthem.

Reminders o past events locally aid theawareness o risk. The objective is to


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develop an everyday acknowledgment ohazard saety where people take conscious,automatic precautions through being awareo, but not terrifed o, the possibility ohazard occurrence. Their understandingshould include being aware o what to doin the event, and a sense that their choiceo crops, land management practices,environmental awareness all aect theirown well-being.

Community-based mitigation requires thestrengthening o the capability o localinstitutions to ormulate plans, to managelocal protection measures and to negotiatewith government to provide assistance.

Involvement o the community in mitigationplanning processes may involve publicmeetings and consultations, publicinquiries and ull discussion o decisions inthe normal political orum.

Timing.of.mitigation.activities.-.Opportunities.

for.mitigation:.post-disaster.implementation

Successul mitigation entails a number oundamental changes in the attitudes o the

people at risk, in the processes o creatingand modiying the physical environmentand in the physical layout o a community.These changes take time.

Occasionally mitigation projects areprompted by predictions and studies o thelikely consequences o hazards but in manycases implementation o mitigation comesabout mainly in the atermath o disaster.

Rebuilding what has been destroyed andrecognition that the damage was avoidablecan generate protection against a uturedisaster. Public support or mitigationaction is strong with the visible evidenceand recent memory o the disaster, or theknowledge o a disaster elsewhere.

Hazard-specifc programs tend to ollow theoccurrence o a particular hazard: A drought

disaster tends to lead to drought mitigation.

Thebestopportunitytoimplementadisaster

mitigation program is in the immediate

aftermath of a disaster. The experiences

ofthedisaster,thereconstructionandthe

mitigationmeasures it engenders should

beexportedwith relevant adaptations to

theplacesthatneeditmost.

The time immediately ollowing a disasteris a good time to initiate disaster mitigationprograms due to the act that:

public support is strongest immediatelyater a disaster

the community is involved in activereconstruction

International or local aid may be ocusedon the community

Even with these advantages there may besome problems associated with mitigationmeasures that are based on reaction to arecent disaster. Mitigation measures maybe based exclusively on the recent hazardtype even though other hazards may bemore likely to strike next. Mitigation may

be ocused on the area worst aected bythe disaster even though other areas mayactually be more at risk.

Q. It is argued that the best time to

implement a disastermitigation program

isintheaftermathofadisaster.Whyisthis

so?Eventhoughtheaftermathofadisaster

is fertile ground for mitigation activities,

there are some possible drawbacks as

well,whatarethey?

A:

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Vulnerability

Vulnerability is the extent to which onegroup or socio economic structure is likelyto be aected by a hazard. It is inuencedby the physical, social, economic, and

environmental actors and coping capacityo the society or the elements at risk. Recentdisaster statistics point to a steep rise indeaths and injuries as a result o disasters.This rise is not always accompanied by aparallel rise in number o disasters such asearthquakes, oods, drought and the like.What is changing is the in the effects odisasters, in other wordsvulnerability.

On the other hand, coping reers to thecapacity o the stricken community to adjusttheir way o lie based on their experienceswith living with hazards. For example, manyamilies in arid and semi arid lands (ASAL)are vulnerable to ood shortages as a resulto drought; but they are able to preventull blown amine occurring by employinga variety o coping mechanisms that allowthem to ride to the hungry season until thenext harvest.

The concept o vulnerability is appliedto explain why elements are aecteddierently by exposure to risks and shocks.

Vulnerability, in its simplest denotativesense, means the capacity to be harmed.This meaning relates vulnerability tosustainability, which in many o its meaningsmeans the capacity to persist. Thereore,it is the characteristics o populations,

activities, and the environment that makelivelihoods susceptible to the eects o ashock or stress event, or example drought.

Human vulnerability is the relative lacko capacity o a person or social group toanticipate, cope with, resist, and recoverrom the impact o a hazard. Vulnerability hastwo components: exposure to hazards (e.g.drought, earthquake, etc.) and difculty in

coping with and recovering rom them (due

to lack o resources). Human vulnerability isinversely related to the concept o humancapacity.

Structural or physical vulnerability is theextent to which a structure or service is likelyto be damaged or disrupted by a hazardevent. A building is said to be vulnerable toearthquake tremors i its construction lackselements which would resist the eects osuch tremors.

Vuln er ab il ity as se ss me nt provides aramework or identiying or predictingthe underlying causes o hazard-relatedimpacts. For example, drought may only be

one actor along with other adverse social,economic, and environmental conditionsthat creates vulnerability.

Capacities:.Human.capacitiesare the qualities

and resources o an individual or community

to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover

rom the impact o a hazard. According to

Mary Andersons People-Oriented Planning

(POP) ramework, human capacities include a

persons or a communitys material resources(ood, animals, tools); social and organizational

capacities (leadership, community groups);

and attitudinal and motivational capacities

(ideas, work values, efcacy).

Factorsaffectinghumanvulnerability

It is important to understand some o themajor actors which make a populationvulnerable. These actors include:

i. Povertyii. Increased population densityiii. Rapid urbanizationiv. Changes in way o liev. Environmental degradationvi. Lack o awareness and inormationviii. War and civil strie

These seven actors requently are

interrelated.


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i. Poverty

Poverty can be viewed quantitatively orqualitatively. In quantitative terms, povertyis defned and measured as the shortallrom an objectively determined level o

income or consumption (World Bank 1990,91). On the other hand, in qualitativeterms, poverty is conceptualised as a multi-aceted mix o economic and social actors(Chambers 1988). Poverty can be absoluteor relative.Absolutepoverty is the inabilityo an individual, household, communityor a nation to satisactorily meet its basicneeds. On the other hand, relativepovertyis the inability to meet perceived needs and

desires in addition to basic needs.

Most disaster studies show that thewealthiest members o a population eithersurvive a disaster unaected or are able torecover quickly. Poverty generally makespeople vulnerable to the impact o hazards.Poverty explains why people in urban areasare orced to live on hills that are proneto landslides or why people settle nearvolcanoes or rivers that invariably oodtheir banks.

ii. Increasedpopulationdensity

There is an obvious connection betweenthe number and magnitude o losses roma disaster and the size o the population. Ithere are more people and structures wherea disaster occurs, then it is likely there willbe more o an impact. Population growthmeans that more people will be orced tolive and work in unsae areas and that morepeople are competing or a limited numbero resources which may lead to conict.

iii. Rapidurbanization

Rapid population growth and migration arerelated to the major phenomenon o rapidurbanization. It is characterized by therural poor or civilians in an area o conict

moving to metropolitan areas in search oeconomic opportunities and security. As aresult, ewer opportunities are available.Competition or scarce resources can resultin human-made disasters.

iv. Changesinwayoflife

All societies are constantly changing andin a continual state o transition. Thesetransitions are oten extremely disruptiveand uneven and may leave gaps in socialcoping mechanisms. These transitionsinclude nomadic populations that becomesedentary, rural people who move to urbanareas, and both rural and urban people who

move rom one economic level to another.

When people move rom rural to urbancenters, they may lose the social supportsystem or network that traditionallywould have assisted them in recoveringrom a disaster. Since these traditionalcoping mechanisms may not exist in the newsetting, the population increasingly dependson outside intervention to help in the recoveryprocess. Conicting as well as transitionalcultural practices can lead to civil conict, orexample, as a result o communal violencetriggered by religious dierences.

v. Environmentaldegradation

Many disasters are either caused orexacerbated by environmental degradation.Deorestation leads to rapid rain runo,which contributes to ooding. For example

the creation o drought conditionsand the relative severity and length otime the drought lasts is mainly a naturalphenomenon, but agricultural developmentand the system o ood distribution mayexacerbate conditions. Similarly, climatechanges, which are presumed to be a resulto the phenomenon o global warming, mayresult in more disasters due to such hazardsas ooding and desertifcation.

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vi. Lackofawarenessandinformation

Disasters can also happen when peoplewho are vulnerable to them simply do notknow how to get out o harms way or what

protective measures to take. There may bea lack o awareness about what measurescan be taken to build sae structures on saelocations. Some people may not know aboutsae evacuation routes and procedureswhereas others may not know where to turnor assistance in times o acute distress.In most disaster-prone societies, however,there is a wealth o understanding aboutdisaster threats and responses.

vii. Warandcivilstrife

War and civil strie can be regarded ashazards, that is, extreme events that producedisasters. War and civil strie oten result indisplaced people who are more vulnerableas a result o their dislocation. Causes o warand civil strie include competition or scarceresources, religious or ethnic intolerance,and ideological dierences the same actorsthat increase vulnerability to disasters.

2.7 Global and regionalperspectives of hazards anddisaster risk reduction

2.7.1 Howhavehazardsanddisastersshapedglobaldisasterrisk

reduction agenda?

In the fnal years o 1990s, several powerul

disasters occurred in dierent parts o

the world, in countries large and small,

industrialized or agrarian, technologically

sophisticated or traditional ocused. The

natural hazards that triggered these disasters

varied rom the seemingly unexpected

earthquakes to more predictable seasonal

oods and periodic storms. The media images

o natural disasters underscored the humanconsequences and social dimension o these

events. Examples o these disasters include:

i. Hurricane Mitch: The power anddamage o Hurricane Mitch canbe recalled with a lot o nostalgia.Hurricane Mitch struck Honduras andNicaragua in 1998 destroying up to70% o inrastructure, devastating the

A case of urban vulnerabilities

In an urban area prone to flooding, some houses have been constructed in a low-lying area close to the riverbank.

They are made of concrete blocks and have basements or are on raised foundations. Other houses are made of

cheaper Materials, do not have basements, are not on a raised foundation, and have been erected in or very near

a dry riverbed. When heavy rains fall upstream and cause flooding, this hazard does not affect the houses or their

occupants equally. If flooding occurs, the water may wash through the basements or foundations of the concrete

buildings but leave the structures reasonably intact. In or near the riverbed, however, the fragile dwellings will be

completely destroyed, leaving many inhabitants without houses. The economic vulnerability of the riverbed dwellers

forced them to live in what they know is a potentially dangerous site. Their property is structurally more vulnerable

than the concrete buildings. The hazard was potentially the same for both groups of inhabitants. It is the vulnerability(economic and structural) that has increased the risk for one group.

Two examples of risk reduction could be the following:

A civil engineering measure to control the river flow-rate up-stream during the rainy season.

Beneficiaries may be asked to provide their labour as an in-kind donation to the project.

An expansion of employment opportunities or relocation to structurally sound accommodations outside the river

may reduce the vulnerability of river dwellings.

(Source: IFRC, 2000)


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economy o all the Central Americancountries, which are yet to recoverully

ii. Cyclone Orissa: In 1999, the worstcyclone in 100 years struck Indianstate o Orisa, aecting ten times asmany people as cyclone Mitch. In 1999,unprecedented oods hit villages inMexico leaving over 300,000 peoplehomeless

iii. El Nino: The extra ordinary El Ninoevents o 1997-1998 caused extensiveooding around the globe destroyinginrastructure, crops and armlands

iv. Droug ht: The requ ent droug htepisodes in the Horn o Arica have

led to loss o livestock, dead o peopleand slowed economic growth

v. Landslide: The extraordinarily heavyrainall associated with HurricaneMitch caused a landslide at the Casitain Nicaragua that was 18 kilometerslong and 3 kilometers wide. It totallydestroyed three towns and killed morethan 2,000 people. Less than twoyears later, one o the earthquakes

in El Salvador caused a landslide thatburied almost 700 houses o a wellestablished neighborhood

vi. Tsunami: The December 26 earthquakeand tsunami devastated the lives omillions o people around the globe,leaving a wake o destruction romAsia to Arica. This was the worstnatural disaster in South East Asiashistory. Over 250,000 people lost

their lives, an estimated one millionpeople were displaced, and manyorphaned. The scale o the damages tothe local economy, inrastructure, andadministration were unprecedented.In an instant, the livelihoods andsecurity o hundreds o thousands othe survivors were ruined

In general, the drama o such disasters

and the urgent international activity toprovide emergency relie commands the

attention o the international media onlyor a ew days. However, the consequenceso disasters linger much longer and are notclearly measurable-lives lost, livelihoodsdisrupted, property destroyed andenvironment damaged. These losses impedehuman development and erode previouslyhard-worn societys accomplishments. Theyalso compromise resources or current anduture generations.

ParadigmShifttodisasterriskreduction

People involved in disaster managementhave progressively recognized the essentialpublic value o sustained eorts to reduce

the social, economic and environmentalcosts o natural hazards. This thereorerecalls or strategies that contributes tosaving lives and protecting property andresources beore they are lost. The shitin the approach rom disaster responseto disaster reduction has been motivatedby a number o actors mentioned aboveincluding the high requency and intensityo disasters in the past two decades, theinternational decade or natural disasterreduction which raised awareness onnatural hazards and the land mark WorldConerence on disaster reduction held inHyogo, Japan in 2005.

2.7.2 TheHyogoFrameworkforAction(HFA)

2.7.2.1 Deninghyogoframeworkofaction

Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is theconceptual ramework o elementsconsidered with the purpose o minimizingvulnerabilities and disaster risks throughouta society in order to avoid (prevention)or to limit (mitigation and preparedness)the adverse impacts o hazards, andacilitate sustainable development. DRR isa cross-cutting and development issue. Theprocess o DRR is a complex one consisting

o political, technical, participatory andresource mobilization components.

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Thereore, DRR requires collective wisdomand eorts rom national policy and decisionmakers rom various government sectors,and representatives rom civil society,including academic institutions, the privatesector and the media.

2.7.2.2 StrategicgoalsofHFA

To attain this expected outcome, theConerence resolved to adopt the ollowingstrategic goals:

a. The more eective integration odisaster risk considerations intosustainable development policies,planning and programming at all levels,with a special emphasis on disasterprevention, mitigation, preparednessand vulnerability reduction

b. The development and strengthening oinstitutions, mechanisms and capacitiesat all levels, in particular at the communitylevel, that can systematically contributeto building resilience to hazards

c. The systematic incorporation o risk

reduction approaches into the designand implementation o emergencypreparedness

The key activities under HFAs fve prioritiesareas are:

Priority1:Ensurethatdisasterriskreductionisanationalandalocalprioritywithastrong

institutionalbasisforimplementation

Key activities:

1. Establishing national institutional andlegislative mechanisms

2. Assessing human capacities andallocating resources

3. Promote community participation

in disaster risk reduction through the

adoption o specifc policies, the promotion

o networking, the strategic managemento volunteer resources among others

Priority 2: Identifying, assessing andmonitoring disaster risks and enhancesearlywarning

Key activities:

1. Developing, updating rom time to timeand widely disseminating risk maps andrelated inormation to decision-makers,

the general public and communities atrisk in an appropriate ormat throughperiodic assessments

The landmark 2005 World conference on disaster reduction held in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan:

The World Conference on Disaster Reduction was held from 18 to 22 January 2005 in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan, and

adopted the present Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to

Disasters. The Conference provided a unique opportunity to promote a strategic and systematic approach to reducing

vulnerabilities and risks to hazards. It underscored the need for, and identified ways of, building the resilience of

nations and Communities to disasters. Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) provides overall guidance on the possible

range of measures that a country or society could implement to reduce disaster risk; the actual measures required

will depend on the countrys specific risk profile and socio-economic development scenarios. Disaster risk reduction

requires concerted action by a wide range of stakeholders including national and local authorities, civil society and

non-governmental organizations (NGOs), scientific, technical and academic organizations and the private sector.

The HFA Key priority areas for action

1. Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong institutional basis for

implementation.

2. Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning.

3. Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels.

4. Reduce the underlying risk factors.

5. Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels.


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2. Develop early warning systems thatare people centered, in particularsystems whose warnings are timely andunderstandable to those at risk, whichtake into account the demographic,gender, cultural and l ivel ihoodcharacteristics o the target audiences,including guidance on how to act uponwarnings, and that support eectiveoperations by disaster managers andother decision makers

3. S up p o rt t h e d ev elo p men t an ds us t a i n ab i l i t y o t h e cap ac i t y ,i n r a s t r u c t u r e a n d s c i e n t i f c ,technological, technical and institutionalcapacities needed to research, observe,

analyze, map and where possibleorecast natural and related hazards,vulnerabilities and disaster impacts

Priority 3: Using knowledge, innovationandeducationtobuildacultureofsafetyandresilienceatalllevels.

Key activities:

1 . Pro v i d e eas i ly un d ers t an d ab le

inormation on disaster risks andprotection options to encourageand enable people to take action toreduce risks and build resilience. Theinormation should incorporate relevanttraditional and indigenous knowledgeand culture heritage

2. Promote the inclusion o disasterrisk reduction knowledge in relevantsections o school curricula at all levels

and the use o other ormal and inormalchannels to reach youth and childrenwith inormation

3. Promote the engagement o themedia in order to stimulate a cultureo disaster resilience and strongcommunity involvement in sustainedpublic education campaigns and publicconsultations at all levels o society

Priority4:Reducetheunderlyingriskfactors

Key activities:

1. Promote the sustainable use andmanagement o ecosystems, including

through better land-use planning,natural resource management anddevelopment activities to reduce riskand vulnerabilities

2. Promote ood security as an importantactor in ensuring the resilience ocommunities to hazards, particularly inareas prone to drought, ood, cyclonesand other hazards that can weakenagriculture-based livelihoods

3. Incorporate disaster risk assessmentsinto the urban planning and managemento disaster-prone human settlements, inparticular highly populated areas andquickly urbanizing settlements. Theissues o inormal or non-permanenthousing and the location o housing inhigh-risk areas should be addressed aspriorities, including in the rameworko urban poverty reduction and slum-upgrading programmers

Priority5:Strengthendisasterpreparednessforeffectiveresponseatalllevels

Key activities:

1. Strengthen policy, technical andinstitutional capacities in national andlocal disaster management, includingthose related to technology, training,and human and material resources

including supporting coordinationamong early warning, disaster riskreduction, disaster preparedness, andresponse and recovery institutions tooster holistic approach to disaster riskreduction

2. Prepare or review and periodicallyupdate disaster preparedness andcontingency plans and policies at all

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levels, with a particular ocus on themost vulnerable areas and groups.Promote regular disaster preparednessexercises, including evacuation drills,with a view to ensuring rapid andeective disaster response and accessto essential ood and non-ood reliesupplies, as appropriate, to local needs

3. Promote and support dialogue, exchange

o inormation and coordination among

early warning, disaster risk reduction,

disaster response, development and other

relevant agencies and institutions at all

levels, with the aim o ostering a holistic

approach towards disaster risk reduction

Assignment:What is a national DRR platorm and whatis its role?

2.7.3 NaturalhazardsanAfricanoutlook

Arica is a continent prone to a wide varietyo natural and human-induced hazards anddisasters (ICSU-ROA, 2007). In no other

continent does drought appear to be assevere a risk as in Arica. Hazards such asoods, hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis,droughts, wildfres and pest plagues causeextensive losses to livelihoods and property,and claim many lives every year (ICSU-ROA2007). In the period 19752002, disasters oweather related disasters constituted 59%o the total number o natural disastersthat occurred in sub-Saharan Arica, withoods accounting or 27%, droughts 21%,windstorms (particularly tropical cyclones)9%, and wildfres 1% (OFDA-CRED, 2002;UNISDR, 2004). The vulnerability oAricas environment is exacerbatedby land degradation, which is a major

environmental hazard on the continentas well as widespread poverty (ICSU-ROA2007). Figures 2.4 and 2.5 gives a summaryo the typology and natural disastershotspots in Arica.

2.7.4 African disaster reduction strategies

Arica has ormulated a continentalProgramme o Action (POA) or the Hyogo

A National Platform for DRR can be defined as a nationally owned and led forum or committee of multi-stakeholders.

It serves as an advocate of DRR at different levels and provides coordination, analysis and advice on areas of priority

requiring concerted action through a coordinated and participatory process. A National Platform for DRR should

provide the coordination mechanism for mainstreaming DRR into development policies, planning and programmes

in line with the implementation of the HFA. It aims to contribute to the establishment and the development of a

comprehensive national DRR system, as appropriate to the country. A multi-stakeholder National Platform for DRR

can provide or mobilize the combined knowledge, skills and resources required for DRR and its mainstreaming into

development policies, planning and programmes. It also can provide the following value added services:

Engaging higher-level policy makers through advocating for DRR and for mainstreaming DRR into development

policies, planning and programmes as well as humanitarian assistance; Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers

and Vision 2030. Stimulating development actors and planners active participation in mainstreaming DRR into sustainable

development agenda, including the Millennium Development Goals, Providing opportunities for civil society,

especially Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) and Community Based Organizations, to dialogue and

contribute to advancing the DRR process in the context of local development;

Facilitating dialogue and partnership within the international community, including the UN System, regional and

national authorities, especially through established National Platforms for DRR;

Facilitating information sharing, knowledge exchange and technology transfer among members of National

Platforms for DRR and between National Platforms for DRR; and

Increasing access and linkage of existing DRR actors with other relevant bodies at national, regional and global

levels.

Source: UNISDR, 2005.


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Framework o Action (HFA). The overall goalo the Arica-POA is to reduce the social,economic and environmental impacts odisasters on Arican people and economies,thereby acilitating the achievement othe MDGs and other developmental goalsin Arica. The key components in the POA

include (a) Advocacy and Public Awareness,(b) Capacity Building and (c) Pilot Projectsor Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reductionin Development. In 2004, the Arica Union(AU) and the New Partnership or AricasDevelopment (NEPAD) developed anArica Regional Strategy or Disaster RiskReduction (AU/NEPAD/ISDR 2004). The keyobjectives o the Strategy are to:

i. Increase political commitment todisaster risk reduction

ii. Improve identifcation and assessmento disaster risks

iii. Enhance knowledge management ordisaster risk reduction

iv. Increase public awareness o disaster

risk reductionv. Improve governance o disaster risk

reduction institutions, andvi. Integrate disaster risk reduction in

emergency response management

The Arican DRR Strategy has integrated itsobjectives with the Hyogo Framework orAction priorities.

1.3%

Slides

1.1%

Wild Fires

9%

Windstorm

3%

Earthquake

0.6%

Volcano

0.3%

Tsumami

39%

Epidemic, famine,insects

18%

Drought

0.7%

Extreme temperature

27%Flood

Figure 2.4: Typology of natural hazards in Africa

Source: ICSU-ROA 2007

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3. Module2:NaturalHazardsandDisasterRiskReductioninKenya

4000m respectively. The western part o the

country slopes down to Lake Victoria romthe Mau ranges and Mt. Elgon (4300 m).The physical profle o the country makes itmore susceptible to disasters.

3.2 Natural hazards in Kenya

KeyfactsonnaturalhazardstypologyandriskreductioninKenya

i. Historically, disaster management inKenya was not viewed as an integralpart o development planning anddisasters were responded to in an adhoc manner when they occurred

ii. It was not until November/December

1997 when the devastating eects o El

Nino oods hit most parts o the country,

when the National Disaster Operation

Centre was set up in January 1998

iii. According to the First National Water

Resources Management Strategy, theEl Nino induced oods o 1997-1998caused some US $ 151.4 million inpublic property damage

iv. In June 1999, the Government oKenya in collaboration with theUnited Nations Disaster ManagementUnit sought to develop disastermanagement strategies tailored tothe Kenyan situation

v. Natural hazard include drought, oodsearthquakes, volcanic eruptions,landslides cyclones, storms etc.These occur all over the worldand are, on their own not harmul.However when these natural hazardsinteract with people, they are likely tocause damage o varying magnituderesulting in a disaster

vi. Disasters thus occur in Kenya when

the natural hazards interact withvulnerable people, property, and

Learning objectives

Understand the historical backgroundo hazards and disaster risk reduction inKenya

Identiy major types, occurrence anddistribution o natural hazards in Kenya

Identiy and Understand the causes andimpact o natural hazards in Kenya

Understand hazard mitigation measuresand role o the community in disaster

management Understand Kenya disaster r isk

reduction legal and institutionalrameworks and mechanisms.

Time: 45 Minutes

Presentationmethod

Power point presentation

Group discussions Role plays Videos Review sessions Field excursion (optional)

Time: 30 Minutes

3.1 Background

Kenya is located between latitude 421

North and 428 South and betweenlongitudes 34 and 42 East. The countrycovers a land area o 569,137 km2 and isalmost horizontally bisected by the equatorand vertically by longitude 38 East (RoK,1997). Kenya has a diversity o landormsranging rom glaciated mountains peaksunder permanent snow cover through a ighto plateaus to the coastal plain. It is split bythe Great Rit Valley into the eastern part

dominated by Mt. Kenya and the AberdareRanges which rise to altitudes o 5200m and


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livelihoods causing varying damagedepending on the level o vulnerabilityo the individual, group, property orlivelihoods

vii. Disasters disrupt peoples lives through

displacements, deaths and injuries. They

destruct livelihoods and drain years o

economic gains and development

viii. The magnitude o a disaster dependson the characteristics, the probabilityand intensity o the hazard and thesusceptibility o exposed elementsbased on the prevailing physical,social and environmental conditions

and the long rains (April). The resultant

eect o these disasters has been loss

o human lives, injuries and loss o

property. Apart rom that, the disasters

in Kenya have also been associated with

widespread human displacement and

disruption o livelihoods in the country.

xi. Kenya has experienced natura lhazards and disasters since 1900 in allprovinces. The ranking o provinces interms o hazard occurrence is:a. Rit Valley and Coast Provincesb. Easter n, North Eastern and

Nyanza Provinces

Figure 3.1: Map of Kenya showing hazard hot spots

ix. The overall trend in hazard and disasters

in Kenya. It is notable rom this plot

that, hazard and disaster occurrence

has increased in recent years with key

red ag years as 1961, 1997, 1998,

2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010

x. The hotspot seasons or disasters in

Kenya have mainly been the short rains

(October, November & December), dry

season (January, February & March)

c. Western Provinced. Central Province ande. Nairobi Province

The classifcation o hazards in Kenya isdominated by natural hazards (53%). Thekey natural hazard hotspot districts in Kenyainclude Busia, Tana River, Garissa, Nairobi,Kisumu, Machakos, Mandera, Kajiado andMuranga.

Natural Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction in Ke nya

Adapted from Kenya National Disaster Profile by RCMRD

Eastern

Rift Valley

Coast

North Eastern

Nyanza Central

Western

Nairobi

Legend

Landslide prone

Flood prone Zones

Secureareas

Drought areas


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Figure 3.2: The red flag seasons for natural disasters in Kenya

Dry season

Long rainsNo.

ofincidents

Short rains

Janu

ary

Febr

uary

March

April

May

June Ju

ly

Augu

st

Septembe

r

Octobe

r

Novembe

r

Decembe

r

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Table 3.1: Recent history of natural disasters in Kenya

Year Type of Natural Disaster Area of Coverage No. of People Affected

2004 Drought Widespread 2-3 Million

2004 Landslides Nyeri, Othaya, Kihuri 5 deaths

2002 Landslides Meru Central, Muranga, Nandi 2,000

2002 Floods Nyanza, Busia, Tana river basin 150,000

1999/2000 Drought Widespread 4.4 million

1997/1998 El Nino Flood Widespread 1.5 million

1995/96 Drought Widespread 1.41 million

1991/92 Drought Arid and semi-Arid districts of NE,

Rift Valley, Eastern and Coast

1.5 million

1985 Floods Nyanza and Western 10,000

1983/84 Drought Widespread 200,000

1982 Floods Nyanza 4,000

1980 Drought Widespread 40,000



Source: Republic of Kenya (2004), National Policy on Disaster Management (Revised Draft) p4, Nairobi, Kenya.

3.3 Disaster risk reduction inKenya: Institutional and legalframeworks

The current policy ramework or disastermanagement in Kenya consists o a

wide range o instruments including theollowing:

i. National Disaster Management Policy

ii. National Disaster Management LegalFrameworks


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iii. Nation al Disast er Manag ementInstitutions

iv. National Disaster Risk ReductionStrategy (2006-2016)

v. National Disaster Response Plan

3.3.1 National disaster managementpolicy

Kenya government has recognized theimportance o reducing disaster riskand has embarked on a comprehensivestrategy to embrace disaster managementin support o sustainable development. A

drat disaster management policy has beencreated waiting to be tabled in parliament

to strengthen strategies regarding actionsto be taken beore, during and aterdisasters. The drat policy has adopteda multi sectoral and multi disciplinaryapproach by incorporating key governmentorganizations, private sector, civil society,NGOs, International organizations andthe local community. The drat creates aNational Disaster Management Authorityprovide leadership and coordinate indisaster management. To harmonizedisaster management approach the dratrecognizes other relevant Acts such asKenya Red Cross Society Act, Water Act,

and EMCA among others. Already there are

Transzoia

Nakuru

Nyando

Migori

Isiolo

Turkana

Siaya

aita Taveta

Bungoma

Mombasa

Malindi

Lamu

Muranga

Kajiado

Mandera

Machakos

Kisumu

Nairobi

Garissa

Tana

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