25 years of notable disasters in mexico 1985 2010 lessons learned for preparedness, mitigation and...
DESCRIPTION
ALL NATURAL HAZARDS. Capacity for intelligent emergency response, recovery and reconstructionis is essential for community resilience. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster ReductionTRANSCRIPT
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LOCATION
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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
PART I: MEXICO
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NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE MEXICO’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE MEXICO’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK
HURRICANES
EARTHQUAKES
TSUNAMIS
FLOODS
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
LANDSLIDES
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE
GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE
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MEXICO CITY: MEXICO’S MEGACITY CAPITOL
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MEXICO’S
COMMUNITIES
MEXICO’S
COMMUNITIESDATA BASES AND INFORMATIONDATA BASES AND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
• NATURAL HAZARDS• BLDG. INVENTORY• VULNERABILITY• LOCATION
RISK ASSESSMENT
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE
• PREPAREDNESS• PROTECTION• EARLY WARNING• EMERGENCY RESPONSE• RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONS
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POLICY ADOPTION
POLICY ADOPTION
RISK ASSESSMENT
• VULNERABILITY
• EXPOSURE
• EVENT
POLICY ASSESSMENT
• COST
• BENEFIT
• CONSEQUENCES
TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE
NSTURAL HAZARDS
NSTURAL HAZARDS
EXPECTED LOSS
EXPECTED LOSS
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HURRICANES
MEXICO IS AT RISK FROM HURRICANES FORMING IN THE ATLANTIC, CARIBBEAN, AND GULF OF MEXICO AS WELL AS IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC
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WIND PENETRATING BUILDING ENVELOPE
HURRICANESHURRICANES
UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM
FLYING DEBRIS
STORM SURGE
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
SITING PROBLEMS
FLOODING AND LANDSLIDES
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
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HURRICANE DEAN
THE FIRST NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE OF 2007 CAUSED
DEVASTATION FROM CARIBBEAN ISLANDS TO MEXICO
A CATEGORY 2-3 STORM ON 17 AUGUST 2007
A CATEGORY 4 STORM ON 18 AUGUST 2007A CATEGORY 5 STORM ON 20 AUGUST
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL HURICANES • WITHOUT
ADEQUATE PROTECTION, HIGH VELOCITY WIND WILL LIFT THE ROOF OFF OF MANY BUILDINGS.
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LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL HURRICANES • PROTECTION
MEANS THAT YOU UNDERSTAND THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH VELOCITY WIND AND PLAN IN ADVANCE.
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COORDINATED PLANNING BY USA, MEXICO, AND CANADA
• President Bush met with the leaders of Mexico and Canada on Monday, August 20th to continue coordinated planning of mutual assistance before the arrival of Hurricane Dean.
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PEMEX OIL AND GAS PLATFORM IN GULF OF MEXICO
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL HURRICANES.
• DISASTER-INTELLIGENT COMMUNITIES USE TIMELY EARLY WARNING BASED ON CRITICAL INFORM-ATION TO IMPROVE THE ODDS FOR SURVIVAL.
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PATH OF DEAN: 20-21 AUGUST 2007
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ADVANCE PREPARTIONS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO
• The Gulf has 4,000 multi-million dollar oil and gas platforms and facilities that are at risk from hurricane Dean’s strong winds and high waves.
• Hurricanes in 2004 and 2005 flooded oil refineries, toppled oil rigs, and cut pipelines.
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ADVANCE PREPARTIONS OF FACILITIES AT RISK IN THE GULF
• Pemex, Mexico’s oil company, began evacuating 13,500 workers from its oil rigs in the Gulf of Mexico on Monday, August 20.
• Petroleos Mexicanos evacuated all 18,000 offshore workers and shut down production rigs on the Bay of Campeche.
• This action resulted in a loss of revenue from daily production of 2.7 million barrels of oil and 2.6 billion cubic feet of natural gas
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FOOD AND WATER GONE; CANCUN, MEXICO: AUGUST 19
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REMEMBERING WILMA, TOURISTS LEAVE CANCUN: AUGUST 19
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50,000 TOURISTS LEFT MEXICO BY AUGUST 20
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CHETUMAL: TAKING SHELTER IN A SCHOOL; AUGUST 20
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HURRICANE DEAN AT LANDFALL: AUGUST 21
• Hurricane Dean made landfall at Majahual, Mexico as a category 5 storm with winds of 165 mi/hr.
• Just before landfall, Dean had a minimum central pressure of 906 millibars, the third lowest pressure after the 1935 Labor Day Hurricane in the Florida Keys and Hurricane Gilbert in 1988.
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HURRICANE DEAN’S LANDFALL: AUGUST 21
• Hurricane Dean’s landfall at Majahual, a port popular with cruise liners, was “good luck” for the people of Mexico.
• This location was a sparsely populated coastline that had already been evacuated, so none of the major resorts took a direct hit, and after a few hours, dean became a CAT 2 storm.
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MAYANS AT RISK: AUGUST 21
• Hurricane Dean threatened the Yucatan’s most vulnerable people — the Mayans, who have not benefited from tourism or oil production.
• They are poor, living simple lives, in wooden slat houses susceptible to wind damage that are located in low-lying areas prone to flooding.
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LOCATION OF MEXICO’S MAYAN COMMUNITIES
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IMPACTS IN MAJAHUAL
• Hundreds of homes collapsed in Mexico’s second busiest cruise ship destination.
• Steel girders collapsed and wooden structures splintered from the force of the wind.
• About one-half the concrete dock washed away in the storm surge.
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MAJAHUAL LANDFALL: 270 KM/HR (165 MI/HR) WINDS; AUGUST 21
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CHETUMAL: FLOODING ON AUGUST 21
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BACALAR: FLOODING; AUGUST 21
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HURRICANE DEAN’S SECOND LANDFALL: TECOLUTLA, MEXICO
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THE SECOND LANDFALL IN MEXICO: AUGUST 22
• Hurricane Dean crossed the Bay of Campeche and made a second landfall as a category 2 storm on Wednesday, August 22.
• Landfall was at Tecolutla, a fishing town in the state of Veracruz on the Central Mexican coast, about 660 km (400 mi) from the border with Texas.
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PRESIDENT FELIPE CALDERON VISITS CHETUMAL: AUGUST 22
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STORM SURGE AND HEAVY RAINFALL: AUGUST 22
• Hurricane Dean’s storm surge flooded Ciuidad del Carmen, a town of 120,000, with waist deep sea water.
• Heavy rain fall accompanying Dean, now a category 1 storm, caused rivers to rise rapidly in a region that experienced flooding and landslides in 1999.
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MAYAN COMMUNITIES SEVERELY IMPACTED
• Mexico’s Mayan communities have survived many damaging storms and centuries of oppression, but surviving Hurricane Dean’s impacts on their livelihood was one of their greatest challenge ever.
• The greatest impact was NOT the thousands of destroyed Mayan homes, but the loss of food.
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EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKES LIKE THE SEPTEMBER 19, 1985 QUAKE OCCUR
MAINLY AS A RESULT OF INTERACTIONS OF THE COCOS AND
NORTH AMERICAN PLATES
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SUBDUCTION: COCOS AND NORTH AMERICAN PLATES
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LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES
• PREPAREDNESS PLANNING FOR THE INEVITABLE GROUND SHAKING IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
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INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
POOR DETAILING AND WEAK CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
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LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES
• PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
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SCHOOL: MEXICO CITY; M8.1 QUAKE, SEPTEMBER 19, 1985
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MEXICO CITY-- 400 BUILDINGS IN OLD LAKE BED ZONE DAMAGED
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HOTEL REGIS: COLLAPSE
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TSUNAMIS
M8 SUBDUCTION ZONE EARTHQUAKES USUALLY GENERATE
TSUNAMIS
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TSUNAMI HAZARDTSUNAMI HAZARD
• TSUNAMIS ARE LONG-PERIOD WATER WAVES CAUSED BY THE VERTICAL UPLIFT OF THE OCEAN FLOOR DURING A M8.0 OR GREATER EARTHQUAKE.
• TSUNAMIS ARE LONG-PERIOD WATER WAVES CAUSED BY THE VERTICAL UPLIFT OF THE OCEAN FLOOR DURING A M8.0 OR GREATER EARTHQUAKE.
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HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES
TSUNAMIS TSUNAMIS
INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP
VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS
FLOODING
INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION
PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
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FLOODS
FLOODS ARE TYPICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH STRONG THUNDERSTORMS OR
HURRICANES
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70 % OF MEXICO’S TABASCO STATE UNDER WATER: NOV 2, 2007
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LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN
FLOODSFLOODS
INUNDATION
INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
STRUCTURE & CONTENTS: DAMAGE FROM WATER
WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS)
EROSION AND MUDFLOWS
CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
DISASTER LABORATORIES
DISASTER LABORATORIES
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VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
EXPLOSIVE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SUBDUCTION
ZONES.
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ACTIVE VOLCANOES
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EXPLOSIVE VOLCANOES OCCUR IN SUBDUCTION ZONES
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ERUPTION OF POPOCATEPL PLACES MEXICO CITY AT RISK
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LATERAL BLAST
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
FLYING DEBRIS
VOLCANIC ASH
LAVA FLOWS
LAHARS
TOXIC GASES
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
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LANDSLIDES
LARGE VOLUME LANDSLIDES ARE TYPICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH
EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING AND HURRICANES RAINFALL
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LANDSLIDE FOLLOWING HEAVY RAINS IN MEXICO: JULY 2007
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SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES
LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS
SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS
PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING
GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
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LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NATURAL HAZARDS
• CAPACITY FOR INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
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LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NATURAL HAZARDS
• CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.