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22 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141

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International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 4(4): July-August 2015

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL

PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 2.093***

ICV 5.13***

Pharmaceutical Sciences REVIEW ARTICLE……!!!

THERAPEUTIC AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF BRASSICA

OLERACEA L. VAR. ITALICA (BROCCOLI): A REVIEW

Miss Indu Dhiman1, Mr. Yash Prashar

1, Miss Kamini Kalia

1, Dr. Narinder Singh Gill

2

Department of Pharmacology1, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry

2, Rayat Institute of

Pharmacy, Railmajra, S.B.S Nagar, Punjab- 144533, India.

KEYWORDS:

Brassica oleracea, nutritional

value, pharmacological

activity, traditional uses and

broccoli.

For Correspondence:

Miss Indu Dhiman*

Address:

Department of Pharmacology,

Rayat Institute of Pharmacy,

Railmajra, S.B.S Nagar,

Punjab- 144533, India.

ABSTRACT

Brassica oleracea L. var. italica (Broccoli) belonging to family

Brassicaceae probably evolved in Roman times from wild or primitive

cultivated forms of Brassica oleracea from the eastern Mediterranean

region. Brassica oleracea has been reported to contain Alkaloids,

Saponins, Glycosides, Cardiac glycosides, Anthraquinones, Proteins,

Carbohydrates, Steroids, Terpenoids and Flavonoids. Brassica oleracea

also contain highest amount of glucosinolates known till date in plants

and its derivatives which could be used in various cancer therapy.

Scientifically various part of plant like leaves, flower, fruits, seeds and

fresh juice has been evaluated for its various activity like antibacterial

activity, antihelminitic activity, anti-microbial activity, anticancer

activity, anti-nociceptive effect, antioxidant activity, relaxation of rat

uterine, hepatoprotective activity, anti-inflammatory activity,

antitrypanosomal effect and weight loss. In the present review

nutritional value of plant and medicinal properties of plant has been

discussed to provide collective on this multipurpose herb and must be

consider to be consumed as daily nutrition.



INTRODUCTION:

The family Brassicaceae includes about 400 genus and 4,000 species. Through the genetic

improvement several horticultural varieties that present economic interest, mainly B. oleracea

var. acephala (kale), Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage), Brassica oleracea var.

gemmifera (Brussels sprouts), Brassica oleracea var. borytis (cauliflower) and Brassica oleracea

var. italica (broccoli). Other species economically important are Brassica nigra and Sinapis spp.

(mustards), Raphanus sativus (radish), Armoracia rusticana (horseradish), Rorippa nasturtium-

aquaticum (watercress) and Eruca sativa (rocket) 1. The family Brassicaceae has been studied

due to the pharmacologic properties of its main metabolite, the glucosinolates (GLS). These

metabolites, as well as, their hydrolysis products (isothiocyanate and nitriles) are powerful

antioxidants and anti-carcinogenic agents 2, 3

.

All the varieties of cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli and nolecole are produced from the wild

cabbage- the Colewort which grows wild on hills. Total world production of broccoli in 2012

was estimated at 21,266,789 tonnes. Major broccoli producing country is China 9,500,000

tonnes, India 7,000,000, Italy 414,142. In the production of broccoli India comes on number

second followed by the China which is the top most producer of broccoli 4.

Introduction to plant profile

Plant profile of Brassica oleracea L. var. italica (Broccoli) is shown in figure 1.

Figure 1. Brassica oleracea L. var. italica (Broccoli): Flower vegetable & Whole plant

Taxonomical Classification

Kingdom: Plantae – Plants, Subkingdom: Tracheobionta – Vascular plants, Superdivision:

Spermatophyta – Seed plants, Division: Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants, Class:

Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons, Subclass: Dilleniidae, Order: Brassicales, Family: Brassicaceae,

Genus: Brassica, Species: Brassica oleracea L. var. italica 4.



Vernacular names

Afrikaans: Blomkool, Kool, Arabic: Karnabeet, Burmese: Paan Gor Bi, Chinese: Cai Hua, Gai

Lan Hua, Dutch: Bloekmool, French: Chou Brocoli, Chou Fluer, German: Blumenkohl, Hindi:

Broccoli, Indonesia: Kobis Bunga, Kol Bunga, Italy: Broccoli, Cavolo Broccolo, Cavolfiore,

Japanese: Hana Kysabestu, Hana Yana, Korean: Ja-Ju-Yang-Bae-Chu, Mo Ran Chae 5.

Distribution

Brassica oleracea is commonly found in Italy, Central and northern Europe, West Africa. Plant

mainly distributed in China, India, Mexico, France, Poland, United States, Pakistan, Germany

and Egypt 6, 7

.

In India Brassica oleracea grow in high places like Khandala, Mahabaleshwar and Bandel area

of district Ranchi 4.

Description

Erect, glabrous, annual or biennial herb up to 80 cm tall at the mature vegetative stage, up to 150

cm when flowering, with unbranched stem thickening upwards; root system strongly branched.

Leaves alternate but closely arranged and more or less erect, forming a rosette surrounding the

young inflorescence especially in cauliflower, usually simple; stipules absent; leaves almost

sessile, but often shortly petiolate in broccoli; blade ovate to oblong, up to 80 cm × 40 cm,

undulate or irregularly incised to almost entire, coated with a layer of wax, blue-green with

whitish veins. Inflorescence a terminal paniculate raceme up to 70 cm long, when young (curd or

head) composed of more or less densely arranged branching partial inflorescences and fleshy

peduncles, in cauliflower up to 30 cm in diameter, very solid and globular to rather loose and

flat, white to green, in broccoli less densely arranged with longer peduncles, green to purple.

Flowers bisexual, regular, 4-merous; pedicel up to 2 cm long, ascending; sepals oblong, c. 1 cm

long, erect; petals obovate, 1.5–2.5 cm long, clawed, pale to bright yellow or whitish; stamens 6;

ovary -superior, cylindrical, 2-celled, stigma globose. Fruit a linear silique 5–10 cm × c. 5 mm,

with a tapering beak 5–15 mm long, dehiscent, up to 30-seeded. Seeds globose, 2–4 mm in

diameter, finely reticulate, brown. Seedling with epigeal germination, with a taproot and lateral

roots; hypocotyl 3–5 cm long, epicotyl absent; cotyledons with petiole 1–2 cm long, blade

cordate, 1–1.5 cm long, cuneate at base, notched at apex 8,9

.



Traditional Uses

Antiatherosclerotic, Antibacterial, Antimaculitic, Antinitrosaminic, Antinyctalopic,

Antiproliferant, Antioxidant, Antiradicular, Antiretinitic, Antitumor, breast, Antitumor, colon,

Antitumor, lung, Antitumor, skin, Antiviral, Detoxicant, Estrogenic, Glucuronidase Inhibitor,

Goitrogenic, Hypocholesterolemic, Prooxidant, Quinone-Reductase-Inducer 10

and

Anticonvulsant 11

.

PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

The phytochemical screening was carried on the leaves extracts of Brassica oleracea L. var.

italica revealed the presence of some active ingredients such as Alkaloids, Saponins, Glycosides,

Cardiac glycosides, Anthraquinones, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Steroids, Terpenoids and

Flavonoids. The principle component present is glucosinolate. Glucosinolates are known to

possess antibacterial, antifungal as well as anticancerous activity 12

.

Table 1. Phytochemical analysis of Brassica oleracea L. var. italica extracts

Phytochemicals Solvents

Pet Ether Chloroform Eta Acetone Methanol Aqueous

Alkaloids

Flavonoids

Glycosides

Phenols

Saponins

Steroids

Tannins

Terpenoids

-

+

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

+

-

-

+

+

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

+

+

-

+

+

-

+

+

-

-

-

+

-

-

+

(+) presence; (-) absence

Pet Ether: petroleum ether; Eta: ethyl acetate

Thin layer chromatography (TLC)

TLC was performed to separate the glucosinolates (glucoraphanin, glucobrassicin, glucoiberin,

progoitrin, sinigrin, gluconapin, glucoerucin and neo-glucobrassicin) and its hydrolysis products

(isothiocyanates, nitriles) from Brassica oleracea extract.



O

OH

S

OHHO

OH

N

S

O

OH

S OO

Glucoraphanin

HN

OS

NO

SO3

O

HO

OH

OH

OHK

Glucobrassicin

O

OH

S

HO OH

OHN

OS

O

OHOHO

CH2

Progoitrin

O

OH

S

HO OH

C

HO

NO

S

O-

OO

Sinigrin

O S

OH

N

S

O

OH OS

O

OHO

HO

HO

Glucoiberin

O

S

NSH3C

OH

OH

OH

HO

O

OS

O

OH

Glucoerucin

O

OH

S

OHHO

HON

OS

O

O

OH

N

O CH3neo-glucobrassicin

O

S

HO

HO

OH

OH

NO

SO

OHO

H2C

Gluconapin

H3CS

NCS

O

Sulforaphane

Figure 2: Chemical structure of some phytochemical constituents present in Brassica

oleracea

Three extracts were used for TLC i.e. defatted soxhlet extract, defatted cold macerated extract

and defatted fresh Brassica oleracea extract. For defatted Soxhlet and cold macerated extract,

ground Brassica oleracea was defatted with diethylether (in soxhlet, and on rotary shaker), then

extracted with 80 % methanol and further utilized for TLC. For fresh Brassica oleracea extract,

30 gm of fresh Brassica oleracea with diethyl-ether was kept for 2 days followed by 80 %

ethanol for 3 days on rotary shaker (same as for cold macerated extract). The supernatant

obtained was utilized for TLC. After spraying and heating the TLC plates (as described above)

the plates were checked for the development of spots. The spots obtained were then calculated

for Rf values so that the compound can be identified 13

.



The Rf values were calculated by:

Distance travelled by solute

Rf = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Distance travelled by solvent

Table 2. Detected glucosinolates in extracts and their Rf values

Extract Phytochemical Rf-values

Soxhlet Extract Glucobrassicin 0.6

Cold extract Glucobrassicin 0.6

Fresh Brassica oleracea extract Glucobrasicin-1-sulphonate 0.3

NUTRITIONAL VALUE

Broccoli can provide cholesterol-lowering benefits and positive impact on our body’s

detoxification system. Because broccoli is one of the very low calorie vegetables; provides just

34 calories per 100 g. Nevertheless, it is rich in dietary fibres, minerals, vitamins, and anti-

oxidants that have proven health benefits.

Fresh Broccoli contains many phyto-nutrients such as thiocyanates, indoles, sulforaphane,

isothiocyanates and flavonoids like beta-carotene cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zea-xanthin.

Broccoli contains Vitamin C and Vitamin A in high amount.

Flower vegetable is rich source of Vitamin K and B-complex group of vitamins like niacin (Vit.

B-3), pantothenic acid (Vit. B-5), pyridoxine (Vit.B-6), and riboflavin. The flower heads also

have some amount of omega-3 fatty acids.

It is also a good source of minerals like calcium, manganese, iron, magnesium, selenium, zinc

and phosphorus 14,15

.

PHARMCOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

The plant Brassica oleracea has been proved for various medicinal activities like antibacterial

activity, antihelminitic activity, anti-microbial activity, anticancer activity, anti-nociceptive

effect, antioxidant activity, relaxation of rat uterine, hepatoprotective activity, anti-inflammatory

activity, antitrypanosomal effect and weight loss.

1. Antibacterial Activity

Various extract of Brassica oleracea L. showed the antibacterial activity against six food borne

bacteria viz., Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus

ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Salmonella typhimurium MTCC 3224 and Shigella

flexneri ATCC 12022. In acetone and methanolic extract Minimum inhibitory concentration

(MIC) values of 10 - 320 µg/ml were recorded against most of the pathogens. B. subtilis ATCC



6633 (15.4 mm) and Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 (16.3 mm) were found to be the most sensitive

organisms among the pathogens tested 12

.

In another study various extracts of Brassica oleraceae were investigated against a few drug

resistant uropathogens. This showed the antibacterial activity against both gram positive and

gram negative bacteria. The extracts showed significant zones of inhibition ranging from 4 to 14

mm respectively, whereas the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against them ranged

from 6.25 to 200 µg/ml concentrations. The lowest activity of MIC was shown against Proteus

mirabilis at 6.25 µg/ml by ethyl acetate extract 16

.

1. Antihelmintic Activity

Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of seeds of Brassica juncea and flower of Brassica

oleracea showed the antihelminitic activity. The various concentrations of the extract (100, 150,

200,300,500 mg/ml) respectively were screened for their anthelmintic activity using Pheritima

posthuma and activities were comparable with the standard drug Albendazole. This showed dose

dependent activity. The determination of time of paralysis (P) and time of death (D) of the

worms was carried out. Hydroalcoholic extract of Brassica juncea and Brassica oleracea

showed more prominent anthelmintic activity 17

.

2. Anti-microbial Activity

Various extract of the Brassica oleracea (aqueous, acetone, petroleum ether and chloroform)

showed the anti-microbial activity against the bacterial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella

flexneri, E.coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and fungal (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,

Aspergillus fumigatus and Cladosporium species) isolates. Among the four extracts tested,

acetone extract exhibited maximum activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri,

E.coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and a narrow range of activity was exhibited against aqueous,

petroleum ether and chloroform extracts. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger was found to

be sensitive to acetone extracts when compared with Aspergillus fumigatus and Cladosporium

species 18

.

3. Anticancer Activity

Sulforaphane (SFN) an isothiocyanate formed by hydrolysis of glucosinolates found in Brassica

oleracea was reported to possess anticancer and antioxidant activities and was evaluated by

MTT assay in human epithelial carcinoma Hep-2 and Vero cells. Results showed that standard

SFN and purified SFN concentration found to have closer IC50 which is equal to 58.96



microgram/ml (Hep-2 cells), 61.2 microgram/ml (Vero cells) and less than the extract which is

found to be 113 microgram/ml (Hep-2 cells) and 125 microgram/ml (Vero cells) 3.

4. Anti-nociceptive Effect

Hydroalcoholic extract of Brassica oleracea exhibited the anti-nociceptive activity against

Formalin test induced pain model. The Animals were pre-treated with the Brassica oleracea

extract (500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg/p.o.). Data shows there is decreased pain in formalin test in the

group that received 2000 mg/kg/p.o. dose of extract in comparison to other groups 19

.

5. Antioxidant Activity

Various extract of Brassica oleracea were evaluated for their total phenolic contents and

antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay. The study

showed that the ethanolic leaves extract of Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata which contains

highest amount of phenolic compounds exhibited the greatest anti-oxidant activity than

Petroleum Ether, ethylacetate, chloroform and aqueous extracts 2

.

6. Relaxation of rat uterine

Fresh juice of Brassica oleracea var. capitata showed the H2 receptor antagonistic action. Two

sets of experiments consisted of recording the responses of the uterine horn preparations

(precontracted with potassium chloride, KCl) to histamine (4.5; 9; 17.99; 35.99; 71.98 × 10–4

and 14.40× 10–3 mol/L, 2 minute each concentration) in absence and presence of S-

Chlorpheniramine, ranitidine and BOCJ. Results indicated that histamine (EC50 = 19.05 ± 1.76

× 10-4 mol/L, p < 0.001) produces relaxation of potassium chloride precontracted isolated rat

uterus. This effect of histamine is abolished by ranitidine, a selective H2 histamine receptor

antagonist and BOCJ in a concentration dependent manner 20

.

7. Hepatoprotective activity

Ethanolic leaves extract of Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata possessed the significant

hepatoprotective activity against simvastatin (20 mg/kg p.o. for 30 days) induced hepatotoxicity.

Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata (300 mg/kg/p.o. and 500 mg/kg/p.o.) showed the protective

effect which was identified by increased in Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT),

Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Alanine Phosphatase (ALP), Serum

bilirubin and decreased in Total proteins content and in oxidative stress markers such as GPx,

GST, SOD and CAT in simvastatin treated rats 21

.



8. Anti-inflammatory activity

Methanolic extracts of different cabbage heads showed different anti-inflammatory activity

values. All tested extracts showed high anti-inflammatory value in a range 0–100 μg

concentration where Chinese, Savoy and Green heads had the highest anti-inflammatory activity;

while Red heads had the lowest anti-inflammatory activity value. Anti-inflammatory activities

were analyzed by spectrophotometer 22

.

9. Antitrypanosomal Effects

Methanolic plant extracts (MPES) of Brassica Oleracea fruits and leaves at different

concentrations (250-1000 µg/ml) were tested against Trypanosoma evansi on Vero cell line. In-

vivo infectivity test of incubated MPES of Brassica Oleracea fruits, leaves and medium with

trypanosomes were done in mice. In-vitro cytotoxicity of the test extracts at concentrations

(1.56-100 µg/ml) was performed on Vero cells. Both MPES of Brassica Oleracea fruits and

leaves demonstrated trypanocidal activity, which ranged from immobilization, reduction and to

the killing of trypanosomes. MPES of Brassica oleracea fruits, leaves and diminazine aceturate

(Berenil) were cytotoxic to Vero cells at all concentrations except at 1.56, 1.56 and 6.25-1.56

µg/ml, respectively 23

.

10. Weight loss

Chloroform extract, combined ethyl acetate and ethanol and the crude extract of Brassica

oleracea showed significant loss in the body weight of female rats at 5% and 1%. Water extract

of Green tea showed the 117 g total loss in body weight while chloroform extract showed higher

total loss in the body weight i.e. 180 g 24

.

11. Hypocholesterolemic Activity

Methanolic and aqueous extracts of Brassica oleracea leaves reported to have the

hypocholesterolemic activity when tested against Cu2+

- induced oxidation model for its

susceptibility of isolated lipoproteins- very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density

lipoproteins (LDL). This study showed that both extracts inhibited lipid peroxidation in both

isolated VLDL and LDL. So Brassica oleracea consumption may play an important protective

role in the cardiovascular and other related diseases resulting from imbalance of oxidant and

antioxidant status 25

.



ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY

The toxicity of Brassica oleracea extract study did not show any toxic effects in albino mice. No

death was observed up to the oral administration of extract dose concentration 200-2000 mg/kg

body weight during the 72 hours of study period 21

.

CONCLUSION

The extensive literature survey revealed that broccoli is an important medicinal plant due to its

high nutritional value and traditional uses to treat diseases and presence of many active chemical

constituents which are responsible for various medicinal and pharmacological properties.

Broccoli is also consumed worldwide as fresh vegetables (in salad), in cooked form and as boiled

form. Further evaluation needs to be carried out on broccoli in order to confirm its medicinal

uses and development of formulations containing this plant for their practical clinical

applications, which can be used for the welfare of mankind.

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