22575745 motivation theories

8/9/2019 22575745 Motivation Theories

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Motivation &

motivation theories

Presented by-

LOVISHA SHARMA

AASHISH WADHWA

VIVEK AGARWAL

KIRTI PRABHA


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Theme

To realise the importance of motivation

To appreciate the concept of human wants &

needs

To understand the various theories of

motivation


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Motivation ?

Inspiration

Urge for better performance

Realisation of the aims

Act of inducement,to achieve a certain goal

Process consisting

a)motive

b)needs

c)drivesd)aspirations

e)attainment of the objectives


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Characterstics ofmotivation

Psychological phenomenon Internal feelings Generates within Aroused by managerial action

Based on needs Fundamental needs

E.g.: food,clothes,shelter Ego satisfaction needs

E.g.: self development,selfactualisation

Goals are motivatorDifferent from satisfaction Motivation :drive towards an outcome Satisfaction :outcome already existence & achieved

Continuous process Unending process

Results into totality Person in totality Not in part


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Importance of motivation

Performance =ability*motivation Best & utilisation of resources efficient Will to contribute

difference capacity to work

willingness to work

Reduction in labour problemeg:labour turnover

absenteisim

indiscipline

Sizeable increase in production & productivity people try to put effort produce more efficiency will increases Best interest of org.

Basis of cooperation zeal to produce more Team pull weight efficiency

Improvement upon skill & knowledge contribute to the progress Worker will try to be more efficient

Better image Provide opp. For the advancement Image of good employer Attract qualified personnel Employee satisfaction


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Types of Motivation

Motivation-concern with inspiring to work to

get best results. Positive Motivation

Negative Motivation


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Positive Motivation

Induces people to do best.

Provide better facilities and rewards

May be financial or non financial

a) Financial

(i) Incentives

(ii) Wages(iii) Bonus etc

(iv) Provide better standard of life

b) Non financial

(i) Promotion

(ii) Praise

(iii) Satisfaction


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Negative Motivation

Aims at controlling

Create sense of fear

Results into lack of good performance

Failing of desired goals results in punishment


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Similarities/difference

Both aims at inspiring willpower

For the interest of organization

Differ in approaches


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Maslow Theory Meaning

The behaviour of anindividual at a particularmoment is wholly determined

by his strongest need andwhen basic needs are satisfiedthen human seeks to satisfymore higher needs.If his basic needs are not metand satisfied then higherneeds should be postponed.

This theory is based on needs


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Need as hierarchy

Physiological needs

Safety needs

Social needs

Esteem needs

Self actualisation need


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Maslows TheoryLimitation Lack of hierarchal structure

Lack of relationship between need and

behavior

Individual needs are different

Some people may not be a part of hierarchy

Alternatives


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Hygiene theory

Hygiene factors

Motivational factors
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Factors affecting individualbehavior

Company policy Administration Technical supervision

Relationship withsubordinates Salary Job safety Personal life Status

Achievements Advancement Work itself

Possibility of growth Responsibility


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Critical Analysis And Limitation

Not applied in all condition

Hertzberg model is method bound

Dont define interpersonal relationship Does not relate with reality

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MOTIVATION THEORIES

ALDERFERS ERG THEORY

EQUITY THEORY


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ALDERFERS ERG THEORY.

Extension of maslows need hierarchy andherzbergs two factor theory of motivation.

Value in categorizing needs.

Basic distinction between lower order needand higher order need.

He found some overlapping betweenphysiological security and social need.

Demarcation between social, esteem andachievement need are not clear.


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Alderfer has categorized the variousneed into three categories:-

EXISTENCE NEEDS.

RELATEDNESS NEEDS.

GROWTH NEEDS.


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ERG theory- proposition satisfactionof various need is concerned-

Three needs categories form a hierarchy in

sense of decreasing concreteness.

Rise in level of satisfaction of lower order

need result in decrease in its importance andits place is taken by another need.

Alderfer argues along with satisfaction

progression, people can experiencefrustration regression.


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Implication of ERG theory

It avoids the implication that the higher up an

individual is in the need hierarchy, better it is.

Different type of need operate simultaneously.

If individual path toward satisfaction is blocked, hemay persist along the path, but at same time, he

regresses toward more easily satisfiable need.

It distinguishes between chronic need and episode

need. Progression and regression of the satisfaction.


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EQUITY THEORY

Based on social exchange process.

People are motivated to maintain fair relationship

between the performance and reward compare to

others. Two assumptions-

1. Individual make input for which they expect output.

2. Then decide whether or not, a particular exchange

is satisfactory by comparing with others.


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Various types of input andoutcomes

INPUTEfforts

TimeEducation

Experience

Training

Ideas

Ability

OUTPUTPay

Promotion

Recognition

Security

Personal development

Benefits

Friendship opportunity


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EXCHANGE RELATIONSHIP

Overpaid inequity

person's outcomes > others outcomes

person's inputs others input

Underpaid inequity

person's outcomes < others outcomes


Equity

person's outcomes = others outcomes



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Impact of inequity on person

Creates tension in person.

Amount of tension is proportional to

magnitude of inequity

Tension created motivate him to reduce it.

Strength of motivation is proportional to

perceived inequity.


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RE-ESTABLISHING EQUITY

1. Changing his input

2. Changing his output.

3. Changing perception about input and

output.

4. Changing input and output of others.

5. Changing the person compared.

6. Leaving the situation.


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IMPLICATION OF THEORY

Equity motives

Equal pay for equal work.

Perception or feeling inequity

develops perceptual skills of the people.


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DIFFICULTIES

Difficult to aces the perception of people.

Equity is matter of comparison.

Does not specify the action which a person

will take to re-establish equity.


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McGregors Theories

Douglas McGregors set two pairs of assumptionabout human beings . First set of assumption arecontained in (THEORY X) and the second set in

(THEORY Y) .They were based on McGregorsintuitive deduction.


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THEORY X

1) The average human being has an inherentdislike of work and will avoid it , if he can.

2) Threaten with punishment put adequate effortstowards the achievement of organisational

objectives.3) nature of human is to avoid responsibility.

4) Supervise by means of the carrot and stickrewards and punishment.

THEORY X do not reveal the true nature ofhuman being in practice.


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assumes that workers are not lazy, do not

dislike work and will do what is good for the

organization

managers do not need to control workersbehavior to make them perform at a high

level because workers exercise self control

THEORY Y


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Critical appraisal of McGregorscontribution

Theory X and Theory Y is important tool to

understand human behaviour and motivates

employees. Neither of two is applicable fully

in all situation. Theory x is applicable to

unskilled/uneducated workers

Theory y is applicable to skilled ,educatedemployees


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Thank you

22575745 motivation theories

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