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creation of) countless men and women. So, fear Allah for Whose sake you

solicit needs from one another. And (become Godfearing) towards your

own kith and kin (as well). Allah is indeed Ever-Watchful over you.

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him) Said:

"If a women asks her husband for a divorce, for no

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Brig (Retd) Iqbal Ahmed

D r . G h a z a l a H a s s a n Q a d r i ,

Distinguished guests, Ladies and gentlemen.

It is my privilege this evening to welcome you

all to this important gathering for eulogizing the

courageous stance of Dr. Ghazala in picking up a topic so intrinsic to

the fabric of every Muslim family. The topic selected for the thesis

work is the grant of the provision of Khula to the Muslim Women in

Pakistan. This provision of exercising the right to khula by Muslim

women has been misused and misinterpreted by the ignorant Mullah

denying them the very right ordained to them by the Lord and the

Prophet PBUH. Interpreting this provision according to male

dominated vims and wishes it has been made anathema even to

mention it for the very reason of avoiding the societal backlash and

ill-repute brought upon the family.

Dr. Ghazala Hassan Qadri, has very ably selected this

sensitive theme expounding upon the various aspects of neglect this

law is suffering from. I am certain that in times to come, benefitting

from this study, the fog of uncertainty, ignorance and constricted

thinking will lift paving way for a pragmatic adoption of the law in

favour of the Muslim women all over. The need for an expose on this

difficult but all important topic existed since long. But for its difficult

nature and the inherent societal resistance it is expected to receive

from the male dominated society only a courageous person basking in

the intellectual glow of Syakh ul Islam could grapple with this theme.

She has done justice to the work and i can see the steaks of


(Vice President MQI)

enlightenment from Syakh ul Islam radiating from the study.

I on my own and on behalf of the audience congratulate Dr.

Ghazala for the successful competition of the Coctoral Undertaking

acquitting herself with flying colours. Let us not forget that she is a

mother, a wife and a Daughter in Law also advisor to HSI, and had to

concurrently discharge her duties towards all these spheres. An

Erudite Law Student she picked up the right theme and has done full

justice to it. The study will find its way to release many from the

oppression that they have been suffering purely for having been

ignorant about their matrimonial rights. The enlightenment, I hope will

transcend the bounds and borders and will reach where ever a

Muslim woman is being kept away from her fundamental right

bestowed upon her by the Creator Lord and The Messanger of Allah

PBUH.

I once again thank you the distinguished guest, ladies and

gentlemen for having joined us on this auspicious occasion.

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/////


Debate on "Women Empowerment"

has gone abroad through the lengths and

breadth of the continents. This century

provoked more discussions and criticism on

women than any other century of human

history ever did. There was a time when

women were denounced as meddlesome

intruder and defective being of society. This misery was completely

incomprehensible. Retrospection across the chapters of history it is plain to

observe that women have been major victim of war and conflicts since the

birth of this planet. History witness the meager frail and extreme weak

posture of women hardly successful in the combat of its own survival that is

free from the assaults and threshing throbs of surroundings.

Social reformers humanity lovers and mainly religious leaders

advocated and upgraded women status and issues more vigorously

through commenting and responding meaningfully to the problems. But no

religion other than Islam reshaped and transformed status of women to the

extent of highness that Jannah lies beneath her feet. In the era when

female child was buried alive as a legal custom, Islam honored women by

granting protection and unprecedented rights.

Pakistan aroused on the surface of the earth 69 years ago in the name of

peaceful, pro-women and main focused religion of the world. Islam in this

century is the religion of the majority of people covering half of the civilized

"Women Empowerment and Pakistan"

Mamoona Nazir (Research Scholar)


world. The creation of Pakistan was based on the will to free people from

discriminations and deprivations they faced in past. Constitution of country

established on Islamic principles guarantee equal rights for men and

women. Quaid-e-Azam Muhamad Ali Jinnah the founding leader had

unequivocally stated,

"It is a crime against humanity that all women are confined within

the four walls of their homes like prisoners. They should stand side by side

with men as their companions and in all spheres of life".

Fair observation and critical analysis shows that Pakistani women enjoy

much better position in society if compared to situation in past. But

unfortunately much still has to be done as ideal situation has not been

attained yet. Many Laws have been formulated but beside all teachings and

constitutional guarantees situation of women is very bleak. She badly

suffers from social turmoil, face oppressive patriarchal structure of society

and rigid orthodox, non-flexible and stifling cultural customs and traditions.

Women are facing virtual annoyance and

immense inconveniences. Challenges have been intensified since

recent last years. On the way forward to progress Pakistan is confronting

immense hurdles. Uprising radicalism and growing extremism are the major

obstacles in the way of progress. The horrendous onslaught of terrorism

that has continued globally in recent years has effected world generally and

Pakistan particularly. Apart from this Pakistan also suffers from high

illiteracy, lack of awareness, good and forward looking leadership rampant

corruption and non-util ization of natural resources. Due to lack of

awareness people lack the will to advance in their life. Unfortunately, the

conservative thoughts are welcomed and strengthened by the cultural


misconceptions and radical self-interpretations of religious teachings. In the

name of religion Pakistan faced series of heartfelt and painful tragedies.

Islam and constitution both guarantee equality for people including

equality of sexes. Not only west suffers from misconceptions and distortion

about religion but also Pakistani society is unaware of the status that Islam

that Islam accords to women including the right to property work, wages,

choice of spouse, to divorce, education, and equal participation in

economic, social and political activities.

Intolerance, imbalance and gender disparities in Pakistani society

are pervasively prevalent. Traditional and institutional constraints prevent

women to play active role in national sphere of Pakistan. Honor, pride, and

passion pave paths for institutionalised domestic violence against women.

Due to this Pakistan rank pathetically the lowest in the global development

Index and gender and empowerment measures.

Empowering women is empowering society. Concerning Women is

concerning progress of entire nation. Benefiting women is benefiting entire

society. Putting tools in women's hand is actually supporting global

development. Today women in Pakistan need a very special treatment to

their critical social problem. All the feminist efforts did not reach to

significant turning point or to the edge of result orientation. Due to social

and communal challenges, many women fail to participate productively and

share their part cooperatively for the betterment of society. It is an urgent

need of time to focus women issues in Pakistan. Improvement in

educational and health facilities, equality of rights, opportunity building and

extending nutrition hygiene and sanitation to the poor urban and rural

women are the integrated approaches needed to be addressed soon.


In both traditional and modern societies of Pakistan, women

contributes on large scale but her efforts are not made visible and are not

much appreciated due to communal and social challenges

Main barriers in achieving results from women efforts are:

Women input are not recognized. This is the main constraint in

achieving improved outcome

Poor literacy rate.

Women especially in rural areas lack authority of decision making.

They are restricted to participate in skill development.

Limited access to participate in skill development.

Limited access to education and appropriate health services.

Lack of skills in value addition and marketing.

Overburden and high workload with prolonged malnutrition.

Low skills and low paid activities.

Poor economic policies with no reforms.

Gender disparities

Limited role of women in marketing in farm

Lack of women ownership rights.

Male access to agricultural machinery in rural areas.

Lack of community interest

Non-recognition of women contribution.

Poor Nutrition practices

Constraints in access to agricultural extension.

Women play a pivot role in the entire mechanism of the society. We

live in a male dominant society where there is a cultural dominancy of

masculine gender which could never be denied. There are certain ties and

limitations which mark a boundary line between these two and hence


specific roles are assigned to be practiced individually. In spite of all this

women round the glob have now been started recognized as an equal

entity of the society as males as they are contributing shoulder to shoulder

to men in every progressing aspect of the civilization. In Pakistan like many

other developing countries women are more likely to remain as housewives

and caretakers of homes rather than doing jobs outside home. In rural

areas of Pakistan almost 40 percent of women are assigned to work in

fields as well as they works for their homes and children. The whole

responsibility of the house and children from giving birth to them to their

adulthood is laid on this feeble creature and it happens many times

that working women in fields get a very meager return of their day and night

hard work. In urban areas of Pakistan though the trend is gradually getting

changed and women are getting skilled education. They are making

themselves independent and earning and this transformation in the society

is brought by literacy rate elevation and awareness.

Through promoting gender equal ity and creating sui table

environment for women will eventually generate more result. We have to

work together to make this society a perfect reflection of humanity by

elevating status of women in the societies of Pakistan. Call of an hour is to

mold the destiny of women through directing the right sense of direction

supported with the perfect model to be followed. We need to serve fully the

purpose for which this country was established. To overcome development

issues, it is incumbent upon state to initiate programs and projects to

achieve gender equity and equality. Interests, problems and potentials of

both women and men should be taken into account. Only this can

guarantee prosperous Pakistan.

/////


In a developing country l ike

Pak is tan , cond i t i on o f women is

miserable. They are not enjoying their

due rights at par with men in society due

to gender discrimination and lack of

awareness. Her deprivation of the share

of inheritance, rejection of her consent at

the time of marriage, marriage at a tender age, marriage with Quran,

increasing rate of divorce, low literacy rate of women, sexual

harassment at work place, acid attacks, honour killing and domestic

violence are the common traits of society. Women are unaware of

their socio political rights in society and have embraced this cruelty

and injustice voluntarily or involuntarily. They are being victimized in

many ways. Before marriage, she is considered a burden on her

parents and after marriage; she is slave of her husband's will. She is

burnt and buried barbarically. Widows and divorcees have no respect

and financial security in society. Their right to vote is misused by male

members of their family, in some parts of country; women have no

right even to vote. If she is allowed to vote, then she needs prior

permission of her husband to cast vote which undermines her

individuality. So her participation in political spheres remains

marginalized. Consequently, lack of political awareness proves to be

a stumbling block in the social and political empowerment of women

Human Rights

Dr. Muhammad Akram Rana (Pro: Deen Islamic Studies)


and prevents them to fight for their basic rights.

Our traditional discourse has always been endeavored to justify that

women are not eligible to contribute in political matters of state or

work outside the home. But they seldom raise voices against this

cruelty and injustice

Moreover, though there is a considerable number of women in

national legislature who represent women, yet fundamentalist view

regarding interpretation and implementation the country's law denies

the right of women emancipation. Further this situation aggravates

because elected women address merely the concerns of elite class

for their own personal gains whereas the state of rural and common

women needs more attention. They are failed to address and foresee

the critical issues relating women. There are numerous issues which

need to be addressed through legislature and Constitutional reform in

term of gender equality. Though Islam and Constitution of Pakistan

both are favorable to resolve the problems but society has failed to

achieve the purpose practically.

So it is highly necessary to gather in form of a unified group on

local, provincial and national level in order to resolve these conflicts.

Women are more than half of the population of Pakistan. This

segment of society is in need of reforms so that they can contribute

towards the process of development of nation.

We intend to highlight the above mentioned disparities

regarding women. A research journal should be issued in which

issues regarding women which are prevalent in society ought to be

discussed. It should focus not only from articulation but also from

practical point of view. All problems concerning women issues are


resolved step by step. At initial level, a survey can be arranged to

know the severity of the issue as objectivity is the sole purpose to

create awareness among women.

We also intend to attract attention of govt. in this respect. We

will chart out policies in which several recommendations will be made

to be followed by the govt. of Pakistan. This act will prove fruitful in

nation building and development of society.

However, I remind and state that we should also heed to the

large sermon of the Prophet (PBUH) in which rights of human are

protected. I also appreciated, at the end, the contribution of Minhaj

Women wing, which is always active for the promotion of Women

rights.

/////


"There are two powers in the

world; one is the sword and the other is

the pen. There is a great competition and

rivalry between the two. There is a third

power stronger than both, that of the

women." Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Father

of the Nation.

The development and betterment of any society relays upon

the quality of human life with high standards of ethical norms both for

men and woman. Education is pre condition of development, the only

tool for progress and growth and pure source for the transformation of

society. It ensures the successful evolution of entire nation. Like

many other under developing countries, Pakistan is also facing

intense challenges in the field of education generally and women's

education particularly. Women in Pakistan are still deprived of their

basic rights and have limited opportunities in all walks of Life. Female

Education in Pakistan, its status and standard particularly is at the

lowest ebb.

The state of rural women as compare to urban women needs

great and urgent attention. The vast majority of rural women undergo

Women's Education: Future for All

Mrs. Farah Naz ( Ph.D Scholar, President MWL)


worst experiences at the hands of feudal lords. They keep women folk

ignorant of their fundamental rights. With all force of terror they are

deprived to reach health and justice. Lead by ignorance, they

abandon women to participate in politics, work professionally and

enjoy their financial liberty. Lack of basic education and fundamental

awareness leads to gruesome state of women. Due to feudalism

power belongs to men in rural sides. They rule over private and

domestic life and thus don't allow personal choice in marriage. The

barrier and stumbling block of feudalism in women empowerment

perish woman of our villages economically, politically and socially.

Female literacy rate is 45% against male literacy rate that is 69%. The

education in Pakistan shows a bleak picture especially in Baluchistan

where education is grim. 70% girls are dropped out from schools in

Baluchistan. The overall female literacy rate is 25% which is not

satisfying. More than 40% girls never go to schools. In 2013, 64%

rural areas females' population never went to school in Baluchistan.

No doubt, the ratio of out of school children is rising. Women find it

hard to get education, as in rural areas no separate schooling is

present. They not only lack contemporary knowledge but

unfortunately they are not familiar with the rights and blessings sharia

bestow upon them. Local customs prevails as an authority over their

matters. Cultural norms misinterpret religious thoughts and thus lead

to miserable disastrous. Ignorance about marriage and divorce laws


has been a largest reason subjecting women to social violence.

Married Muslim women's perceptions to their right of marriage and

divorce (khul?) is very poor and ignorant due to which they remains

meager frail, most weak and projected to violence thus creates social

imbalance.

Women in Pakistan are more likely suspected to be a

caretaker of home as a wife and mother. Society does not warmly

allow women to contribute their capabilities in human development.

Genders are conceptually segregated into two particular distinct

perspectives. Due to gender division of labour, education of boys are

prioritized over girls.

Educating women in both spheres is the urgent call of an hour.

Women's education is so inextricably linked with the other facets of

human development that to make it a priority is to also make change

on a range of other fronts; from the health and status of women to

early childhood care; from nutrition, water and sanitation to community

empowerment; from the reduction of child labor and other forms of

exploitation to the peaceful resolution of conflicts.67 Barriers include:

1. Multi-furious socio-cultural preconceptions

2. Economic reasons/hurdles

3. Gender prejudices

It is only education which allows women to participate and

amplify their voices and concerns on legislative level. It opens a


chance for women to choice their own life. Women labour lead

economy towards sustainable growth and prosperity. As it is

universally said "The progress and wellbeing of a country largely

depends on the education choices made available to its people". It

shapes future destiny. Thus education is only crucial and holistic

strategy for change and development in any society. It assures

mobility towards health prosperity and life. Only through women

education Pakistan can achieve global human development goals as

a strong l ink between women education and international

development is measured in recent research.

////////////////////


Assalam-o-Alaikum Madam! Thank you for your precious time for

this interview.

1. How are you?

Alhumdulilah I am very well thank you.

2. What made you choose to do a PhD?

From a very young age my parents instilled the importance of

education to my siblings and myself and it was ingrained within us from a

very young age that knowledge can be an empowering tool with the correct

intentions. Reading is also a great passion of mine so this naturally led me

to always try and excel in my studies. However being under the patronage

of Shaykh-ul-Islam has taught me many things. Shaykh-ul-Islam's thirst for

knowledge knows no bounds and his continuous research into the most

inner depths of every aspect of life is truly amazing. One of the primary

aims of Minhaj-ul-Quran International (MQI), particularly through its Women

League forum is to work towards the empowerment of women within all

sectors of society - both nationally within Pakistan and internationally world

wide. To provide a moderate vision of Islam within which women are

independent and autonomous individuals with rights and responsibilities

and to follow the true Prophetic path laid down by the Holy Prophet (saw)

who fought against patriarchy and the disempowerment of women -and

indeed provided a wonderful charter of rights to women both within the

public sector and personal Muslim law itself. Shaykh-ul-Islam - through his

immense knowledge and intellectual contribution in the form of his

hundreds of books and thousands of lectures has not only been a beacon

Interviewee: Dr. Ghazala Hassan Qadri

Interviewer: Sana Waheed


of light to Muslim women by resurrecting and reminding us of our highly

esteemed status within Islam but has practically given us a unique voice

and a platform from which to promote and enhance the position and status

of women within Pakistan and world wide. The MQI organizational network

exists today in over 90 countries - and in almost all of these countries

Minhaj-ul-Quran International has established Minhaj-ul-Quran women

leagues and sisters youth leagues, Minhaj Sisters and Student wings. As

such this PhD is merely a very humble reflection of the great work that the

Minhaj women's and sisters youth leagues are conducting worldwide.

3. Why have you chosen to study a PhD at the University of

Birmingham?

Being a mother and having numerous responsibilities at home I was

unable to commit to a rigid PhD course that required me to attend fulltime

university or be on campus regularly. So I was lucky that the School of

Philosophy, Theology and Religion at the University of Birmingham opened

up a new course that allowed candidates with previous research

experience, to enroll in a PhD course that would be supervised through

online courses and supervision. I was only required be on campus a few

weeks every year to attend some intensive workshops, and all other

aspects of my course requirements were fulfilled online. Moreover the

University of Birmingham has a good reputation in the UK for research,

which made the choice much easier to make.

4. What influenced your choice of this research topic?

Islam is often equated with the subjugation of women and the

curtailing of their rights and freedoms, particularly within the marital sphere.

Unfortunately this position is not only reflected within western literature but

is also practiced by some scholars in the Muslim world too. Patriarchal

cultural norms and pre-existing social mores have affected certain


interpretations of the Quran and Sunnah to the detriment of women.

Moreover Muslim women are also often portrayed as a hegemonic entity,

who are downtrodden and passive victims of religion and culture combined.

The khula', I felt, represented a broad spectrum from which to address

these issues. A female initiated divorce right, on paper appears to be quite

empowering, particularly since it challenges male notions of exclusivity

within divorce rights. However is this a type of 'empowerment' that women

even want or yearn for - and if not why not? These are the types of issues

that my thesis explores - not only focusing on women who opt for a khul'

but those who do not and how they navigate marital problems.

5. Tell me about your previous honors and degrees?

I graduated from the University of Southampton with a LLB Honors

degree, after which I attended Law School in London and attained my

postgraduate diploma in law that allowed me to begin practice as a trainee

solicitor. Thereafter I trained as a solicitor and completed all my

professional requirements and examinations in this field, with a particular

emphasis in family law. Later I obtained my Master in Laws (LLM) focusing

on International Law.

6. What have you planned to do now after completion of your

PhD?

After a short sabbatical my next long term aim is to publish some of

my chapters in some journals and ultimately prepare my thesis in the form

of a book. However in the short term I intend to give more time to my

children and family and compensate them for being so busy in the last few

years as well as continue with my work with Minhaj-ul-Quran.

7. What difficulties you encountered during this project? Tell

us about the challenges you have overcome during this project.

There were very many challenges to overcome as a PhD student


over the years. Finding the time to commit to my studies and balancing my

responsibilities in the home proved to be quite a daunting task. However

the help and support of Shaykh-ul-Islam in always encouraging me to

continue my academic endeavors, along with the support of my husband

and children was crucial in overcoming this. Without their help and

assistance none of this was possible. With regards to the research work,

finding female participants to interview and discuss controversial subjects

such as divorce was essential to my work. I had an ethical duty to protect

the participants and ensure that there were no adverse consequences of

discussing their personal marital issues with me. I was also very fortunate

to have the help of yourself and other members of Minhaj-ul-Quran

Women's league who provided many valuable contacts in the field. Also,

hearing the stories of many women, particularly those who had gone to

court to obtain a khula was very distressing sometimes. Listening to their

tales of violent abuse within some of their marriages and the hurdles they

had to overcome to come to court, often provided a sense of helplessness

that I was merely a passive observer and could not assist them in any way.

At the same time, many women were very courageous and despite many

problems struggled hard to keep their marriages together, and provided a

unique insight into the resilience of

8. What would you like the impact of this project to be?

By the grace of Allah Almighty and the wasila of the Holy Prophet

(peace be upon him), I hope that anyone who reads my research

appreciates that it is a fallacy to consider Islam and women's rights are

inimical to each other. Indeed we need to refer back to the original great

fuqaha of the Hanafi school before making pronouncements about the

incompatibility of Islam and women empowerment. With the advent of the

internet and 'readily available knowledge', I feel fewer and fewer people are


taking the time out to actually engage in textual work and are more willing

to rely on misconceptions rather than make the effort to find out for

themselves the reality. I hope this research illustrates and then encourages

other students to engage with original sources as much as possible and

equip themselves with the tools to do so.

9. You mentioned in your research that you visited different

courts of Pakistan during the PhD years. Share your experience

with us

During my research work I spent many months visiting the District

Courts of Lahore, which hold family court hearings. During this time I

interviewed many women who were either going through the process of

obtaining a khul' or had already obtained one and were going through the

process of ancillary relief. During the interviews and observations of court

proceedings, it was very sad to see so many women going through marital

breakdowns and forced to resolve their conflicts in open court and to the

public. The Pakistani court system does not facilitate litigants in any

matter, and for women in particular it was an arduous and harrowing

experience. Coming to court and facing an estranged husband and his

family or vice versa - indeed the public spectacle of airing grievances and

seeking financial support or child custody without privacy and a modicum of

decorum was difficult to watch.

10. What do you see as the most important issue/problem in

this field (Khul) today?

The biggest problem in the field of khul' is the court system. Firstly

any district court can be designated a family court for the purposes of

hearing family law cases. This can mean that a criminal case is being

heard next to a khul' case. In many instances men charged or even

convicted of terrible crimes are in close proximity to vulnerable women and


children, who are often ridiculed or leered at. There are also numerous

court delays with cases adjourned for trivial reasons increasing costs and

emotional turmoil for litigants. There is also a paucity of information

available for the female litigants about their cases and how they will

proceed. Many of them are not well informed by their lawyers creating an

atmosphere of distrust and frustration. Perhaps one of the biggest

problems for khul' l itigants is the lack of financial relief they find

post-divorce. There is no provision for post-divorce maintenance for

women and child support payments are not fully enforced by the judges.

Women also find it extremely difficult to retrieve their dowry (jahez) from the

former matrimonial home, causing further financial detriment.

11. What are your findings regarding the mahr and khul'?

A common misconception regarding the khul' is that if a women

requests a khul' from her husband it is assumed she must necessarily

compensate him by returning any mahr given to her by him. However

according to the Hanafi fuqaha the return of the mahr is not compulsory -

but rather depends who is at fault in the marriage. If for instance a wife is

not responsible for the marital breakdown and her husband is to blame,

then she is not required to return the mahr. However if the wife is to blame

for the marital breakdown or she acknowledges that her husband is not at

fault then she must return her mahr if a husband requests it. In the case of

dispute the matter is to be referred to the judge. What is important to note

is that the return of the mahr is not an automatic pre-requisite of the khul'

that most presume - rather it depends on a case to case scenario.

12. Do you think every women in Pakistan deserves to be

aware on this issue of Khul? How should we provide awareness

to them? How specifically can we encourage maximum number

of women to participate?


I think it is important for both men and women to be informed about

their rights in marriage and divorce. That each of them should understand

their reciprocal rights responsibilities as husbands and wives, and how best

to make a marriage work. And of course in the case of a marital

breakdown both parties should be aware of the best and amicable way to

achieve a dissolution of marriage, one that creates the least pain and

anguish for all parties involved. Indeed for any couple about to get married

or even if they are married - I would strongly suggest they listen to

Shaykh-ul-Islam's lectures on the rights and responsibilities of men and

women in marriage. These are invaluable lectures on how to have a

harmonious married life and create a balance between conflicting demands

of spouses, parents and extended families.

13. Your message for women of the world?

Re-discover the great women of Islamic history and follow in their

footsteps. They should be our role models and inspiration on how to live

our lives. We should look to Sayyida Khadija (r.a) and learn from her

multi-dimentional personality - an astute businesswoman, a loyal wife, an

adviser and confidante, a wonderful mother and passionate believer. We

should follow the example of Sayyida Fatima-tuz-Zahra (r.a) - a beautiful

person in both spirit and soul; of noble and esteemed birth but imbued with

humility and great dignity; a spiritual ethereal being radiating light and

compassion. We should admire and then follow Sayyida Ayesah (r.a) and

marvel at her intelligence and keen wit; her leadership and strength of

character; her thirst for knowledge and honesty in all matters and her piety

and steadfastness in the Deen. If any woman wants to succeed in this life

and in the hereafter they should look to the great women of Islam for their

motivation.

Thanks you for Time


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