XXXIV INTERNATIONAL MOOR EXCURSION 2010 SICILY AND P ANl'ELLlERIA

2=19 SEPTEMBER 2010

E XCUR§ION GUIDE

ORGANIZERS Camilla Calc, Elisa Vescovi, Tommaso La Mantia, Salvatore Pasta, and Willy Tinner

Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 21

3013 Bern Switzerland

XXXIV INTERNATIONAL IVIoOR EXCURSION 2010 SICILY AND P ANTKLLERIA

ORGANIZERS

Camilla Ca16, Elisa Vescovi, Tommaso La Mantia, Salvatore Pasta, and Willy Tinner

Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 21

3013 Bern Switzerland

Dipartimento di Colture Arboree Universita di Palermo Viale delle Scienze 11,

1-90128 Palermo Italy

ADDRESSES

12/9 Hotel Athenaeum Tel 091-6523529 fax 0916523456 Via Luigi Giannettino 4 Palermo www.albergoathenaeum.it

13/9 Hotel Mariano Viale Risorgimento, 1590020 Castellana Sicula (PA) 0921 642996 www.hotelmariano.net

14/9 Hotel Mariano Viale Risorgimento, 15 90020 Castellana Sicula (P A) 0921 642996 www.hotelmariano.net

15/9 Park hotella Giara Via Nazionale, 125 - 94010 Pergusa (EN) Tel. 0935/541687Fax 0935/541521 http://www.parkhotellagiara.itl

16/9 D' Angelo Palace Hotel Lungomare Fata Morgana (Angolo Via Michelangelo Buonaroti) 91026 Mazara del Vallo (Trapani) http://www.dangelopalacehotel.itl

17/9 Overnight on the ferry boat from Trapani to Pantelleria

18/9 MEDITERRANEA TURISMO SRL Lungomare Borgo Italia 71175 Pantelleria - 91017 - TP telefono: +39 0923911299 - fax: +39 0923912203 http://www.pantelleriahotel.it/eng/mediterraneo_hotel.htm

INDEX

Programme

Participants

Introduction

Visited sites Sicily maps Mediterranean ecogeography Sicily pollen types

MONDAY, 13 SEPTEMBER

Bosco della Ficuzza Gorgo Lungo di Ficuzza Gorgo Tondo di Ficuzza Gorgo Nero

TUESDAY, 14 SEPTEMBER

Gorgo Pollicino Urgo di Pietra Giordana Marcato Cixe Madonie mountains Abies nebrodensis

WEDNESDAY, 15 SEPTEMBER

Urio Quattrocchi Lago di Pergusa

THURSDAY,16 SEPTEMBER

Bosco Pisano and Zelkova sicula Biviere di Gela Agrigento and the Valley of the Temples

FRIDAY, 17 SEPTEMBER

Gorgo Basso Lago di Preola

SATURDAY, 18 SEPTEMBER

Vegetation map Lago di Venere

1-2

3-9

10 11-19 20-28 29-30

31-32 33-37 38-41 42-45

46-50 51-55 56-59 60-63 64-65

66-84 85-92

93 94-108

109

110-133 134-146

147-148 149-164

PROGRAMME

Sunday, 12.9.2010 Individual arrival to Palermo (ferry, train or plain)

20.00: Albergo Athenaeum 21.00: welcome party:Circolo degli ufficiali di Palermo (Piazza S. Oliva, 25, 90141 Palermo) Host and responsible of the day: Camilla Calo', Elisa Vescovi, Willy Tinner, Tommaso La Mantia, Salvatore Pasta

Monday, 13.9.2010

8.00: Breakfast 9.00-11.00: Trip to Bosco della Ficuzza, near Palermo: Gorgo Lungo and Gorgo Tondo di Ficuzza. 11.00-13.00: Vegetation and fire history of these upland sites (2h). Responsible of the sites: Daniele Colombaroli, Camilla Caw 13.00-14.00 Lunch 14.00-16.00: Departure to Madonie Mountains. Gorgo Nero. 16.00-18.00: Vegetation and fire history (2h) of a mountain site. Responsible of the site: Paul Henne 18-19.00: Travel to Castellana Sicula, Hotel Mariano. Overnight there.

Tuesday, 14.9.2010

8.00-9.00: Breakfast 9.00-10.00: Trip to the sites: Gorgo Pollicino. Urgo di Pietta Giordano, and Marcato Cixe. 13.00· 14.00 Lunch 14.00-16.00: Visiting Abies nebrodensis stands (2h) Responsible of the site: Salvatore Pasta and Tommaso La Mantia. 16.00-17.00: Back to Hotel Mariano

Wednesday 15.9.2010

8.00-9.00: Breakfast 9.00-11.00: Departure to Nebrodi Mountains:

Marcato Cixe

11.00-12.00: Urio Quattrocchi.: Vegetation and fire history (lh) ofa mountain site. (Responsible of the site: Daniele Colombaroli) 12.00-13.00: Lunch 13.00- 15.00: Departure to Lago Pergusa (2h) Overnight in Eona at Parkhotel La Giara

Thursday 16.9.2010

07.00-8.00 Breakfast 8.00-10.00: Departure to Bosco Pisano 10.00-11.00: visit the Zelkova sicula stand (lh) Responsible of the site: Salvatore Pasta 1l.00-13.00: Departure to Biviere di Gela . 13.00-14.00: Lunch 14.00-15.00: Biviere di Gela. Vegetation and fire history of a coastal site with pronounced Mediterranean conditions. Responsible of the site:WiIly Tinner Zelkova sicula

15.00-17.00: Departure to Agrigento 17.00-20.00: Visit to the Valley of the Temples: (UNESCO World-Heritage). 20.00-22.00: Arrival to Mazara del Vallo

Saturday 18.9.2010 6.00 : Arrival to Pantelleria 10.00: Lago di Venere, Monte Gibele. Vegetation and fire history. Bronze age settlement Responsible of the day: Camilla Calo' 2l.00: Farewell Party Overnight at Pantelleria at the Mediterraneao Hotel

Sunday, 19.9.2010 Departure from Pantelleria. Return home.

Friday 17.9.2010

8.00: Breakfast 9.00: Gorgo Basso and Lago Preola WWF Reserve. Multiproxy studies at (partly) evergreen forested sites in coastal Sicily. Responsible of the sites: Camilla Calo' Willy Tinner, Stefania d' Angelo 15.00: Departure to Trapani, 23.00: Ferry boat to Pantelleria island

PARTICIPANTS MOOR-ExCURSION:

Ammann Brigitta Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research & Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland Brigitta.Ammann@ips.unibe.ch

Behre Karl-Ernst Institut fUr Palynologie und Quartarwissenschaften Viktoriastr. 26/28 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany behre@nihk.de

Berthel Nadine Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research & Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland nadine. berthel@students.unibe.ch

Blyal{harchul{ Tatiana Institute for Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems SB RAS, Akademicheskii prospekt 10/31, Tomsk 634055, Russia tarun5@rambler.ru

Bittmann Felix Institut fUr historische Kustenforschung Viktoriastr.26/28 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany bittmann@nihk.de

Calo Camilla Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research & Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland camilla.calo@ips.unibe.ch

3

Collins Pamela M. Ecole Poly technique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) Station 2 1015 Lausanne, CH pamela.collins@epfl.ch

Colombaroli Daniele Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland daniele.colombaroli@ips.unibe.ch

Conedera Marco WSL Sottostazione Sud delle Alpi via Belsoggiorno 22 casella postale 57 CH-6504 Bellinzona-Ravecchia, Switzerland marco. conedera@wsl.ch

Connor Simon CIMA-FCT Universidade do Algarve Campus de Gambelas Faro 8005-139 POliugal sconnor@ualg.pt

Davis Basil Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland basil.davis@epfl.ch

Eugster Patricia Geologisches Institut Sonneggstrasse 5 8092 Zurich eugstepa@student.ethz.ch

Galka Mariusz Department of Biogeography and Palaeoecology Faculty of Geographical and Geological Science Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan Dziegielowa 27 61-680 Poznan, Polen gamarga@wp.pl

Gobet Erika Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland Erika.gobet@ips.unibe.ch

Henne Paul Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland Paul.henne@ips.unibe.ch

Joannin Sebastien Sciences et Techniques Bat. Propedeutique Universite de Franche-Comte Campus de la Bouloie UFR Route de Gray F-25030 Besanyon Cedex, France sebastien. joannin@mshe.univ-fcomte.fr

Kaltenrieder Petra Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland Petra.Kaltenrieder@ips.unibe.ch

Kaplan Jed Environmental Engineering Institute Ecole Poly technique Federale de Lausanne Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland jed.kaplan@epflch

Krumhardt Kristen Environmental Engineering Institute Ecole Poly technique Federale de Lausanne Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland kristen.krumhardt@epfl.ch

5

KoffTiiu Institute of Ecology Tallinn University EE-10137 Tallinn, Estonia tkoff@tlu.ee

Kunes Petr Department of Botany Charles University Prague Bemitska 2 CZ-128 01 PRAHA 2, Czech Republic petr@kunes.net

La Mantia Tommaso Dipartimento di Colture Arboree Universita di Palermo Viale delle Scienze 11, 1-90128 Palermo, Italy tommasolamantia@unipa.it

Loe Kari Hjelle Department of Botany University of Bergen Thorm0hlensgt. 53 AlB 7800, NO-5020 Bergen Kari.Hjelle@bm.uib.no

Mauri Achille Environmental Engineering Institute Ecole Poly technique Federale de Lausanne Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland achille.mauri@epfl.ch

Melton Joe Environmental Engineering Institute Ecole Poly technique Federale de Lausanne Station 2, 1015 Lausamle, Switzerland joe.melton@epfl.ch

Muller Thomas Environmental Engineering Institute Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland thomuller@yahoo.fr

Pasta Salvatore Via V. F. 19 n° 60/A, 1-90126 Palermo, Italy salvatore.pasta@alice.it

Pfeiffer Mirjam Environmental Engineering Institute Ecole Poly technique Federale de Lausanne Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland mirj am. pfeifler0{epf1. ch

Pokorny Petr Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of the Sciences of the Czech Republic Letenska 4 118 01 Prague, Czech Republic pokorny@arup.cas.cz

Pokorna Adela Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Bot, Dept Synecol, CZ-37901 Trebon, Czech Republic

Samartin Stephanie Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern Switzerland stephanie.samartin@ips.unibe.ch

Schworer Christoph Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research & Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland christoph. schwoerer@ips. unibe. ch

Stefanova Vania Limnological Research Center University of Minnesota Pillsbury Hall 221 Minneapolis MN 55455, USA vanj a.stefanova@yahoo.com

Steffen Marianne Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland marianne.stetlen@students.unibe.ch

Tinner Willy Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland Willy.Tinner@ips.unibe.ch

van Leeuwen Jacqueline Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research Universitat Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland vanleeuwen@ips.unibe.ch

van der Knaap Pim Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research Universitat Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland knaap@ips.unibe.ch

Vescovi Elisa Institute of Plant Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Altenbergrain 21 CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland el isa. vescovi@,ips.unibe.ch

Wang Wei-Ming Department of Palaeobotany and Palynology Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Chinese Academy of Sciences 39 East Beijing Road 210008 Nanjing, P.R. China wmwang@,nigpas.ac.cn

Wiethold Julian Laboratoire archeobotanique Institut national de recherches archeologiques preventives (INRAP) Metz, France julian. wiethold@imapji:

Winteler Claudia Greithstrasse 27 8640 Rapperswil Tel: 055 2110002 claudia. winteler@systbot.uzh.ch

Wolters Steffen Referat Vegetationsgeschichte Niedersachsisches Institut fUr historische Ktistenforschung Viktoriastr. 26/28 26382 Wilhelmshaven wolters@nihk.de

9

NTR DUCTION

VISITE SITES:

1 Palermo 7 Lago Pcrgusa

2 Bosco di Ficllzza 8 Zelkova siCIlIa stand

3 Gorgo Nero 9 Bivicrc di Gcla

4 Gorgo Pollieino, Marcato Cixc, 10 Agrigenlo

Urgo di Pietra Giordano 11 Lago Preola e Gorghi Tondi

5 Abies llebl'Odel1Sis stand

6 Urio Quattrocchi

12 Trapani

13. Lago di Venere, Pantelleria

kill

Main (potential) vegetation formations

Quercus ilex

Quercus pubescens, Q.petraea, Castanea sativa Olea europea, Ceratonia siliqua

Fagus silvatica, Abies alba

• Meadows, Alpine tundra

1- Lithological map

Type of rocks: Conglomeratic-arenaceous

Clayey-arenaceous

Carbonatic

• Clastic (continetali deposition)

Arenaceous-clayey

Evaporitic

Schistose-crystalline

Arenaceous--calcarenitic

II Volcanic

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D Clayey hill with sandy plateau at the top

D Carbonatic relief

Valley floor

D Alluvial plain

D Cry,1alline relief

o Hill. clayey-marly complex

o Coastal plane

Volcanic cone

map

3 - Vegetation map Main (potential) vegetation formations

C Quercus ilex

L Querclls pubescens, Q.petraea, Castanea sativa

C Olea europea, Ceratonia siliqua

C Fagus silvatica, Abies alba

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FORJ::ST VEGETATION

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Dominant beech forest (Gcranio vCniicoloris·Fu£ion)

Quercus eerris forcst (Qucrectalia pubesecDti-petraeae)

Pinus larieio loerst (Querco-fagetea)

ThOnl1ophilous anu uc'Ciuous oak Forest (Quereion ilieis)

Quercus ilex forest (QueteiOD ilicis)

Quercus suber lorest (Erico-Quercion iIieis)

I\.tural Pinus halepeDsis stands

Disturbed forest

MAQUlSAND SHRUBLAND

GARRIGUE

AQUATIC VEGETATION

AI'lTHROPOGENIC VEGETATION

D D D D D D D

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Sehlerophyllous evergreen maquis (Pistaeia­Rhamnctalia altemi)

Shrubland (Pruno-Ruboin ulmirolii)

Etna shmbland (Rumici-Astrago[ctalia)

Thermo-xerophyte formation: Garrigue and grassland Cl'hero-Braehypodictac, Cisto-Erieetalia, Lygeo-StipetaIia, Dianthion mpieolae)

Meso-xerophytic tormation and gmssland (Erysimooiurinetalia bocconei~ Saxifrdgion allstnllis)

Pioneer vegetation of the Elna volcano (Scdum cocrulum, S. oetnense, Genista aetnensis, etc)

Riparian and fluvial vegetation (Populctalia albae, Saliectalia purpnreae, Tamariectalia, etc.)

Lake vegetation (Potamogetinetalin, Phragmitetalia. Magnoearieetalia)

Lagoon vegetation

Gmssl.nd (Seealietac, Stell.rietea mediae)

Anthropogenic lorest (Pinus sp. PI., Cuprcssus sp.pl., Eucalyptus)

4-Mean Air Temperature

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7 - Archeological Maps

1. Early Faunal and Human Populations

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fig. 7. Bitiwial alld pebl>ll' (oois ("): I (;"a"ra1.o, Granalelio, Marau.a: ~ l"iumc Grande· Bov"ra: a Menti: 4 Bertolino di Mare: ;; S. Stefano di Qui:;q1.lina; (j Hocca del Vnlal'O; 7 El'acle'l I1-lino:\: R Faro Rosselio: 9 [{calmonte: 10 Madtlaluso: 11. Mandrascava; 1.2 Agira: 1:1 ltamacc:1; 14 ;\luglia Nor'd; 15 Fontana?z". Poggio Monaco: 16 Gprbini; Ii Piano Meta: III Koto. lJpPl'" Pa.lcu!olithic/A1(!solitiric ~it(', ... (-;: 1 Fontana Nuuva~ :2 Riparo ~tarenna: ~l G. COI'rugg;:·l Paiil,e: 5 Pedugnggi; G RipaJ'o Sun Con'ado~ '7 Canicnttini Bagni: B C, Gi()\"anna~ 9 G. ACll"a,allta; 10 [(ipa,'o <Ii &;an Ba,iJio: 11 Ripar" San Marco: l~ G. ~an Tcodo,',)\ I~ ~al\ ('a(:,ddo: 14 Piano di S. Foea; 15 Ilipan) del C'ast<>l\o; 16 G. Geraci. Natale, Puled: 17 C. di Nuovo; 18 Conttada Franco; 19 G. di Aequa Fit"",,;:W G. P"reial,,;:n G. Addaun';:!~ Ripa,." Primo Pizzo; 2a G. Niscemi: 2·! G. San Ciro: 25 G. di S. Ro~alia~ 26 G. Cal"hul'ance1i: 27 G. Maccagnone; :!8 G. dei Puntal;, Za' Minien; :!9 Contrada D"ago; :10 G. di Cab ~Iancina; :n G. ('apred,,; :12 G. deJl'Uzzo; :1:) G. n1cchio, i"oJ;dd,1;:n G. ;\hn,ginpane; :l:i G. 1,.!iceJi: :36 G. Eilliliana, Mal"togno; :37 G. dei Genovesi and other u~\'anzo cave~; a8 Fa\'ignana caves: :19 Contrada T,u'dam; -to Riparo Longo; 41 Pcrriere SoW"'o:"~ Hocrazzo; 4:3 P:"'rhe di Bilello: ·t,t Ci:.;;l,l?l·n3lz(1~ Vallcsetco; ·15 Pizzo Don Pictr'o

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. 15

. 15

Fig. 40. Copper J\.",e (0) and Beaker (,) sites: 1 G. Calatarina; 2 G. Conzo, Chiusazza: 3 Gii;ira: 4 Ossini; 5 Calafo1"llo; 6 San Cono; 7 S. Ippolito; 8 TorriceHa: 9 Piano NotMo; 10 Settefarine: 11 Catania; 12 Trefontane; 1.3 Poggio delJ'Aquila; 1.4 G. Monad; 15 Barretta: 16 :\lotta: 17 Pietro Pamo: 18 G. San Basilio: 19 Gioiosa .Marca: 20 Alcara Ii Fusi: 21 G. Fico, ChiusiJla: 22 G. Vecchiuzzo: 2:3 Realrnese: 24 Ma"ianopoli: 25 Caltanissetta; 26 Sornmatino: 27 Rie"i: 28 C,lsalicrhio-Agnonc; 29 G. Zubbia; 30 G. Ticchiara; 31 Serraferlicchio: :>2 Malpasso; :3:, Durrueli; :34 Busone: :3G Capreria: 36 Ribel'a; :37 Kronio; 38 Tranchina; :39 S. Margherita Belke; 40 Ulina; 41 Villafrati; 42 :\1:31'cila; 43 Roccaz7.o; 44 ?,larsala; 4G Motya; 46 E"ice; 47 Mocata; 48 G. Llzzo; 49 Scgesta; :)0 G. Puntali; 51 Carini; 52 Palermo Conca d'Oro sites; 5:, Himera; 54 Torrent" Cannizzam: 55 Moarda; 56 G. Geraci, Puleri: 57 G. Chiusilla; 58 Culi; 59 Naro; 60 S. lvIarti,)o, Stretto, Cisternazza, TorTe Donzelle; 61 Torrebigini; 6:l iVIani­catunga; 63 Torre eusa; 64 G. Palombm'a: 65 Lipari: acropolis: 66 Lipa";: Pinna Cont.e: (il Salina: Malfa; 68 Pana!'ea: Piano Quartara, D""UtO: G9 :\Ianfria; 70 Llstica: G. AZZU'T:.l

''4 24

~23 0 22 "*,,

<> \}r20

<0

~ ( .27 25,

~

!\y /

2;""V J/ \

Ii .. ---....... 15

'--...

------32

I ......... _---........ .. 2.--

"33 ( e3.

\ c35

-*36 37 f

Fig. 73. Middle Bronze Age sites (oj; with ,:mporled Mycenaean (LH lIlA·IlIB) or CyprIOt pollery e'J: 1 Thapsos; 2 Syracuse; 3 PlemOlyrion;4 Ognina; 5 Matrensa; 6 Cozzo del Pantano; 7 Floridia; 8 G. Chiusazza; 9 G. Calafarina; 10 Buscemi; 11 Lentini: 12 Caltagirone; J:l Molinello; 14 Patemo; 15 Naxos: 16 Messina; 17 Paradiso: 113 Rometta; 19 Milazzo; 20 Lipnri: Castello, Llrnazzo; 21 Pana!'ea: Milazzese; 22 Salina: Portella, SerI'O dei Ciann; 2:3 Filicudi: Capo Graziano; 24 Ustica: I Faraglioni; 25 G. Ferraro; 26 G. dei Puntali; 27 G. Mangiapane; 28 Monte Castellazzo;:29 Marcita;:lO Case Pictra::31 Erbe Bianche;:32 Scirinda;:33 Milcna: 34 Caldare; :35 G. Tkchiara; 36 Cannatello; :37 Madre Chiesa; :38 Parltalica

C'~\~/j;"~-" y ..

\ '~\1 .~:.9)J/ / ( ~ 90/ 038 \, "36

~~~;5

c

\ \

032 0 4 2

·So.

( .28

849

c C

~1 4 .3

'5eG.6

°7 .8

"29

26 ) ., '/13-25-

"27

47

15 ) e50 17

10

/1 1sT",

f 02

\

23 021

)

C- =22

51

Fig. 97. LBA and EIA sites and hoards: 1 Lipari; 2 l\Iilazzo; :3 Rometta; 4 Pozzo di Gotto; 5 Lot1gane: 6 Piano Cannafc; 7 Pietro Pallia; 8 Fiumedinisi; 9 Stretto; 10 Naxos; 11 Paterno; 12 Pietmiut1l',ra; 1:3 Punta Castelluzzo; 14 Lentini (Metapiccala, San Mauro); 15 Carrube: 16 Pantalica; 1.7 Rivetazzo; IS Thapsos: 19 Syracuse; 20 Cozza Pantano; 21 Cassibile: 22 Avo1a: 23 Noto; 24 Boccazza; 25 Mulino della Badia-Madonna dtel Piano; 26 Caltagirone: 27l\Ionte San Maul'O; 28 Dessueri; 29 Cittadella-Morgantina; :10 Sabucina; 31. Scidnda; :32 Calas­eibetta (Carcarella); 33 Castellazzo di Palma; 34 Cannatella; 35 SanfAngelo Muxaro; :36 Valledolmo;;n Monte Finestrelle;:>8 Santa Margherita Belke; :39 Timpone Pontillo; 40 San eiro; 41 Mokarta; 42 Capodarso; 4;3 Canicatti; 4·.\ Campobello di Licata: 4;3 :-Jaro; -16 Spaccafort1o; 47 Malvagna hoard; 48 Gratteri hoard; 49 Niscemi hoard: 50 Vizzini (Tre Canal!) hoard: 51 Castelluccio hoard

\\ .r---./~ ~/? ~ , ~~ . 11*/

I 20 18 ./ '!. / ,/ 0 '7*~ ~ ,,44 ,I

. 21 • I .-------- 4" 45"

>t '\ 26,' J 'f" eo' ;'19 .. (/ ( , 58

~ 22~_ J/ ;3 C, }1 15 24" ,,~'" • * 3,,' '-.. "', ",42

~. "'25 i 28 ~9 35 4,<> ,. .. __ .. l-.. .--- 32 <>33 --',.//'- )0>46 2

/'3 14 I<

29,0 0 " " \ * "'" -- \. 31', 39.. '-'- '--.. .. -

, /-'----

6 1//

4~ , 38"

360 837

JO

Fig. 116. Greek and Plzoe'l1ician :;eU{(,!?1"nt& ('I and indigenous site's (<>;, 8th-6th centuries He: t Naxos::2 Catania: :1 Megara Hybiaea; 4 Lentin.i: fj Syracuse; 6 Helonls; 7 Akrai (Palazzolo); 8 Casmene (Monte Casale); H Call1arina; 10 Gela; 11 Zuncle (Messina); 12 Mylai; 13 Her-acJea Minoa; 1-1 Akmgas (Ag1'ig<O)I1to): 15 SclillllS; 16 Motya; 17 Panonnu,; (Palermo); 18 Solunta; J.9 Himera; 20 Monte lato; 21 Segesta; Z2 M. Castellazzo; 2:3 r<:ntella: 24 l'vI. A.dranone: 25 Calta.bellotta; Z(; Mura Pregne: 27 S. Angelo Muxaro; 28 Polizzello; 29 Vassallaggi; :30 JI,-1. Saraceno; al Gibi! Gabib; 82 Sabucina; a;1 Capodars<.l; .34 Terravecchia cit Cuti; 85 Calas­dbetta cemeteries: 36 Butera; :37 Dessueri: as J\t 13ubbonia; :19 :Vlorgantina; 40 M. San Mauro; ·11 Cenluripp; ,t2 Mendolito; 4:3 Longane; -H· Pozzo cii Gotto; ·t') Fiumedinisi; 46 Paterno: 47 Villasmundo; 48 Pantalica; '*9 A\'ola; 50 Ossini; 51 Not.o; 52 Tremenzano: 53 Finocchito; ;'4 Giummarito. Murmure; 55 Modica; 56 Castiglione; 57 M. Ca:;asia; 58 Cocolonazzo; 59 MariiHlopoli: 60 Giarratana hoard; 61 San Cataldo hoard

ISBN 05!l240452-

I 780582 404526

Plant and animal communities 127

Table 6.1 [errns used cO de~,cribe MeriilelTanean sclerophvllous 5hrubland [T oma5elli, 'j ~18'1 (j,

.l;J[(j:Jris, 1:-JU 1)

Fr:!Il(.<'

Spain

Italy

Gr<:c:cc

Eastern

Ivkdi t<:rntlI e<l 11

Other .l\'lTL Caiiit>rJlia

High rmtlorral (not usually -subdivided Oil the basis of substl'ata)

A1<l'llli,; (xerophilom, ;,dcwphyiloU5 ;Jnd cyel'grc't'n low trees, geller,illy ver)'

dense Clnd tl11fJt'lll'tr:.lbH

South Africa F)'uboJ

Austral ia f'ditilt'(

Middle matotl'al

(,'11r}'tglil' (,c,oll1ecimc.:s

onl)' Ivilh rd~:rel\ce co

(;l!carcoll,S\lIb,r !';ll';i)

JHdtOI'lW/ 1'/''1:'(1, jtmt! (on siliceous substrata)

Low mawrral

Lc;,s \v('11 ddil1e(L bur sometime:s

.J!/lrrr:~lIl' (or !iON"''' on

silict'OlE ';llb,m'at,l)

Less well dehlle-d, bin ((lllli!1111' is meLt

Plate 6.1 Garrj9\'H~/;;teppe veqet<:d:!o[!, ~,Iotc the areas of b;;re ground tJCtwCf:n ti",c CLiSt-' or: shaped, low growing vegetation

6.2 Plant and animal communities _____ ._. _________ _

.Plant anD animal communities do not, or course, live in isolation from each other. Birds, insects, srnaH mammals etc. al! have their prd'(~rr(',d hahi~;l[ :lnd vvithin the,v make spcciflc usc of pbm matter, whether ,lS t()od or ;)heltV)',

1..\

128 Communities

Table 6.2 HU1;una V31<at!()n in numbers of species (in b(ac:i(cts) in SOniC Cliclluc:risk

qt"~t'a of r'jk(:Lc'c~;pedll sclcrop'yliolJS shrubiand

\>;( (',stern ;\,1editerrancan

(c.g. :-'101'ocI.:0:)

(;CI1"\/(/ (21j H://,mfiJI'ii1l!il1 (22)

1/'1!((/liiti (J 4) ([WI': (12}

(1'/i) Ii.· (12)

n~)f!l!ii." (l0)

T~~}'l!lt';tl{"ll (9)

11fliirt!i!ltJl lr::i'icrl (7)

Ar.!ClII,unIJi!.\ itl) ASP,1I'1gii.i (6)

C(l ro Jl if If I !.,li.'tliidli!,1 (lll !cast 5)

Ulce: (:i)

CilUlm­

Medirerram:an

.. 4Ilttg;.·ri.r

/lm:llliJia (;·ilico/uil!e

Ce rillr) Ilia

FlIIlIffilil

}tl.i!lli!lwti

!1I1/~/)tms

1.lwf'Ii.l

Luniccf'1i

AZyrtw O/c,l (}~)'I';)

{}/;agJJ(f/olJ

PhllfYI'CtI J>il!w

Pistdcid (jlieYCUJ

Hila 1Il ;1II.f

Splirtilll1! Sitll'hrHI/(1

Vii'll/mulJi 7i:ci/,/JlfJ

Eastern Ivlediterrill1can

(e.g. Turkey)

Sidl'l'iti.i (about 20)

Hyperimlll (about I'») Srlli!ia (abuut 15)

'l(UI!)'(jf/ (;lholll 12)

P/;/(!mis (ahour 10)

Nhlf/i/i'l/f) (al.)out 7)

EI'oIlIJ (ahmH '»)

Or//,imf (,lboUf J)

GMJIt/,.IJ'i/{ (3)

.//.l/r,1/1/II.< (impossible to dClt:rminr)

Animah and plants .interact as pan of ecosystems, ;,$ discussed in Chapter 7,

C)nfOrtunatcly, research on J\1eJiterrancan animal popubriolls has taken pbcc in a degree of isolation fl.'om dl<1t of plant ecology and there arc fevv syl1lhC'.se~ of rhe animal ecology of the region. However, some of the rnorc commol1 associacions of plant and <lllimal communities arc examined ill the following sections on the characreristic vegelation coml11unltl<:s. In peneral bird.s are

(- ~)

excluded from this immediate discussion but are considered separately in Sec­lion 6.3.

6.2.1 Sderophyllous shrubland or maquis

Sderophyllous shrubland is the most widespread vegetation type found around the lvlediterranean Basin, usually where precipitation levels range from 350 mm to 1500 mm per annum (faulkner and Hill, 1997). It is absent from the coasral regions of Libya and Egypt. Typical plants include olive (Olea), carob

Plant and animal communities l29

Plate 6~2 Cisti)) !o(!nnifc( (gilir (':stlj~)~, Th;s SP(clCS occurs in '.v/n jf)((''l\ WIlt' or w.'~rrl(),):

fjve ourp:e spots <,t th;: base 0' the octal,>.

(Ceraionift) , Pi5tlfl:ia, Cis/us and mallY labiate herbaceolls species. Some genera are tiltll1d throughout the region but the viidcsprcad distribucion of maqllis belie!> signiJJGHll variarions in tlorlsllc composition bet'vvccl1 the western and (astern regions or the Basin (Qub.c:l, 1981); (here arc rnore species of Ericr] ~ll1d CiJtJts in [<ranee and Morocco, ii)[ example, hut more species of .Sflh;!':l and J>b!omii in Gree-cc ,mel 'Tllrk,~y (scc Table G.2L As well a~ l'(·gionai variarions in typc of sh I'llhhnd, ie is possible (0 distirWllish between macplis and garril~ue on ('aIGtreoll6 and non-calcareous substr<1t(:~, f()I' example tht variou~" spe~ic.s of' biCt{ or Cis/us fuund on non-calcareous soils in the western i'vkditcrrancan,

foam specie,) of oak and two of pine are parcicularly common in sderophyHuus ,brublands - holm oak (Quercus ilex), kcrmcs oak (Q. coccijerrt), cork oak (Q~ "I/bcr) , Q. cit/firinGS, Aleppo pine (Pinus /;(;/cpensis) and Calabrian pine (P. ilrutia)' Their disuibutions mav be regional rather than circum-i\.-1edirerranean; [(Jl' !=x~ul1ple, holm oak docs r;t)( grn~v in Turkey and Calabriall pine is not round in the we~tcrn Mcdirc:rrancan. Other coniFers also grow in sclerophyHolis shrublands, such <[1; junipers (jllniprFw oxyarims, J. ph(/en/cat! and a!cree (Tetrac/inis (.l['tim/(Itrt), 'vvhich is n:stricred to the southern pan of t.he: lhcri:ll1 Peninsula and Ilonhcrn Ati'ica.

Additional important trees arc olives (0/(:(£ mrojJtled) and Phll/cid (the Icnt i~c iJr mastic trec, P. lemiJcm, in the eastern Nlediterraneall, and rhe [erchimh or turpentine cree, P. If:'t'ebim/ms). These may all be fCJUnd in cornrnunities with ,)r wirhout the carob (Cc?rtJtollia). Acro:;s the ivkdirerranean there are abo rile

~,traWbc1Tv trees (Arbutu.i untrio and A. ilildradJf7t:, the lafter Cound only in rhe ,';lstern iVfcdirerrancan) and species of Ct~\"tlf)' Wiatt (i.2.), Phi/~yreil anci'Lt1Ilm.i. There is some indication of ,111 increase in the arb01'CSCtlll ekmcnts oj' ,cieropilyJlous shrubbnd in the C,J;;lCrn Mediterranean (Qub,(I, 1 ~JR 1).

Communities

;\ ,,'rl,'{Y o[ IJ:lediul11 to large 111:ll11l11als is rf)!1Jld in rn;1quis comm\lnirtci.

These: include r<1hhil~ (Oi)'f'tO!,r,gU\' ('lmin;!l{() :md red dt'er dfip!Ii.!i).lfl lhe JiJerian Peninsula maqui:>i is impOrLllll habital J(Jr remaining populalion'. or lhe I1lC'ri<lll lynx (Ly"xparc!illw), "\vhose conservation i~, discussed in Section 9,::;'.5a, Srnall-ll1ammal diversity is relativelv low (flicker <tnd Evans, J ()CiT)

By c!Jntrasc dlert is a ri.ch and ;bundanr rq;rilc fillln;l. 'J'ypical species include thc "Iohallv dlJ'c,;ccned f-lt:nn:mn's wrcoise (Testlfdo j't:!'l/Jr7lmi). sDur-thiehcd

() . I '.1, c'

tortoise (T (i'ilt'Cd) ;md marginaled ronoisc (l: mtU''!,illt!fI!). I .izards inr.:ltl(lc ril(

<w;)rna C:lu(!:na stel/io) and Lilf()('d's wallliza'rd (Pm/dJ'ciJ lil/;mH), while Sll;l

il~"dudc ti~c brgc \vh i p snake (Coiuber jIlK/t!1l7iJ') and the ~\'eS(ern whip sn;,ke (C, l!iridjl{u!1fJ).

A Lti;']Y d'drackrj:'llc assembbge of hirds is t(-)Und in 1l1;1<]uis, including w,trblers CS)'luifi spp.), hUlltings (Fmh{~ri:;;{'l spp.) llnd partridges (A/tetori; Spp,i, Sume birds are locally cornll1on sllch a:-; the black fe·lllmlin (F'IlINi'o/;nus /mflcoltnU.l) in 'T'urkey and Cyprus; others are more widespread such as shrike., (l.twjlis ~pp,) <lflJ finches (Grrdttdis .spp,) (fucker and Evans, 1 C)()7). [vIol'(" OPCl) ground, :,uch do; garriguC', is impnrtilfll I'~-)f' diul'Ilai and 1l0Cll!lmd laplor:,

;t((f2,cred by high densities or prey, Such bird~ of prey include [he shofHoed c<\gle (Circl1ttll5 J',idliCifS) , che ]0 11 g-ic~;f;cd b lIJ:!ard (Buh'(i mji'rllt.i) , (~ojdeH (~;H~k (Aqlti!!1 dJ1'y.,{/tJ;i.\), kestrd (1~'7k;1 til'l'~l1!!1Cli!I!J), engle owl (lJu/Jo h~.f!J(), Scr:ps 0\''/1 (Ow.\' j'C0pJ) , lirdc owl (!i!hmc nUdliit! and Bunclli 's t'~iglt: (Hierflrld!t.\

,fil.wi{tlif:;). There is also a ram~c 0(' insc:ctiv01<JU\ hird.,; such ;r" the ni{!Jlt)';us L ~)

'(' . I [(" r I'" 1 t ' )! ".1 \. ,tlf)},!IJl1!!·,RU.\ C'UnJjJfWUJ ,Wi. _-' !'If;7COlilS), [1t' )ee-e<lCtT V\'~(TO}J' aplilStO'j anu the roller (Cmilddl' ,f!,(fI'/'1.I!w). In roc.ky and dry gr;{:;s habintt:i dnracteris'Cic species indudlc the short-toed lark (Ctdtmdrt'!!lt b1'I[chydrtttY/t!) , crested lark ((;a!aidct triSfrtli!t lhckla LlI-l.: (C/. the/elm'), rawn!, p ipi r (A Iit/;W ,rnllpcstriJ-)' b!advt'arcd ,vhearear (OC'lltlflthf' hi"jNini'll) and severa: ~pl'ci('s or partridge (Aiec/oFt} spp,) nIH'kef' :mel Evans, 1997),

fi.2..1 a Maquis - climax community or not:? 'The preseJ]ce of' l/'(;V:; in SOllle areas of maql1is and garrigw: has i.nrrod uced the deb~ue ,lbout the POSil[OII lI( malluis in a 0ucce~~i()llal s(,'(jI.lCl1(f;:. in SOl'll': instances macluis h"s been int<.:rprcted as a climax vcgcf,]tlon comJllunlty; d.sc­yvhcrc it is regarded as a stage in succession, either progressive or retrogressive:. Many of thcse idc:a~ iHC exemplified in the work of Tomaselli (1981 b) and B;llbero 1'/ rt!. {[ 9{)O). Hmvever. the a.l'plicJtion of succession theory rn mcdircrranc:l!l CC()~y~l.cms is illcreasingly viev,:cd as inappropriate. This is based on chi.: argument that mcdircrranC<ln vcgct;·1[iofl development is not progressivl alld IlnidirectiOll"ti and therefore successiollal; instcad, f'rt:quclli di»UHh<lllCC:,\

result ill pcnurhation-tkpcndenr comrnunities (sec Sn'tion 7.4). -rite argu­rlIc!H is compelling but nO[ fully accepted :illd nlUcil or lhe Ji[cr~llLln.' still l'cHeets ih: irdJI!('.llce of Clernemsian succcs.sional ideas.

\V'here nuquis Jnd garriguc arc cOllsidered as dinux communities the twu chardCH:risric specics arc olive «()fed Ok(tJLa) :·u;d ca rob (CC7'(rtU!1ir'i .riiiqlitlL orten fi.)L!Jld in a~soclation \vidl Pisttli'i" fmtisClfs, Mcdilcrral1c;m bllckrhorn (RIJdJJJllus almemm) and PhillJ!iY:t1tmgusti/()!iil, although chis associarion depeIld~

Plant and animal communities

(a) Evergreen sclerophyllous fon-;st

(b)

In conSDQuc:nGH of cutting, tiro elc.

: ~ ti

HiglJ rnaloaai -

t : MidcJ)c rnalOrral

(I

Lo\1./ (fH).iorral -4.

Rm(;soil

Low 01 rnlddle malorml

i ligl1 rnalormi

I

08strucllon lor aqricultural plJPOSCS

··_·····_···1

tt+ ::':.:-'~~: Cllitlvat(;d land

Regf0s~ive

Proqrut;sjve

Cultlvatod iRlld

I t

_.,.. Malonal wiHl

colonisation by pines.

¥

. --.,. Pi;\racii'll<lX malorral wiH! dominance of piilE:'S

r v Evergreen sclerophyllous broacJleaved jore~;j

Figure 6.3 (;;] Tntolcijcal rcg'-cssi·/c ane proql1:,<,<.iVl' '.'.Icccssio" "roil; iif iO torcst Af,,,,· -··orna~iC :j l"1ge 1 b). (l)J n"ec)re~.jC(Ji pr{)qre~l~.!vc S()cc(ssion v .. /th pines \,l/hicl, ten!.] ~o !~~p!dC('

tparaciil'1ax) fcrest,; ot (l;ml brnClciicavC'd evergreen species After TOrfltl\elli (19Bl bl

on geographical distribution. In the .\()uchcm Ibu-i:.l11 Pcninmb, the dv\'arf palnl ((}7Itmar:j'0p.i·!mmilis) ()ftcn grows in associ,]rion with O/cil :md Cerdflmia;

on the nonht'rll C(l(lSI or Crne, rhe Thtophr;L',luS palm (Ph(lcni.x: thcophr,.mi) 1::' typical. From Crccce c'asnvards, tbe strawberry tree (ArbutuJ dlldml'imt) is an importanr associate. In vHllhc:rn Spain and Portugal, climax rnCl'll1is nuy also be dornilldtnl by the tree hcarh (L'ric{1 ({r-hurut). Climax I'll(\qui~ Of nUi;(lUal

extend", along the coasrs or llorthwc.st Spain, SOLllh~'jTi France, u:mnd~.\ourhcrn Italy, southern Grl'ece, western and,ollthern Turkey. Israel, lht' Mcd iTcrraUean isb~lds and parts of Noreh Africa (Tomaselli, 198 i b).

In [he Ylew' of succes51lm-bascd analysts most maqnis is not climactic, hut represents a stage in a progrcs:;ivc succession to f~)rcst or a r(:,uOt~r(;ssion from forest. Through fire, excessive: grazing and klling of ,.-1irna:>; tTees] high or dense rmHonal degrades. l'vbtorral may also become t'st~lhlishcd \vhere cultivation is abandoned. Figure 6.:)(,,) illustrates (he vl:[)c\,a!ised d-wol\:'tic;d sl1ccc%ional )Cl}UCllCC (Tornasdli, 19810), which can 'll!;' comp;tn:d wirh Figure 6.3 \vhere nutorml is colonised by pines and evel1lluily progresses to evergreen sclerophyHous bro;tdleavcd h)rest, ofren dominated by holm oak (Quercus i/o:). The pr(::~<:ncc or pine trees is especiaUy important in progressive sLlccessions, and pine comnlunities are considered. in more dCLlil bdo\v (Seccion C;d i .5),

132 Communities

Al the ,ventr ,lnd cookr ,VI mer margins of irs distribution. sclcrophylloll~ ;;hrubLmd nlerges i11(:o fiJrest L'over, This may hI:' til\;' 1:{)oj'IT!npcr<llT' dC"iduCiIl'. [!J[C\(\ fUrllln Ilorth ill Emopc ur coniferolls f(J/(:Sb at higher ahirudcs, hoch Hlort' typical of !1on-mediterr,Hw:ll1-typc ciinlares. bur the transitioll may be tC, broadk-aved evergre'~ll forests where holm uak ((JIlCi'CIJ,\' i/t'x) is :i1 mOSI 11K Oll iy canopy [1'(:(:, This !~lrl'Sl type is cOllsidered 110;[,

6.2,2 Evergreen oak forest

Holm oak (QuCJ'cus i/ex) may be pre~cllt in shrubland or maquis communitie!) and It lws leaves sil1libr (() those of the evergreen .,l1mb ()Jk" Q. c{)cClFJ'tI alld Q, Ct-d!J~DriIlOS, lIowever, at the \veltCr and cookr peripheries of rnaquis (in r,mberger's cold s(:'miarid and tempCLlte humid ivleditcrranean bith'li ma[n) holm oak m,lY f~)1'll1 contillllOUS U1VlT (Terradas, 1 <)()(»), Thi5 oak is ,', circum· iViedirerranean species, espcci~ Ily ;1 bundam in the western !vlcditcrranean, bu t ahsent from tl)()S~' regiolls wbere summer drought is too sustained. 'rbll\ in rll\: drier parts of the hasin, sllch as Nc)nh Africa. southern Spain and southern Greece, it is mainly found at higher elevations. Holm oak forests are p;1.niw· larly extensive in Spain, J'vl (] rocco, Prance, Italy, Corsica and Sicily. Much of the research 011 the ecology or holm ()ak ({-)i'cst has heen carried our in France <md Spain (Roda ct (1/., 1999).

Holm oak may i()rm mixed j~)JT~b with Aleppo pine (Pinlfs htdepensis) or stOne or umbrella pille (P. piiled) but it [ends ro he the dominant tree species in do~ed {()lTS('), In mixed t()['e,:)t~ the pines are frequently taller rh:lll dlt oab n'crracL\s, 1 ()')lJ) , OrllC'l" riTe'S ;md shrubs may also he present such as "trim/its fIilCc/O, Phi!~)in'il Itlt/jblia, RhanwlI.( (tlttlt'l'iIIIS and PiS/delI'! /('1] {iSCIty, Climbing piallls may be i In po Jt<1 nt, ~llch as ivy (H"timl spp,). honc)'suck Ie (!,oJliartt spp.) :1I1d clematis (Clemtttis spp,l. '1'IIe gr;l~s cover is rarely vcry cXfcnsive.

Until at least the 1970::;, dosed-canopy holm oak f(Jre~t!; were dlOugln uf a~ climax communities and capable of self.·regeneration. It i:; now clear that the: IRC has been closely rJvolll"cd hv people. Pollen :lnalysis SUto-ges(s (hat in southern France it became domin;mt only after 2000 JH" and Sl~t~:<Id wirh the lilcrease in hlllll:lll activity and the rise of agriculrure ill Callo-Rolllan rimes (Tcrracias, 1999i. Today few rt1\,CSts arc undisturbed: mOH bear evidence or

" ~ " .

cuhivdtion and coppicing (RoeLl er til., 1999), Ecologist., are inr<:n~slcd ,IS to whether holrn oak fi')fCSlS arc capahle of scH~

regener;l(ion, ObSefV,l(ions show thaI' when f~)rests :He well c'~tablished, ,here are few oak saplings growing in [he undersrorcy, which sugge~ts a prubkrn ill rhe rccntltn1.enr 0(' younger trl~CS, At the same time there apPC;1J' to be large numbers of seedlings, The question is. therefore, what happens w ,he seedlings co prevent [hcm Crom gro\ving into saplings?

Holm oaks grow slowly. f()l'lning dCI1,\c Cl!1ol)ies, Under reduced light levels and :{ssociJ.Lcd soil l11()i~mre, gcrmlnallOIl :rcorns i:; stimulated and \un'i\"d ()t'", c'xperimem~ inciicHe :lWI hil~h light IL"vels do nOI increase ,?I'mvlh r<1li,~ in ~ccdlings, prc~lll1!abl)! hecause' the: 'reduced kaf area ratio oft~ets any increase in photosynthesis (Retana ct ,r!., J l)<)()). fhis

Plant and animal communities '133

makes the s(::cd!ings shade-co/cran t and they can slIrviw: for years widlOllt sign ific:l!1l growth beneath the canopy, Some ') ')f;"i) of a seedling\ weigh' is ill root biomass in shadv cllvironments ..... a considerable investment in non­photosynthetic strLlcture~, leading to high maintenance costs and so sInali net carbon vain and slow \!:rowdl rateS, i10\-vever, once a disturbance occurs sccdlilW;

L) (I L.

survival is seriouslv aftectcd and ((:w arc ,dilc w un lU flie ~,\plillr stage. T'he tHain disturhance heto!' j, fire which 1I11)!LHC.'i IIIO.';i lllg'), ,·Xi..cpl

those w'hich :lfC vcr)' large I.Rt'laJla N III, 19(9), Acorn,; are .11<>0 ilnlikcly [() survive fire because of dc.<;iccni!lll. i\,\ ;1 re<;iill regt-'lwl':.l[iol! of h,lrn "fetf nrc i~ d'~'Pl~1 f Ull n:sprc~ut seeds, Acorn prociw.:cion

dIdO gl'l n:fIJ;d tOil oj

W'W ';C-"( Ilill'" " r,>:l1!"cflurnti" ...... ' ., ,>,..- -- ty'· ~ ",-,L, - '-I ¥ ,Y

delayed until the resproms felCh 11'iC Ctl\C, Rn(CllCr;;llioll bv re~proutjng of stumps is hml'jl;r aidt:d by thc:ir alrcady-~~.istll1g, root sys!(~m; rc,~prol1~ growth rates are hiE,h in (he [ll'a year after 2 dismrbance (Ten-ada.s) i 999), rr seedlings arc prevented From gro\'ving iuto saplings (lnd (he number of re~prouting individuals is high ellough to complete regent:rarinJ), then docs it Imlfltr that this is the principal method! At present the answer is dcbJ.tahle. Resprouril1g docs nol introduce new genotypes ilHO ;1 ((-)re<;1 (Rct<llld ('/ Iii., ] 999). In addition, rC.<;!)t'olltin2' sLUmps gr,;dually become sCl1e~cenr I\,wcdl,

l 1..' . \...'. \./

which mig:ht lead [0 loyv produCliotl and eventual degr,ldatiol1 of holm oak fOlcsts. However, lll,my hulm uak forests in france possibly dale ii'om the 1vliddle Ages and as yet show 110 si.gn of decline.

Ald!(ll!gh {ht' :4biliry of holrn oaks lO rcgc:llcralC hom seedlings is 1';\1',' under

closed c<wopics hccau:;e of (he absence of old seedlings. seedling survival rates increase in mixed Aleppo pinc and oak stands as light' levels increase slightly, A., a result holm oak saplings become morc abundallt. In turn this k:Jds to

a gradual rcphKCmC!1C 01' pine by oak Jnd the long-term domin;)nce n! o:dc YOIIJlg pilles are less able to c~lahldl JII:

prrwirkd by an oak canopy (Rcr.ana a 1(':1')\, ''Chc prPblc)~.1 ve r<:;:ruitl1F"m

oFyoung oaks hcnc<lih Aleppo pill!: lends some support to nadirior:al idc,s of vcgetatiun slIccc'ssion from pine ro oak a$ outlined in FiEure 6,)(bi,

'11olm oak f{)rests have been managed since cady hist(~rical rimes, On puo:' solIs, as in central and Wl's[crn Spain and in Porrug,11, bolm oak 'Noodlands have beell managed as dd7e.iris (or monfllr/os ill Portugal), '.rhest are savanna rypc ccosystcrns wi th uees growing in j gcnc~rally non-treed 1alld.~capc. '['hel t' m,(nai';emenc over the cCllluric'i VV;!:' uelC/itlullally for their fiIt'WLlocL (or their acorn~ .lor live(!tock, as shelter f~)r livCM()ck ilnd ;~s pasturl' for sheep <tHd cmde, Today they have a conservatiull val I If: hCClllSC ofrheir high bindi\Tr~ily. Oehcftl systerns are described further in Sections 8.') and 9,3.4. Closed hnim o;lk f~)J\~sl$ ha'lc also been managed since at IcdsLNL~olithic times, generallv a,\ coppice plots CTerradas, 19(9), C~nrcoal and tannin production C used [(:) important bm have now declined. Today their ma:n use is for iirc\vood.

C I !' , " .lome argc .1crt)1VOre;; are lOund in broadlcavcd c¥ergr('cn oak f;.Jr(~SlS, such as red deer (Cervu.\ e!{fjJ!ms), roe deer (C:l/JI'{,(7/ltS cdprcolm) and wild buar ('''/i) .l{.T(!/;t). Large carnivore';; sitch as the brown bear (Urms MctW) , dle wolf (Ctmi.; !upw) and the twu species of lynx (Lynx :ind L jJlfrdirws) ;tTl' generally

134 Communities

rare and found only in a few locations (Tucker and [vans, 1997). The bird bUlla of hl'oaclJc;)VlXi evergreen oak forests is richer (han rh:lt of Mediterranean coniferous forests. There ';11'C important breeding populations or rapror:; such ,), the hUlley huzz<lrd (Pemis apiz!()l'IfS) , short.-toed eagle (CirCildus galliC/n), lesser sponcd cagle (/~quild jIOtlld),j/W) and thc globally threalcned Spani.,h imperial eagle (A, adillbcrti). Kires (kfill'uS mill/lis, AI 1l1igm!ls) , f1yclt:chCl's (Afll.i(/;,'d/JfI s/l'ifltrt and f:;(niu/({ Y('mit(!!'qudtrl) and warble:!'s (the oiivaccolls \varblcr Hippo/llii flft/lidr/, dw olive-tree warbler /--1: Illjz'(/(Ju.!J)!, HUllclli\; w,{rhkr Phyllo.>'cuj>/iS bond/i) an: a.l1 Kyund in evergreen and deciduous oak f(~q'C:1fS (Tucker and Evans, 1 l)Y?),

6.2.3 Coniferous forests

Cuniferous forest vegetation is foundwidcly around the i'v'fcditerranc,m Basin, especially in moumainolls <ll'cas, ;,llld pines f()rtn a major componem, Cecbr [c)resrs are found in (he ;\tbs ['vloufl tains (Cedrus rlt/aJ'ltiOl) , ill Cyprus (C brefliji)/i(!) and in Turkey and Leb~non ((7, lihmli). Companion species include m::q).i es l1lO!l.'j'I;,\\'lf/dll!f Ii! and.li, ubtlis/Itf.tlll) huLly (lIe.\; tlCjIl Nv/ium) ;md yew (j;/X?lJ baCCtlrtf). Firs occupy varying areas in high mountain regiolls; Abies pin.iltjJIJ ill Spa j Il, /l, Nt'/;ror/cwis in ~icily and Calabria, /1, cilicic{l in Turkey and /1, ct'pht/onica in Greece (l,c' Houerou, 1981), 1n addition (here are junipers (jum/)erlls o;\Jccdnu, J phoenict'l1) :1I1d akrcc (Tctrrtclinis artiw!(llit), which is restricted LO the southern part of the lberian Peninsula and northern Afi'ica.

The large mammal diversity of coniferous fCH'eS(S includes thevvolf (erni.\' IUjllis), wild cat (Felis .~y/utstris) and pine tnJiTcn (lV/drIes nUl},!'cs). Tn soniC high­;l!titudc: fUICSIS chamoix (Rupicl7jJl'CI ruple/lpm) and wild sheep (OlJis Ilnnllon) may be found (Tucker and EV;}lls, I :)97), Birds ()r /'v1cditcrr,lllC<l1l l()nif(~roll\ 101«.5l5 are- sirnilar lo tho~e of llon-NkditCI'l'aI1C:111 conikrous regions, hcinf~

ciornil);1[cci by a number ofubiC)uilOllS species well as woodpigeo~~s (Co!lfmb~ jJl7!umlJf,{.s) , turtle doves (St!'f.jJtopelitl tUl'iui'), [irecrc.<;l.~ (Re,~u!u.l' igllicdpillw) aile! gIn'!) woodpecker::; (Piws uiricli.i). There arc a few species resuictcd (() Mediter­ranean conir~~l'Oll.'l Forests (in compdrison w'ith broadleaved forest), Lht Cursic,lJ) nuthatch (SiU£7 lUhitehf:'tzdi) , Kl'i.ipcr's [lmharch (S, l.zriiperi) and the (ross!>il] (Lox'iff on'ui}'{ls/)'({} (Tucker and Evans, 1997).

List of polien types

Abies

Acacia

Acanthus

Acer

Acer: clumps

Aesculus

Agrimonia-type

Agrostemma githago

Ailanthus

Alisma-type

Allium-type

Alnus glutinosa-type

Alnus viridis

Amaranthus

Ambrosia

Ammi-type

Anemone hortensis-type

Anemone palmata-type

Allogramma leptophylla

Anthemis-type

Anthericum

Anthoceros laevis

Anthoceros punctatus

Anthriscus sylvestris-type

Anthyllis

Apiaceae

Apium-type

Arbutus

Arnoseris minima

Al1emisia

Asparagus

Asphodeline

Asphodelus albus-type

Asphodelus fistulosus

Asplenium-type

Aster-type

Asteraceae Subfam. Asteroideae

Asteraceae Subfam. Cichorioideae

Astragalus-type

Athyrium filix-femina

Bellis

Betula

Bidens-type

Boraginaceae

Borago officinalis

Botrychium

Brassicaceae

Bupleunun

Buxus sempervirens

Calendula

Calligonum

Callitriche

Caltha-type

Calystegia

Cannabis sativa

Carduus

Carlina

Carpinus betulus

Carthamus

Caryophyllaceae Subfam. Silenoideae-type

Castanea sativa

Cedrus

Celtis australis

Centaurea nigra-type

Centaurea scabiosa-type

Centaurium

Centranthus

Cerastium-type

Ceratonia siliqua

Ceratophyllum: spine

Cercophora-type

Cerealia-type

Cerinthe

Chaerophyllum hirsutum-type

Chaerophyllum-type

Chamaerops humilis

Cheilanthes-type

Chenopodiaceae-type

Cirsium

Cistaceae

Cistus

Citrus

Cladium mariscus

Clematis

Colchicum-type

Consolida-type

Convolvulus

Coriaria

Corrigiola littoral is

Corylus avellana

Cuscuta

Cyclamen hederifolium

Cyclamen purpurascens

Cynoglossum officinale-type

Cyperaceae

Cyperus-type

Daphne

Daucus

Dianthus superbus-type

Dinoflagellate

Diporotheca

Dipsacus

Dorycnium

Dryopteris dilatata-type

Dryopteris filix-mas-type

Echinops

Echium

Ephedra distachya-type

Ephedra fragilis-type

Epilobium

Equisetum

Erica arborea-type

Erodium

Eryngium

Eucalyptus

Eupatorium

Euphorbia

Euphrasia-type

Fabaceae

Fagus sylvatica

Falcaria-type

Fedia cornucopiae

Ficus carica

Filipendula

Foeniculum-type

Fraxinus oxycarpa

Fraxinus omus

Fumana

Galanthus-type

Gelasinospora

Genista-type

Gentiana-type

Geranium

Geum-type

Gladiolus-type

Glomus

Gnaphalium-type

Gypsophila arrostii

Hedera helix

Hedwigia

Helianthemum

Heliotropium

Helleborus viridis

Heracleum

Herniaria-type

Hippocrepis-type

Hippophae rhamnoides

Humulus lupulus

Hydrocotyle

Hypericum perforatum-type

lIex aquifolium

Iris pseudacorus-type

Isoetes

Jasione

JugJans regia

JUllcaceae

Juniperus-type

Knautia

Lamiaceae

Lemnaceae

Ligusticum mutellina

Ligustrum

Liliaceae-type

Limonium

Linaria-type

Linum

Linum austriacum-type

Linum catharticum-type

Linum usitatissimum

Lithospermum officinale

Loranthus europaeus

Lotus-type

Luzula

Lychnis viscaria-type

Lychnis-type

Lycium

Lycopodium c1avatum-type

Lygeum spal1um

Lysimachia vulgaris-type

Lythrum

Lythrum pOl1ula

Malvaceae

Matthiola-type

Medicago falcata-type

Melampyrum

Mentha-type

Menyanthes trifoliata

Mercurialis annua

Microthyrium

Minuartia mbra-type

Moehringia-type

Monolete rem spore

Montia

Morus

Mougeotia

Myriophyllulll alterniflorum

Myriophyllum spicatum

MYl1us communis

Nerium oleander

Nigella

Nymphaea

Odontites-type

Oenanthe

Olea

Onobrychis

Ononis-type

Onopordum

Onosma

Ophioglossum lusitanicum

Ophioglossum vulgatum

OrJaya grandiflora

Ornithogalum-type

Ornithopus

Osmunda regalis

Osmunda regalis: clumps

Ostrya-type

Papaver rhoeas-type

Parnassia palustris

Paronychia-type

Pediastnun

Pediastnun angulosllm

Pediastnun boryanum var. boryanum s.1.

Pediastmm boryanum var. longicorne

Petasites

Peucedanulll-type

Phillyrea

Phlomis

Phragmites australis

Picea

Pimpine"a major-type

Pinus SlIbgen. Pinus

Pinus SlIbgen. Strobus

Pinus: stomata

Pi stacia

PisUIn sativuITI

Plantago coronopus-type

Plantago lanceolata-type

Plantago maior

Plantago maritima-type

Platanus

Poaceae

Podospora-type

Polygala vulgaris-type

Polygonatllm

Polygonum aviculare-type

Polygonum persicaria-type

Polypodium

popUlus

Potamogeton-type

Potentilla-type

Prunella-type

Prunus-type

Psoralia bituminosa

Pteridium aquilinum

Pteridium aquilinum: clumps

Pteris cretica

Quercus cerris-type

Quercus ilex-type

Quercus pubescens-type

Quercus suber-type

Quercus Undiff. I

Quercus Undiff. 2

Ranunculus acris-type

Ranunculus lingua-type

Ranunculus Subgen. Batrachium

Ranunculus-type

Reseda-type

Rhamnus

Rhinanthus

Rhus

Rhynchospora

Rhynchospora alba-type

Ribes

Riccia

Robinia pseudo-acacia

Romulea

Rosa

Rosaceae

Rubiaceae

Rubus

Rumex

Rumex acetosa-type

Rumex acetosella

Rumex acetosella-type

Rumex obtusifolius-type

Rumex scutatus-type

Ruppia

Sagina

Sagittaria

Salix

Sambucus ebulus

Sambucus nigra

Sanguisorba minor-type

Sanguisorba officinal is

Sanicula europaea

Saxifraga granulata-type

Saxifraga tridactylitis-type

Scabiosa

Scandix-type

Scilla-type

Scirpus

Scleranthus

Scorzonera humilis-type

Scrophularia-type

Scrophulariaceae

Scutellaria-type

Sec ale

Sedum-type

Selaginella denticulata

Senecio-type

SelTatula-type

Sideritis

Silene dioica-type

Silene vulgaris-type

Simethis planifolia

Sison amomUITI

Smyrnium-type

Solanum dulcamara

Solanum nigrum-type

Sorb us-type

Sparganium-type

Spergula-type

Sphagnum

Spirogyra-type

Sporonniella

Stachys-type

Succisa

Tamarix

Taxus baccata

Teucrium

Thalictrum

Thelygonum cynocrambe

Thelypteris palustris

Tilia

Tilletia sphagni

Tofieldia

Torilis arvensis

Trachycarpus fOltuuei

Trifolium pratense-type

Trifolium repens-type

Trifolium-type

Trilete fern spore

Trollius europaeus

Tuberaria

Turgenia latifolia

Typha latifolia-type

Ulmus

Urtica dioica-type

Urtica membranacea-type

Urtica pilulifera

Ustulina deusta

Utricularia

Utricularia: spine

Valeriana tuberosa

Valerianaceae

Valerianella

Verbascum

Verbena officinal is

Veronica

Vibumum tinus

Vi cia-type

Viola

Vitis

Xanthium

Zea mays

Zelkova