210-02 history of psychology welcome to seminar for unit 7 with professor kimberly maring
TRANSCRIPT
210-02 History of Psychology
Welcome to Seminar for Unit 7With Professor Kimberly Maring
Today’s Focus
• Three stages of Behaviorism
• Skinner and Bandura and their contributions
to the field.
3 Stages of Behaviorism• There are three stages in the progression of
the behaviorist school of thought:– Watson is foundational for the beginning of
behaviorism.
1.Watson’s Behaviorism (1915-1930)
3 Stages of Behaviorism
1. Watson’s Behaviorism (1915-1930)
2. Neobehaviorism (1930-1960)– Tolman Hull Skinner
Clark Leonard Hull(1884–1952)
B. F. Skinner(1904–1990)
Edward Chace Tolman (1886–1959)
3 Stages of Behaviorism
1. Watson’s Behaviorism (1915-1930)2. Neobehaviorism (1930-1960)
– Tolman, Hull, Skinner
3. Neo-neobehaviorism or sociobehaviorism (1960-1990)Social Cognitive Psychology
– Bandura, Rotter
Stage 2 of Behaviorism
Neobehaviorism
with Tollman and Skinner
Operationism• Percy W. Bridgeman (1882-1961)
– respected physicist – Nobel prize-winner from Harvard– Insisted on discarding “pseudo-problems”
(anything which cannot be measured; the soul; the conscience; the unseen)
– Finished the index to his 7-volume book– Shipped to publisher– Killed himself; an end to existence where there is
nothing beyond that which is material
Operationism
• A major characteristic of neobehaviorism
• Sought to rid psychology of pseudo-
problems
• Worked at making the language of
neobehaviorism precise, mathematical,
measurable.
Edward Chace Tolman (1886-1959)
• Purposive Behaviorism: Tolman’s system combined the objective study of behavior with the consideration of purposiveness or goal orientation in behavior.
• Tolman saw 5 variables which contributed to purposive behavior.
Purposive Behaviorism (Tolman)
• Behavior is a function of 5 variables:– Environmental stimuli– Physiological drives– Heredity– Previous training– Age
• Intervening Variables: Unobserved and inferred factors within the organism that are the actual determinants of behavior.
1869 -- 1959
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Skinner and Operant Conditioning
Skinner developed the Operant chamber, or the Skinner box, to study operant conditioning.
Pavlov studied respondent behavior – responses to conditioning
Baby in a Box
Air crib, also called Skinner’s Baby in a BoxRaised his second daughter in one88F, 50% humidityCanvas mattressAir filter systemPicture window
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Types of ReinforcersReinforcement: Any event that strengthens the
behavior it follows.
Schedules of Reinforcement
• Continuous reinforcement refers to reinforcement being administered to each instance of a response
• Intermittent reinforcement lies between continuous reinforcement and extinction
An Example of Continuous Reinforcement
• Each instance of a smile is reinforced
Continuous Reinforcement
Example of Fixed Ratio Reinforcement
• Every fourth instance of a smile is reinforced
Fixed Ratio of 4
Example of Variable Ratio Reinforcement
Random instances of the behavior are reinforced
Variable Ratio of 4
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Unpredictable (or variable) schedule produces more consistent responding than a fixed schedule.
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Punishment
An aversive event that decreases the behavior it follows.
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Punishment
Conveys no information to the organism; what not to do, rather than what to do.
Although there may be some justification for occasional punishment (Larzelaere & Baumrind, 2002), it usually leads to negative effects.
Stage 3 of Behaviorism
Neo-neobehaviorism
Social Cognitive Theory
with Bandura and Rotter
QUESTION
• What types of behaviors are acquired as a
result of observational learning?
• How is modeling used to change behavior?
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Bandura's Experiments: Social Learning Theory
Bandura's Bobo doll study (1961) indicated that
individuals (children) learn through imitating others who receive rewards and
punishments.
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Social Learning Theory
Bandura’s studies show that antisocial models
(family, neighborhood or TV) may have antisocial
effects.
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Television and Observational Learning
Gentile et al., (2004) shows that children in
elementary school who are exposed to violent television, videos, and video games express increased aggression.
What do you think?
Albert Bandura (1925 - )
• Vicarious reinforcement• Self-Efficacy: One’s sense
of self-esteem and competence in dealing with life’s problems.– To what degree do you feel
you have some effect over what happens in your life?
Julian B Rotter(1916 - )
Julian B. Rotter
BP = f(E & RV) • Behavior Potential is a function of expectancy and reinforcement value.• The likelihood of a person exhibiting a
specific behavior is a function of the probability that the behavior will lead to a given outcome and the desirability of that outcome.
Julian B. Rotter
1. Behavior potential
2. Expectancy
3. Reinforcement value
4. The psychological situation.
4 Main Components of Rotter’s Social Learning Theory
Rotter’s Locus of Control
• External Locus of ControlIndividual believes that his/her behavior is
guided by fate, luck, or other external circumstances
• Internal Locus of ControlIndividual believes that his/her behavior is
guided by his/her personal decisions and efforts.
Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization
•Max Wertheimer (1880–1943)•Phi Phenomenon
•Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967)•Restructuring the perceptual field
•Kurt Lewin (1890–1947)•Life space: all events that influence a person’s behavior
Differences between Behaviorists and Gestalt Psychology
• Behaviorists
– Behaviorism refused
to acknowledge the
existence of
consciousness.
• Gestalt Psychologists
– Gestalt Psychology
accepted the study
of consciousness but
criticized the
attempt to analyze it
into elements.
Behaviorist’s Response to Gestalt Psychology
• Appreciated?– Nope!– “A prophet is not
appreciated in his home town.”
• Attacked– a lack of rigor in its
definitions– Gestalt
preoccupation with theory
– Gestalt qualitative results and lack of statistical analysis
Littell, T. (2009). Power Point Presentation of Kaplan University.
Schultz, D. P. & Schultz, S. E. (2011). A history of modern psychology (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth- Cengage Learning.
References