8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

1/48

Chapter 10

Institutional Corrections

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

2/48

European BackgroundHistorically, institutional confinement has

been used since ancient times, but not until

the 1600s and 1700s as a major punishment

for criminals. Prior to that it was used to:

Detain people before trial

Hold prisoners awaiting other sanctions

Coerce payment of debts and fines

continued

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

3/48

European Background

Hold and punish slaves

Achieve religious indoctrination (the Inquisition) Quarantine disease

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

4/48

Forerunners of ModernIncarcerationModern incarceration

strives to change theoffenders character

and is carried out

away from public

view.

Early punishments for

crime were directedmore at the offenders

body and property.

Goals were to inflict

pain, humiliate the

offender, and deter

onlookers from crime.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

5/48

Forerunners of ModernIncarceration

Two additional forerunners of modern

incarceration were:

Banishment

Transportation

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

6/48

banishment

A punishment, originating in ancient times, that

required offenders to leave the community and live

elsewhere, commonly in the wilderness.

transportation

A punishment in which offenders were transported

from their home nation to one of that nations

colonies to work.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

7/48

Forerunners of ModernIncarceration

The closest European forerunners of modern

U.S. prisons were known as workhouses.

workhouses

European forerunners of the modern U.S. prison,

where offenders were sent to learn discipline and

regular work habits.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

8/48

Developments in theUnited States

In colonial America, penal practice was loose,decentralized, and unsystematic, combining

private retaliation with fines, banishment,

harsh corporal punishments, and capital

punishment.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

9/48

The Penitentiary MovementThe Walnut Street Jail opened in 1790 in

Philadelphia and is considered the first state

prison.

Inmates labored in solitary cells and

received large doses of religious training.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

10/48

The Penitentiary Movement

Pennsylvania and New York pioneered the

penitentiary movement by developing two

competing systems of confinement:

The Pennsylvania

system

The Auburn system

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

11/48

Pennsylvania system

An early system of U.S. penology in which inmateswere kept in solitary cells so that they could study

religious writings, reflect on their misdeeds, and

perform handicraft work.

continued

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

12/48

Auburn system

An early system of penology, originating at AuburnPenitentiary in New York, under which inmates

worked and ate together in silence during the day and

were placed in solitary cells for the evening.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

13/48

The Penitentiary MovementBy the end of the Civil War, many were

questioning the value of the penitentiary

movement, as prisons failed to deter crime,

and became increasingly expensive to

maintain.

A new movement sought to improve the

method of incarceration.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

14/48

The Reformatory MovementThe reformatory movement was based on

principles adopted at the 1870 meeting of the

National Prison Association. The reformatory wasdesigned:

for younger, less hardened offenders.

based on a military model of regimentation.

with indeterminate terms. with parole or early release for favorable

progress in reformation.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

15/48

Institutions for WomenUntil the reformatory era, there was little

effort to establish separate facilities for

women.

The first womens prison based on the

reformatory model opened in Indiana in 1873.

Womens prisons concentrated on molding

inmates to fulfill stereotypical domestic roles.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

16/48

Recent Trends - The

Incarceration Boom

Between 1980 and 2000, the adult prison

population in the U.S. (state and federal) morethan quadrupled.

There are more than 1.4 million state andfederal prisoners in U.S.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

17/48

Recent Trends

Local jail populations saw a similar (less

dramatic) trend.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

18/48

Cost Estimates

The average yearly cost of incarceration

per inmate is about $22,000.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

19/48

The Crowding IssueCrowding has become especially troublesome

over the past two decades. The staggering

increase in prison construction has frequently

failed to keep pace with the increase in prison

populations.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

20/48

The Crowding Issue

The prison population has exploded even as

crime rates are stable, and in some cases evendeclining.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

21/48

Prison Inmate Characteristics

90% of prisoners in the U.S. are in state

prisons; 10% are in federal prisons.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

22/48

Prison Inmate CharacteristicsThe largest proportion of state prisoners are:

Male

Minority

Have not completed high school

Under age 35

Have never married

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

23/48

Prison Inmate CharacteristicsThe prison population is characterized as

follows:

About 50% are serving sentences for

violent offenses

About 20% for property offenses

About 20% for drug offenses

The remainder for public order offenses

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

24/48

Organization andAdministration by Government

Each state has a department of corrections or

a similar administrative body to coordinatethe various adult prisons in the state.

Most adult prisons employ a quasi-

military model of administration andmanagement.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

25/48

Some of the more common facility types are:

Classification and other special facilities Mens prisons

Womens prisons

Jails and lockups

Types of Facilities

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

26/48

Classification and OtherSpecial Facilities

Most prisoners are initially sent to a

classification facility.Classification facility

A facility to which newly sentenced offenders are

taken so that their security risks and needs can beassessed and they can be assigned to a permanent

institution.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

27/48

Classification and OtherSpecial Facilities

The decision of where to place an offender

rests on a variety of factors: The offenders security risk

Program services the offender needs, such as

counseling Any problems such as alcohol dependency

The nature of the offense continued

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

28/48

Classification and OtherSpecial Facilities

The offenders prior record, propensity

toward violence and escape, andvulnerability to victimization by other

inmates

Programs offered at the states institutions,and the related crowding levels

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

29/48

Mens PrisonsMens prisons, the most common general type

of prison, are often distinguished by security

level.

security level

A designation applied to a facility to describe the

measures taken, both inside and outside, to preservesecurity and custody.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

30/48

Mens PrisonsThe simplest security level categorization is:

maximum

medium

minimum

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

31/48

Mens Prisons

Maximum-security facilities are characterized

by very tight internal and external security.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

32/48

Mens PrisonsCommon security measures include:

A high wall or razor-wire fencing

Armed-guard towers

Electronic detectors

External armed patrol

A wide, open buffer zone between the outer wall orfence and the community

continued

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

33/48

Mens Prisons Restrictions on inmate movement

The capability of closing off areas to contain riots

or disruptions

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

34/48

Mens PrisonsA recent development is the ultramaximum

or supermaximum-security prison to house

notorious offenders and problem inmates fromother institutions.

These institutions utilize:

Total isolation of inmates

Constant lockdowns

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

35/48

Mens PrisonsMedium-security institutions place fewer

restrictions on inmate movement inside the facility.

Characteristics often include:

Dormitory or barracks-type living quarters

No external security wall

Barbed wire rather than razor wire

Fences and towers that look less forbidding

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

36/48

Mens Prisons

Minimum-security prisons are smaller and

more open.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

37/48

Mens PrisonsThey often house inmates who:

Have established records of good behavior

Are nearing releaseCharacteristics often include:

Dormitory or barracks living quarters

No fences

Some inmates may be permitted to leave during theday to work or study

Some inmates may be granted furloughs

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

38/48

Mens PrisonsIndividual inmates are classified by custody

level.

Although custody levels are sometimes

designated by the same terms as security

levels, they are independent of each other.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

39/48

Womens PrisonsWomen make up about 7% of the prison

population, but the incarceration rate for

women has grown faster than theincarceration rate for men.

A greater proportion of women than men are

serving sentences for property offenses. Women are more likely to have dependent

children and to be serving their first prison term.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

40/48

Womens Prisons Prisons exclusively for women tend to be

smaller and house fewer inmates than

institutions exclusively for men.

Dorm and cottage plans are much more

common than cell-block plans for womens

prisons.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

41/48

Jails and LockupsSuspects usually stay in a lockupfor only 24

to 48 hours.

A suspect may later be transferred from the

lockup to thejail.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

42/48

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

43/48

Prison ServicesMany of the human services and programs

found in the free society are duplicated within

prisons: Food services

Building maintenance and repair (often performedby inmates)

Medical and dental services

Mail and phone services

continued

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

44/48

Prison Services

Visitations

Commissaries where prisoners can purchase food,tobacco, radios, and reading materials

Recreational facilities

Legal resources

Religious services

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

45/48

Prison ServicesAll institutions have special-needs

populations, in particular:

Elderly inmates who require more medical

attention

Inmates with mental disorders

Inmates with HIV and AIDS

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

46/48

Prison Services

It has long been assumed that rehabilitation

can be facilitated by improving inmatesacademic skills and providing them with job

skills.

Much prison education amounts to remedialschooling designed to prepare inmates to

obtain their GEDs.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

47/48

Prison Services

Some prison vocational programs operate as

part of job assignments, others are separate.

Either way, the goal is to provide inmates with

job skills that will improve their marketability

upon release.

8/12/2019 2100 Chapter 10 :)

48/48

Prison ServicesCounseling and therapy offered in prisons

varies widely.

Sometimes individual counseling (one-on-one with a counselor) and group counseling

are both offered.