21562302 family therapy

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MILY THER PY MILY THER PY

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HISTORY OF FAMILYTHERAPY

Family therapy developed after theSecond World War, Among the first

to point out the importance offamily therapy were ChristianMidelfort (In 1!" he pu#lished

$The Family In Psychotherapy”%and &athan Ac'erman (In 1! hepu#lished “The Psychodynamics

of the Family” ).

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IN 1960’S

)y the mid*1+s a num#er ofdistinct schools of family therapyhad emerged- From those groups

that were most stronglyinfluenced #y cy#ernetics andsystems theory, there came

strategic therapy, structuraltherapy, and slightly later, the Milan systems model -

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Salvador Minuchin,

psychoanalytically trainedpsychiatrist largely responsi#lefor the development of the

structural school of familytherapy.

A therapist using this model seesthat family pro#lems are relatedto their structure-

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1970’s

)y the late*1"s the weight ofclinical e.perience * especially inrelation to the treatment of

serious mental disorders * hadled to some revision of a num#erof the original models and a

moderation of some of theearlier stridency

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8/11/2019 21562302 Family Therapy


Family Therais!s

Lea"ersAlfred Adler*/udolf 0rie'urs*openforum Child uidance Clinics

Murray )owen*MultigenerationalModel*2riangulation,0ifferentiation of Self

3irginia Satir*Con4oint Family 2herapy*5uman 3alidation,/elational Family 2herapy

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Carl Whita'er*6.periential

Sym#olic Family 2herapy*therapist or coach influenceschange

Salvador Minuchin*StructuralFamily 2herapy*create structuralchange

7ay 5aley*Strategic Family 2herapy*solves pro#lems now

Cloe Madanes(Wife of 5aley%*

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E#OL$TION OF FAMILY

THERAPY IN IN%IA Family therapy was started inIndia a#out the same time that

&athan Ac'ermann initiated it inthe west-

2he father of family therapy in

India, 0r- 3idyasagar, startedtreatment with the families forpatient who attended the

services of the Amritsar mental

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According to him involvement of

family decreased hospital stay,increased acceptance of thepatient and enhanced family

coping (3idyasagar 1"1%-Following these rewarding two

centres in India* mental health

centre 3ellore and nationalinstitute of mental health and&euro sciences (&IM5A&S%

)angalore started similar

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2he mental health centre at 3ellore

has facilitate for families to live withthe patients in small cottages(3arghese 1"1%

At &IM5A&S where the relatives wereas'ed to stay with the patient in openwards (&arayanan et al 1"8%

2he success of these approachesculminated in the #uilding of thefamily psychiatric centre at &IM5A&Sin 1"" where the whole family could

stay in unit family rooms and undergo

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FAMILY PSY&HIATRI&

&ENTRE AT NIMHANS 2he family psychiatric centre is

essentially a referral centre and

families are seen in therapyeither as outpatient or inpatient-

2he patient and their families are

referred from si. adult psychiatryunits, child guidance centres,and neurological services or

outside agencies-

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FAMILY

A family is defined as two ormore persons who reside

together9 share economicresources9 are related #y #irth,marriage, or adoption9 and or

who have a commitment to eachother over time-(Walsh

1:%

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NORMAL FAMILYF$N&TIONIN'

(ara)hil suggested that healthyfamilies can #e distinguished

from dysfunctional ones on the#asis of dimensions

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Identity ;rocessIndividuation #s 6nmeshment

Mutuality #s Isolation

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Fle.i#ility #s /igidity

Sta#ility #s 0isorgani<ation

Change

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Information ;rocessing

Clear #s =nclear >r 0istorted

Clear #s =nclear /oles or /ole

conflict

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/ole Structuring

/ole reciprocity #s =nclear orconflicted role

Clear #s 0iffuse or )reachedIntergenerational #oundaries

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6?6M6&2S >F ASS6SSM6&2

>F FAMI?@ F=&C2I>&I&

LEMENTS O SSESSMENT

UNCTION L DYS UNCTION L

Communication

Clear

, ,direct open

and honet !ith

con"ruence

#et!een $er#al and

non $er#al

,Indirect

,$a"ue

,controlled !ith man% dou#le #lind

mea"e

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LEMENTS O SSESSMENT


Sel& concept rein&orcement

,Supporti$e

,lo$in" ,praiin" appro$in"

!ith

#eha$ior that

intill

con&idence

,Unupporti$e

,#lamin"“ - ”,put do!n re&uin" to

allo! el&

reponi#ilit%

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LEMENTS O SSESSMENT


Famil% mem#ere'pectation

,Fle'i#le realitic and

indi$iduali(

ed

,)ud"mental,ri"id ,controllin"

i"norin"

indi$idualit %

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LEMENTS O SSESSMENT


Handlin"di&&erence

,Tolerant,d%namic

.ne"otiatin"

,Attac*in",a$oidin"

urrenderin".

Famil% interactional pattern

, +or*a#le ,contructi$e &le'i#le and promotin"

need o& allmem#er

,Contradictor%, -ri"id el& ,de&eatin" and

detructi$e

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LEMENTS O SSESSMENT


Famil%

climate

,Trutin"

"ro!th promotin",carin" "eneral

&eelin" o& !ell #ein"

,Ditrutin"

emotionall%,pain&ul !ith a#ence o&

hope &or

impro$ement

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FAMILIES

2hey have the a#ility tocommunicate thought and feelings-

In the healthy functioning families no

single mem#er dominates or control-5ealthy families have a clear, fle.i#le

power structure with the most

competent mem#ers having the mostpower-

Families which are cohesive and

adapta#le #est serve the functions of

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FAMILIES

0ysfunctional families are oftendisengaged (isolated from oneanother% or enmeshed (overly

involved with one another%-Multigenerational transmission of

pro#lems are common (i-e-

randmother, mother, daughter allhave #een se.ually and physicallya#used%

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I*+ &OMM$NI&ATION

a* Ma,i)- Ass.m!i/)s With this #ehavior one assumes that

others will 'now what is meant #y anaction or an e.pression or other handassumes to 'now what another mem#eris thin'ing or feeling without chec'ing toma'e certain-

6 g a mother says to her teenagedaughter $you should have 'nown that I

e.pected you to clean up the 'itchen

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#% (eli!!li)- eeli)-s

2his Action involves ignoringor minimi<ing anothers feeling

when they are e.pressed- 2his encourages the individual towith hold honest feelings to

avoid #eing hurt #y the negativeresponse-

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* Faili)- !/ lis!e)

With this #ehavior one doesnot hear what the otherindividual is saying- 2his can

mean, not hearing the words #y$tuning out B what is #eing saidor it can #e $selectie

listeningB, in which personhears only a selective part of themessage or interprets it in a

selective manner-

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6-g- Father e.plains to sonB if the

contract comes through and I getnew 4o#, we will have a littlee.tra money and we will consider

sending you to =SB 7ohnny relaysthe message to his friend, $dadsays I can go to usB

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"* &/mm.)ia!i)- I)"ire!ly

2his usually means that anindividual cannot present amessage to receiver directly sosee's to communicate through athird person-

6-g- father does not want his

teenage daughter to see a certain#oyfriends #ut wants to avoidangry response from his daughter

if he tells her so- 5e e.presses his

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e* Prese)!i)- "/.2le mi)"e"

messa-e 0ou#le #lind communication conveys a$damned if I do damned if I don!t Bmessage-

6-g- Father tells his son he is spendingtoo much time playing foot#all, and asa result, his grades are falling- 5e is

e.pected to #ring his grades up overne.t nine wee's or his car will #e ta'enaway- When the son tells the father hehas Duit the foot#all team so he can

study more, dad respond angrily $I

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2*4i!hh/l"i)- s./r!i5e

messa-esFamily mem#ers find it difficult

provide others with reinforcing

and supportive messages-

6-g- a little #oy was playingcric'et, after the game he saysto father $did you see my playBdad, $yes I did, son, if you had#een paying #etter attention you

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* Ta,i)- /5er

2his occurs when one familymem#er fails to permit anothermem#er to develop a sense of

responsi#ility and self worth #ydoing things individually-

6-g- Son says $0ad, I got mydriving license last wee' andtoday I will drive my carB 0adreplied $&o , no I will drop you

B

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+EPE&TATIONS

a* I-)/ri)- i)"i5i".ali!y 2his occurs when family mem#er s

e.pect others to do things or #ehavein ways that do not fit with thelatters individuality or current lifesituation-

6-g- /o#ert wants to do 4o# in a

newspaper company after hisstudies- )ut his father as'ed him tota'e over the family #usinessfounded #y his grandfather- /o#ertsees this as a #etra al of the famil -

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2* %ema)"i)- r// / l/5e

Family mem#ers placee.pectation on others #ehaviourthat are used as standard #ywhich the e.pecting mem#erdetermines how much the othermem#er care for him or her-

6-g- $if you will not #e as I wishyou to #e y/. "/)’! l/5e meB-

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8/11/2019 21562302 Family Therapy


* S.rre)"eri)- 2he person who surrenders in theface of disagreement does so at

the e.pense of denying his orher own needs or rights-

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+INTERA&TIONAL

PATTERNSa* Pa!!er)s !ha! a.sesem/!i/)al "is/m/r!

Interactions can promote hurtand anger in family mem#ers-

2hese interactional patterns

include #ehaviours such as neverapologi<ing or never admittingthat one has made mista'e,for#idding fle.i#ility in lifesituations-

a /rs a ) e)s y

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+ a /rs a ) e)s yr/2lems ra!her !ha)

s/l5e !hemWhen pro#lems go unresolved over along period of time, it sometimesappear to #e easier it to ignore them-

If pro#lems of the same type occur, thetendency to ignore them then#ecomes the safe and predicta#lepattern of interaction for dealing withthis type of situation-

2his may occur until the pro#lemintensifies to a point at which it

can no longer #e ignored-

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* Pa!!er)s !ha! are i) /)li!

i!h eah /!herSome family rules may appear to

#e functional wor'a#le andconstructive on the surface #utin practice may serve to destroyhealthy interactional pattern-

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O!hersMari!al shism sli!*

Family in a constant state ofdiseDuili#rium through repeatedthreats of parental separation andcommunication

mas's conflicts;arents disDualify each other and

4oin with children e.cluding the

partner-

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Mari!al s,e !is!*

;arental relationship isdistorted9 /elationship is notunder threat, due to one

e.cessively powerful anddominant parent-

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Pse."/:h/s!ili!y a)" Pse."/:m.!.ali!y

0is4ointed or fragmented

communication leads to disruptedinteractions- ;ressure is put on thechild to avoid family relationships-

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Mys!iia!i/) /).si/)*

Mystification occurs when one ormore family mem#ers fail tounderstand the meaning, purpose ofcommunication from anothermem#er9 especially a parent-

2he communication received is oftendeli#erately vague-

2he vague communication places themystified person in an inferiorposition and leads to powerlessness-

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Tria)-.la!i/)>ccurs when a third person is#rought into a dyadic

relationship to de*intensify adispute #etween two people(generally the parents%9

Communication occurs through athird person-

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The Eleha)! i) !he R//m

2he pro#lem that no one wantsGdaresto tal' a#out and the pro#lem areclearly visi#le to all involved9 Fear of

retaliation or negative conseDuencesand shame often 'eep individualsfrom discussing the pro#lem- Self

#lame is common- 3ictims continueto allow the pro#lem to e.ist and not#e discussed- (6-g- alcoholism,se.ual a#use%

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La, / %iere)!ia!i/)

Autonomy is important for allindividuals-

It represents the degree ofindependence that an individualneeds to function apart from

others in a system- Fusion is thea#sence of autonomy9

?ac' of differentiation leads to

enmeshment with others-

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La, / (/.)"aries

All individuals need #oundaries- 2he a#sence of #oundariesproduces unclear limits in termsof what others may or may notsay or do to a person- Without#oundaries a#use can easilyoccur-

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FAMILY THERAPY

%EFINITION A type of therapeutic modality in

which the focus of treatment is on the

family as a unit9 it represents a formof intervention in which the mem#ersof a family are assisted to identify andchange pro#lematic, maladaptive, self*

defeating, repetitive relationshippatterns-

(olden#erg H olden#erg, 8!%

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%EFINITIONFamily therapy is a #ranch of

psychiatry that sees an

individuals psychiatric symptomsas insepara#ly related to thefamily in which he lives-

(Susan 5 McCrone, Anne 5Shealy%

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%EFINITIONA type of psychotherapy

designed to identify family

patterns that contri#ute to a#ehavior disorder or mentalillness and help family mem#ers

#rea' those ha#its- (We#sters new world medical

dictionary%

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8/11/2019 21562302 Family Therapy


MA;OR FAMILY THERAPY

APPROA&HESStructural

Strategic

Cognitive*)ehavioralSocial Constructionist

6.periential

>#4ect /elationsMultigenerational

&arrative

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&ON&EPTS

Psyh/"y)ami !he/ry Ac'erman (1!+% introducedthe idea of $interloc'ing

pathologyB, arguing that thepsychopathology of the differentmem#ers of the family fitted

together to produce the familysystem, which the therapistencountered-

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'r/. !heray

2he aim is to help the mem#ersof the group gain insight throughthe process of group interaction-

2he therapists role isprincipally that of facilitator andsometimes interpreter of what is

happening #etween the groupmem#ers-

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O!her !he/ries

a* &y2er)e!isCy#ernetics is a term that was

introduced #y Weiner (1J% to

descri#e regulatory systems thatoperate #y means of feed#ac'loops-

2his process reDuires a receptor ofsome sort, a central mechanismand an effecter- 2hese areconnected to form a feed#ac' loop-

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Cy#ernetics concerned with the

study of feed#ac' mechanismsin systems- 2wo types offeed#ac' loops

&egative, signals the systemto restore the status Duo

;ositive, signals the need tomodify the system-

)oth types result in

homeostasis-

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8/11/2019 21562302 Family Therapy


&l/se" sys!em is those in which

there is no interaction with thesurrounding environment andshows $entropyB-

Oe) sys!ems such as familiesdo not show $entropyB- 2here is asteady inflow and out flow of

relevant information across the#oundary of the system-

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8/11/2019 21562302 Family Therapy


I"eas a)" /)e! /

sys!em !he/ryFamilies and other social groups aresystems having properties which

are more than the sum of theproperties of their parts-

2he operation of such system is

governed #y certain general rules6very system has a #oundary

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2he #oundaries are semi permea#le

(something can pass through, otherscannot or certain material can passone way #ut not the other%

Family systems tend to reachrelatively, #ut not totally steadystates- rowth and evolution arepossi#le- Change can occur orstimulated in various ways

Communication and feed#ac'mechanisms #etween the parts of a

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6vents such as the #ehaviour of

individuals in a family are #etterunderstood as e.amples ofcircular causality rather than as

#eing #ased on linear causality-Family systems appear to #e

purposeful

Systems are made up ofsu#systems and themselves arepart of supra systems-

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Characteristics of systems1- &ir.lar a.sali!y ?inear causality descri#es the

process where#y one eventcauses another-<- (/.)"ary

6very system has a #oundary,which mar' it off fromsurroundings- 2hey control

emotional interchanges, closeness

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=+Fee"2a,

J- E>.ii)ali!y 2he ;rocess #y which an opensystem maintains the samesteady state with differing inputs-

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* Lear)i)- The/ry

Res/)"e)! /)"i!i/)i)- 2his changes the #ehavior #y altering

the circumstances leading up to it-

6-g- ;avlovs classical e.periment withdogOera)! /)"i!i/)i)-It Changes the #ehaviour #y altering the

circumstances following it-6-g- If person touches hot and get

#urned that person is less li'ely to

touch the same thing again-

ommun ca on

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ommun ca ontheories

a% It is impossi#le not tocommunicate

#% Communication has a relationship

aspectc% ;unctuation is the important

feature of communication

d% Communication may #e dividinginto digital and analogical varieties

e% Communication is symmetricaland complementary interaction

THERAPY

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THERAPY PSY&HOANALYTI&AL FAMILY

THERAPY

Murray )owen and 3irginia Satir

is prominent therapist who hasmade use of psycho analytical ideasin their wor'-

2he family mem#ers areencouraged to $free associate!,that helps their thoughts to flow

freely without conscious censorship,

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;sycho analytic therapist

generally ma'es fewercomments, as's fewer Duestionsand intervenes less actively- 2hey

usually refrain also from givingadvice and form activelymanipulating the families they

treat-

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)65A3I>/A? FAMI?@

256/A;@)ehavior therapist applies theprinciple of learning theory in

treatment of families-Change in families

conceptuali<ed in terms of

respondent conditioning, operantconditioning modeling orcognitive change-

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2he “behaior analysis”

ena#les the therapists todevelop a plan to alter thecontingency or circumstances

and cognitions often #y directintervention in the family-

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'RO$P THERAPY APPROA&HES

2he family therapists haveused some of the approaches ofgroup therapy the role of atherapist is facilitator andsometimes interpreter of what ishappening #etween the groupmem#ers-

Family mem#ers can certainlylearn the value from each other ina group therapy setting-

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FAMI?@ S@S26M 256/A;@

MA;OR &ON&EPT%iere)!ia!i/) / sel

0ifferentiation of self is the a#ility to

define oneself as a separate #eing-5ealthy families encouragedifferentiation-

A person with well differentiated selfrecogni<es his realistic dependenceon others, stay calm and clearheaded in enough in the face of

conflict, criticism-

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Tria)-les

2he concept of triangle refers to athree personal9 emotionalconfiguration that is consideredthe #uilding #loc' of the family

systems- 2riadic interaction configurations

which are the #asic #uilding #loc'

of any emotional system- When atwo*party system #ecomesunsta#le #ecause of an.iety, a

third person is involved to sta#ili<e

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N.lear amily em/!i/)al

r/ess 2he nuclear family emotionalprocess descri#es the patterns of

emotional functioning in singlegeneration-

?ower the level of differentiation,

the greater the possi#ility ofpro#lem in the future-

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Family pro4ection processCouples are una#le to wor'through Kun differentiation or

fusion that occurs withpermanent commitment maywhen they #ecome parents,

pro4ect the resulting an.iety onto the children-

M.l!i-e)era!i/)al

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M.l!i-e)era!i/)al!ra)smissi/) r/ess

Interactional patterns aretransferred from one generation

to another- Attitudes, values,#eliefs, #ehaviors and patternsof interaction are passed alongfrom the parent to children over

many lifetimes- So certain#ehaviors are e.isted within afamily through multiple

generations-

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'e)/-ramsIt gives a picture of three or moregenerations (li'e a family tree%

and notes important familydynamics, rules, patterns,mental health issues, etc-

'/al a)" Teh)i>.e /

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'/al a)" Teh)i>.e /!he Theray

1% 2o increase the level of differentiationof self, while remaining in touch withthe family system-

8% 2he intense emotional pro#lemswithin the nuclear family can #eresolved only #y resolvingundifferentiated relationship-

:% 6mphasis is given to understandingthe past relationship

2herapeutic role is that of a $coachB or

supervisor

Therae.!i !eh)i>.esi l "

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>i)l."e?

1% 0efining and clarifying therelationship #etween the familymem#ers

8% 5elping family mem#ers developone to one relationship with eachother and minimi<ing triangles within

the system:% 2eaching family mem#ers a#out thefunctioning of emotional systems-

J% ;romoting differentiation #y

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8/11/2019 21562302 Family Therapy


S.2sys!ems

Su#systems are smaller elementsthat ma'e up a large familysystem- Su#system can #e

individuals or can consist of twoor more persons united #ygender, relationship, generation,

purpose-

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(/.)"aries

0efine the level ofparticipation and interactionamong su#systems- )oundariesare appropriate when they

permit appropriate contact withothers while preventinge.cessive interference- Clearly

defined #oundaries promoteadaptive function- Maladaptivefunctioning can occur when

#oundaries are rigid or diffuse

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A rigid boundary is characteri<ed

#y decreased communication andlac' of support and responsiveness-/igid #oundaries prevent

su#system from achievingappropriate closeness orinteraction with others in the

system, rigid #oundaries promotedisengagement, or e.tremeseparateness among family

mem#ers

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%i.se 2/.)"aries are

characteri<ed #y dependency orover involvement- In interfereswith adaptive functions #ecause of

over investment, overinvolvement, lac' of differentiation#etween certain su#systems-

0iffuse #oundaries enmeshment ore.aggerated connectednessamong family mem#ers

OF STR$&T$RAL FAMILY

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OF STR$&T$RAL FAMILY

THERAPY oal of structural family therapyis to facilitate change in family

structureoal is to restructure the family

system to create clear and

fle.i#le #oundaries

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2echniDues ;/i)i)- !he amily- 2he therapist must #ecome the part

of the family if restructuring is to

occur- 2he therapist 4oins the family #ut

maintains leadership position-

5e or she may at different times 4oin various su#systems within thefamily #ut ultimately includes the

entire family system as a target of

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6valuating the family

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g ystructure

6ven though a family may come for atherapy #ecause of #ehaviour of onefamily mem#er, the family as a unit isconsidered pro#lematic-

2he family structure is evaluated #yassessing transactional patternsystem fle.i#ility, potential forchanging #oundaries, familydevelopmental stage and role of the

identified atient within the s stem

E ! !

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E)a!me)!

2herapist has family enact an

interaction to ena#le the family to trydifferent ways of interacting

I)!e)siia!i/)

2herapist increases the emotionalaspects of interactions

$)2ala)i)-

Conscious attempt to form a coalitionwith one mem#er against another orsupporting one mem#er at thee.pense of another to throw the family

s stem off #alance

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Res!r.!.ri)- !he amily+

An alliance or contract fortherapy is esta#lished with thefamily #y #ecoming an actual

mem#er of the family, thetherapist is a#le to manipulatethe system facilitate

circumstances and e.periencethat can lead to structuralchange-

256/A;@

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256/A;@

2he strategic model the familytherapy uses the interactional orcommunication approach-

In this model families consideredfunctional are open system whereclear and precise messages,congruent with the situation, aresent and received- 0ysfunctionalfamilies are viewed as partiallyclosed systems in which

communication is vague

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MA7>/ C>&C6;2%/.2le 2li)" /mm.)ia!i/) 0ou#le #lind communication occur s

when a statement is made and

succeeded #y a contradictorystatement- It also occurs when astatement is made and accompanied#y nonver#al e.pression that isinconsistent with the ver#alcommunication- 0ou#le #lindedcommunication often results in a

$damned if I do damned if I notB-

P " ! li! " "

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Pse."/ m.!.ali!y a)" se."/h/s!ili!y

;seudo mutuality is characteri<ed #yfaNade (image, face% of mutualregard- ;seudo mutuality allows

family mem#er to deny underlyingfears of separation and hostility-

;seudo hostility is also affi.ed and

rigid style of relating, #ut the facade#eing maintained is that of a state ofconflict and alienation among family

mem#ers to deny underling fears of

M i! l hi li!*

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Mari!al shism sli!*

Family in a constant state ofdiseDuili#rium through repeated threatsof parental separation andcommunication mas's conflicts,

;arents disDualify each other and 4oinwith children e.cluding the partner-Mutual trust is a#sent and competition

e.ists for closeness with the children->ften partner esta#lishes an alliancewith his or her parents against thespouse- Children lac' appropriate role

M i! l , ! i !*

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Mari!al s,e !is!*

;arental relationship isdistorted9 /elationship is notunder threat, due to one

e.cessively powerful anddominant parent- 2here is a lac'of eDual partnership- 2he

marriage remains intact as longas the passive partner allows thedomination to continue- Children

also lac' role models when a

'OAL AN% TE&HNI@$ES

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'OAL AN% TE&HNI@$ES

OF THERAPY 2o create changes in destructive#ehaviors and communication

patterns among family mem#ers-

involve

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involve

1+ Para"/3ial i)!er5e)!i/)A parado. can #e called a

contradiction in therapy or

$prescri#ing the symptom-B 2he therapist reDuests the family

to continue to engage in the

#ehavior that they are trying tochange-

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Rerami)- positive

reframing- %/e la#eling a pro#lematic #ehaviour #y

putting into a new, more positive

perspective that emphasi<es its goodintention- With reframing, the#ehaviour may not actually change,

#ut the conseDuences of the maychange owing to a change in meaningattached to the #ehaviour

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2he goal of therapy is totransform clients stories and

alter their identities- 2he centerpiece of therapy is

Duestioning-

APPLI&ATIONS OF FAMILY

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APPLI&ATIONS OF FAMILY

THERAPY Common child psychiatricdisorders

Child a#use6ating disorders, esp-anore.ia nervosa

0epressionSchi<ophreniaMarital and family distress

EMPLOYIN' FAMILY

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EMPLOYIN' FAMILY

THERAPY 6vidence of malfunctioning family group

6vidence that family dysfunction isrelated to the pro#lems for which help

is #eing sought-When a change is desired in the way a

family functions

Separation difficultiesFamily functions at the paranoidschi<oid level

Severely disorgani<ed families,

IN%I#I%$AL THERAPY

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IN%I#I%$AL THERAPYAN% FAMILY THERAPY

NDI,IDU L THER PY MILY THER PY

,ie! the indi$idual a the a"ent o& chan"e

Relationhip are the a"ent o& chan"e

,A* !h%- ,A* !hat-

(Thin* linearl% Acaue

).

(Thin* circularl% A and

. mutuall% in&luence .)one another

NDI,IDU L THER PY

MILY THER PY

“ ”Treat the mind Treat the interaction

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#et!een indi$idual

Focu on the pat Focu on the preent

Focu on content Focu on proce

Reco"ni(e indi$idual de$elopmentaltra/ectorie

Reco"ni(e indi$idual and &amilial de$elopment

O#tain accurate dia"noi DSM I,

E'plore S%tem &or &&amil% proce rule

NDI,IDU L THER PY

MILY THER PY

.e"in Therap% ri"ht no! In$ite in parent

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.e"in Therap% ri"ht no! ,In$ite in parenti#lin"

: ,Focu on caue,purpoe procee

:Focu &amil%relationhip

Concern !ith indi$idual &e'perience

perpecti$e

Concern tran ,"enerational meanin"

rule

Inter$ene to help

indi$idual learn to cope Inter$ene to chan"e

conte't !ithin &amil%%tem

256/A;@

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256/A;@

Individual psychological factorswere neglected-

?ac' of clear operationali<ation ofthe constructs for researchpurposes

Feminist CritiDue/aceG6thnic 0iversity

ROLE OF N$RSE

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ROLE OF N$RSE

&urse should #e well prepared to

enhance family functioning intraditional clinical setting andnontraditional setting

2he 'nowledge s'ill and creativity ofthe nurse enhances familycompliances

&urses need to integrate theory andinterventions into clinical programs,advocate for family and third party

reim#ursement for family

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han* %ouhan* %ou

21562302 family therapy

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