24 nuclear chemistry - austin high chemistry -...
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Name _____________________________________________ Date ____________________ Class ____________________
Chemistry: Matter and Change Study Guide
100
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Nuclear Chemistry
Section 24.1 Nuclear Radiation In your textbook, read about the terms used to describe nuclear changes.
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
alpha particle radioactivity gamma ray radioisotope
beta particles radiation X-ray radioactive decay
The discovery of the (1) ___________________ in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen opened a
whole new field of research. Among those who worked in this new field were Pierre and Marie
Curie. The Curies discovered that some forms of matter give off (2) ________________, a
combination of particles and energy. Marie Curie named this process (3) ________________
Another term used to describe the process by which one element spontaneously changes into
another element is (4) ____________________. Any isotope that undergoes such changes is
called a(n) (5)___________________.
There are three common forms of radiation. One type is a form of energy known as
(6) ________________. The other types of radiation consist of particles. The form of radiation containing
the heavier particle is made up of helium nuclei called (7) ___________________. The form of radiation
containing the lighter particle consists of electrons called
(8) ____________________.
In your textbook, read about the discovery of radioactivity.
Complete each statement.
9. Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the form of energy known as_____________________________________________.
10. The form of nuclear radiation that has the greatest penetrating power is the_________________________________.
11. When a radioactive nucleus gives off a gamma ray, its atomic number increases by _________________________.
12. The three types of radiation were first identified by____________________________________________________.
13. Each alpha particle carries an electric charge of_______________________________________________________.
14. Each beta particle carries an electric charge of________________________________________________________.
15. Each gamma ray carries an electric charge of_________________________________________________________.
Name _____________________________________________ Date ____________________ Class ____________________
Chemistry: Matter and Change Study Guide
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Section 24.2 Radioactive Decay In your textbook, read about the changes that take place in an atomic nucleus when it decays.
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement.
1. The number of stable isotopes that exist compared to the number of unstable isotopes is
a. much less. b. much more. c. slightly more. d. about the same.
2. A lightweight isotope is likely to be stable if the ratio of protons to neutrons in its nucleus is
a. 1:2. b. 1:1. c. 2:1. d. 5:1.
3. The only nucleon among the following is the
a. electron. b. positron. c. beta particle. d. neutron.
4. The isotope least likely to be found in the band of stability among the following is
a. 6
13C . b. 8
17O . c. 13
32AI . d. 14
29Si .
5. The isotope formed by the beta decay of 19
40 K has an atomic number of
a. 18. b. 39. c. 20. d. 21.
6. The isotope formed by the alpha decay of 92
238U has a mass number of
a. 234. b. 236. c. 238. d. 240.
7. The positron produced during positron emission comes from a(n)
a. neutron. b. proton. c. electron. d. positron.
8. During electron capture, a proton in the nucleus of an atom is converted into a(n)
a. neutron. b. positron. c. electron. d. another proton.
9. When the isotope 91
238 Pa decays by beta emission, the isotope formed is
a. 89
234Ac . b. 90
238Th . c. 92
237U . d. 92
238U .
10. The isotope formed by the alpha decay of 66
154 Dy is
a. 66
150Dy . b. 150
67 Ho . c. 64
150Gd . d. 67
154 Ho .
11. The neutron-to-proton ratio for the isotope sodium-23 is
a. 1 : 1.1. b. 1.1 : 1. c. 2.1 : 1. d. 1 : 2.1.
12. The decay of 69
162 Tm Tm yields 68
162 Er and
a. 24 He . b. e–. c. . d. e+ .
13. Atoms located above the band of stability on a graph of numbers of neutrons versus number of
protons are usually unstable because they contain too many
a. protons. b. neutrons. c. electrons. d. nucleons.
Name _________________________________________ Date _________________ Class __________________
Chemistry: Matter and Change Study Guide
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Section 24.3 Nuclear Reactions In your textbook, read about the process of induced nuclear transmutation.
For each statement below, write true or false.
___________________ 1. Transmutation is the conversion of an atom of one element to an atom of
another element.
___________________ 2. All nuclear reactions involve some type of nuclear transmutation.
___________________ 3. Scientists induce transmutations by bombarding stable nuclei with high-
energy alpha, beta, or gamma radiation.
___________________ 4. The first induced nuclear transmutation was carried out by Marie and
Pierre Curie in 1897.
___________________ 5. Most induced transmutation reactions are produced in
high-energy particle accelerators.
___________________ 6. Neptunium and plutonium were the first transuranium elements
discovered.
___________________ 7. The nuclear formula for a neutron is n.
___________________ 8. The half-life of a radioisotope is the time it takes for that isotope to
decay.
___________________ 9. A radioisotope that decays very rapidly has a short half-life.
___________________ 10. Radioisotopes with very long half-lives are seldom found in Earth’s
crust.
___________________ 11. Temperature is the only factor that affects the half-life of a radioisotope.
___________________ 12. Carbon dating is not used to measure the age of rocks because the half-
life of carbon-14 is too short.
___________________ 13. After an organism dies, its ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 and carbon-13
increases.
___________________ 14. Scientists currently believe that all of the possible transuranium elements
have been discovered.
___________________ 15. When an atom of 52
125Te is bombarded with protons, the products are 53
125 I
and neutrons.
___________________ 16. Mass number and atomic number are conserved in all nuclear reactions.
___________________ 17. The mass of a 25.0 g piece of 96
238Cm (half-life: 2.4 hr) will be reduced to
3.1 g after 7.2 hr.
Name _____________________________________________ Date ____________________ Class ____________________
Chemistry: Matter and Change Study Guide
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Section 24.3 continued
In your textbook, read about the process of by which electrical energy is produced in a nuclear power
plant.
Use the following diagram to complete the passage.
In a nuclear power plant, energy is produced in the reactor core by fission reactions that
occur in uranium-containing bars called (18) _____________________. The uranium is found
at location (19) ___________________ in the diagram. The rate at which the nuclear reaction
takes place is controlled by other bars called (20) ____________________. These bars of
metal are found at location (21) ________________. One of the important safety factors in the
power plant is a strong dome-shaped structure surrounding the reactor. The structure is labeled
(22) _________________ in this diagram and called (23) _____________________.
Name _________________________________________ Date _________________ Class ___________________________
Chemistry: Matter and Change Study Guide
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Section 24.3 continued
Heat produced by nuclear fission is carried away by (24) ___________________, which enters the core
at point (25) __________________in the diagram. It then leaves the core at point
(26) ________________________.
Heat from the reactor core is used to boil water in the (27) _____________________, shown at
(28) __________________in the diagram. Steam produced here is used to generate electricity at point
(29) __________________in the diagram. The steam is then cooled at location
(30) __________________________by water from an outside source.
For each statement, write true or false.
___________________ 31. A nuclear reactor produces energy from fuel rods containing uranium-238.
___________________ 32. The amount of energy produced for each kilogram of uranium is about the
same as the amount of energy from a kilogram of coal.
___________________ 33. The only elements that can be used as fuel in a nuclear power plant are
those in which a chain reaction can occur.
___________________ 34. If more than a critical mass is present in a sample, that sample is said to
have supercritical mass.
___________________ 35. Water is the most common coolant used in a nuclear reactor.
___________________ 36. Nuclear power plants usually produce electricity.
___________________ 37. The purpose of the control rods in a nuclear reactor is to reflect neutrons
back into the core.
___________________ 38. The production of energy in a nuclear reactor can be stopped by pulling
out all control rods.
___________________ 39. A breeder reactor produces more fuel than it uses.
___________________ 40. The fission products produced in nuclear power plants are not radioactive.
___________________ 41. An uncontrolled chain reaction led to the nuclear accident in Chernobyl,
Ukraine.
Name _________________________________________ Date _________________ Class ___________________________
Chemistry: Matter and Change Study Guide
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Section 24.4 Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions In your textbook, read about the methods used to detect and measure radiation.
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Column A Column B
___________________ 1. Worn by workers to monitor radiation exposure
___________________ 2. Contains phosphors that detect radiation
___________________ 3. Radiation energetic enough to break apart atoms
___________________ 4. Uses a gas-filled metal tube to detect and measure
radiation
___________________ 5. A material that gives off light when struck by
radiation
___________________ 6. A method used to detect very small amounts of an
element in a sample
___________________ 7. A radioisotope used to indicate the presence of an
element in a sample
___________________ 8. Used to detect disorders of the thyroid gland
___________________ 9. A procedure that uses positrons to detect many
different medical disorders
__________________ 10. This type of radiation easily penetrates human tissue.
___________________ 11. Damage caused by radiation that affects a person, but
not their offspring
___________________ 12. Radiation damage that can affect chromosomes and
offspring
___________________ 13. A unit used to measure the amount of radiation
absorbed by a body
___________________ 14. A unit used to measure the amount of damage done to
a body
___________________ 15. The annual amount of radiation to which a person is
normally exposed
a. PET
b. Geiger counter
c. 100–300 mrem
d. ionizing radiation
e. rad
f. iodine-131
g. rem
h. genetic damage
i. neutron activation
analysis
j. scintillation counter
k. radiotracer
l. gamma ray
m. somatic damage
n. phosphor
o. TLD badge