21 the realm of macroeconomics where the telescope ends, the microscope begins. which of the two has...
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21
The Realm of Macroeconomics
Where the telescope ends, the microscope begins.
Which of the two has the grander view?VICTOR HUGO
● Drawing a Line Between Macroeconomics and Microeconomics
● Supply and Demand in Macroeconomics
● Gross Domestic Product
● The Economy on a Roller Coaster
● The Problem of Macroeconomic Stabilization: A Sneak Preview
● Drawing a Line Between Macroeconomics and Microeconomics
● Supply and Demand in Macroeconomics
● Gross Domestic Product
● The Economy on a Roller Coaster
● The Problem of Macroeconomic Stabilization: A Sneak Preview
ContentsContents
Copyright © 2003 South-Western/Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Copyright© 2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning All rights reserved.
Drawing a Line Between Macro and MicroeconomicsDrawing a Line Between Macro and Microeconomics
● In macroeconomics, we typically assume that most details of resource allocation and income distribution are of secondary importance to the study of the overall rates of inflation and unemployment.
● In macroeconomics, we typically assume that most details of resource allocation and income distribution are of secondary importance to the study of the overall rates of inflation and unemployment.
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Drawing a Line Between Macro and MicroeconomicsDrawing a Line Between Macro and Microeconomics
● Aggregation and Macroeconomics♦ An economic aggregate is nothing but an
abstraction that people use to describe some important feature of economic life, such as total domestic product.
● Aggregation and Macroeconomics♦ An economic aggregate is nothing but an
abstraction that people use to describe some important feature of economic life, such as total domestic product.
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Drawing a Line Between Macro and MicroeconomicsDrawing a Line Between Macro and Microeconomics
● The Foundations of Aggregation♦ The composition of demand and supply in
various markets is of little consequence for the economy-wide issues of growth, inflation, and unemployment.
♦ During economic fluctuations, markets tend to move up or down together.
● The Foundations of Aggregation♦ The composition of demand and supply in
various markets is of little consequence for the economy-wide issues of growth, inflation, and unemployment.
♦ During economic fluctuations, markets tend to move up or down together.
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Supply and Demand in MacroeconomicsSupply and Demand in Macroeconomics
● Moving to Macroeconomic Aggregates♦ Aggregate supply and aggregate demand relate
domestic product (on the horizontal axis) to the price level (on the vertical axis).
● Moving to Macroeconomic Aggregates♦ Aggregate supply and aggregate demand relate
domestic product (on the horizontal axis) to the price level (on the vertical axis).
FIGURE 21-1 Two Interpretations of a Shift in the Demand Curve
FIGURE 21-1 Two Interpretations of a Shift in the Demand Curve
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Q0
Pri
ce
P0
D1
A
S
D
D
S
E
Quantity(a)
Pri
ce
P0
S
D
D
S
E
Quantity(a)
D1
FIGURE 21-2 An Economy Slipping into a Recession
FIGURE 21-2 An Economy Slipping into a Recession
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D2
B
Pri
ce L
evel
S
D0
D0
S
E
Domestic Product
D2
FIGURE 21-3 Economic GrowthFIGURE 21-3 Economic Growth
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D1
C
Pri
ce L
evel
S0
D0
D0
S0
E
Domestic Product
D1
S1
S1
Q0 Q1
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Supply and Demand in MacroeconomicsSupply and Demand in Macroeconomics
● Moving to Macroeconomic Aggregates♦ Aggregate demand (AD) = quantity of
domestic product that is demanded at each possible price level
♦ Aggregate supply (AS) = quantity of domestic product that is supplied at each possible price level
● Moving to Macroeconomic Aggregates♦ Aggregate demand (AD) = quantity of
domestic product that is demanded at each possible price level
♦ Aggregate supply (AS) = quantity of domestic product that is supplied at each possible price level
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● Inflation♦ Major concerns of macroeconomics
■Inflation■Unemployment■Growth
AD price level
● Inflation♦ Major concerns of macroeconomics
■Inflation■Unemployment■Growth
AD price level
Supply and Demand in MacroeconomicsSupply and Demand in Macroeconomics
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● Recession and Unemployment AD unemployment
♦ Recession = a period of time during which production falls and people lose jobs
● Recession and Unemployment AD unemployment
♦ Recession = a period of time during which production falls and people lose jobs
Supply and Demand in MacroeconomicsSupply and Demand in Macroeconomics
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● Economic Growth♦ Economic growth = GDP AD and/or AS growth
● Economic Growth♦ Economic growth = GDP AD and/or AS growth
Supply and Demand in MacroeconomicsSupply and Demand in Macroeconomics
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● Money as the Measuring Rod: Real Versus Nominal GDP♦ GDP = sum of the money values of all final
goods and services produced in the domestic economy within the year
♦ Nominal GDP (GDP in current dollars) values each good and service at the price at which it was actually sold during the year.
● Money as the Measuring Rod: Real Versus Nominal GDP♦ GDP = sum of the money values of all final
goods and services produced in the domestic economy within the year
♦ Nominal GDP (GDP in current dollars) values each good and service at the price at which it was actually sold during the year.
Gross Domestic ProductGross Domestic Product
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♦ Drawback of Nominal GDP: it changes when prices change even if there is no change in actual production.
♦ Solution: calculate real GDP or GDP in constant dollars.
♦ Distinction between Nominal and Real GDP a working definition of a recession as a period in which real GDP declines
♦ Drawback of Nominal GDP: it changes when prices change even if there is no change in actual production.
♦ Solution: calculate real GDP or GDP in constant dollars.
♦ Distinction between Nominal and Real GDP a working definition of a recession as a period in which real GDP declines
Gross Domestic ProductGross Domestic Product
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Gross Domestic ProductGross Domestic Product
● What Gets Counted in GDP?♦ Only goods and services produced within the
year
♦ Only final goods and services
♦ Only production within the geographic boundaries of the United States
● What Gets Counted in GDP?♦ Only goods and services produced within the
year
♦ Only final goods and services
♦ Only production within the geographic boundaries of the United States
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● Limitations of the GDP: What GDP Is Not♦ Includes only market activities
♦ Places no value on leisure
♦ Counts “bads” as well as “goods”
♦ Does not deduct ecological costs of economic activity
● Limitations of the GDP: What GDP Is Not♦ Includes only market activities
♦ Places no value on leisure
♦ Counts “bads” as well as “goods”
♦ Does not deduct ecological costs of economic activity
Gross Domestic ProductGross Domestic Product
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The Economy on a Roller CoasterThe Economy on a Roller Coaster
● Growth, but with Fluctuations♦ The U.S. has seen significant fluctuations in
economic growth, unemployment, and inflation.
♦ Before WWII, the business cycle was particularly strong, the worst episode being the Great Depression of the 1930s.
● Growth, but with Fluctuations♦ The U.S. has seen significant fluctuations in
economic growth, unemployment, and inflation.
♦ Before WWII, the business cycle was particularly strong, the worst episode being the Great Depression of the 1930s.
FIGURE 21-4 Nominal GDP, Real GDP, and Real GDP per Capita
FIGURE 21-4 Nominal GDP, Real GDP, and Real GDP per Capita
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1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2000 1995 Year
Nominal GDP (right scale)
Bill
ion
s o
f
Do
llars
per
Yea
r
$10,000
$9,000
7,000
5,000
3,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
1,000
2,000
0
Per-capita real GDP (left scale)
Do
llars
per
Yea
r
$35,000
25,000
15,000
Real GDP (right scale)
30,000
20,000
5,000
10,000
0
FIGURE 21-5 The Growth Rate of U.S. Real GDP, 1870-2001
FIGURE 21-5 The Growth Rate of U.S. Real GDP, 1870-2001
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Boom of 1990s
Expansion of 1980s
1990–91 Recession
Roaring Twenties
1982–83 Recession
1974–75 Recession
Expansion of 1960s
Korean War
World War II
World War I
Postwar recession Great
Depression
Postwar depression
Panic of 1907
Depression of 1890s
Railroad prosperity
Rapid industrialization
Per
cen
tag
e G
row
th R
ate
of
Rea
l GD
P
0
Year
2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 1920 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870
20
15
10
5
–5
–10
–15
–20
Pre–1940
Post–1950
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The Economy on a Roller CoasterThe Economy on a Roller Coaster
● The Great Depression♦ A worldwide event
♦ Caused a much-needed revolution in economic thinking
♦ Until the 1930s, the prevailing economic theory held that a capitalist economy could cure recessions or inflations by itself.
● The Great Depression♦ A worldwide event
♦ Caused a much-needed revolution in economic thinking
♦ Until the 1930s, the prevailing economic theory held that a capitalist economy could cure recessions or inflations by itself.
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The Economy on a Roller CoasterThe Economy on a Roller Coaster
● The Great Depression♦ The Great Depression led John Maynard
Keynes, one of the world’s most renowned economists, to write The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936).
● The Great Depression♦ The Great Depression led John Maynard
Keynes, one of the world’s most renowned economists, to write The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936).
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The Economy on a Roller CoasterThe Economy on a Roller Coaster
● The Great Depression♦ Keynes believed that:
■The economy did not naturally gravitate toward smooth growth and high levels of employment
■A pessimistic outlook could lead business firms and consumers to curtail their spending plans
■The economy could then be condemned to years of stagnation
● The Great Depression♦ Keynes believed that:
■The economy did not naturally gravitate toward smooth growth and high levels of employment
■A pessimistic outlook could lead business firms and consumers to curtail their spending plans
■The economy could then be condemned to years of stagnation
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The Economy on a Roller CoasterThe Economy on a Roller Coaster
● The Great Depression♦ In terms of the AD-AS framework, Keynes
suggested that there were times when the AD curve shifted inward by large amounts.
♦ The consequence would be declining output and deflation.
● The Great Depression♦ In terms of the AD-AS framework, Keynes
suggested that there were times when the AD curve shifted inward by large amounts.
♦ The consequence would be declining output and deflation.
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● The Great Depression♦ Keynes showed how governments can manage
their economies so that recessions will not turn into depressions and depressions will not last as long as the Great Depression.
● The Great Depression♦ Keynes showed how governments can manage
their economies so that recessions will not turn into depressions and depressions will not last as long as the Great Depression.
The Economy on a Roller CoasterThe Economy on a Roller Coaster
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The Economy on a Roller CoasterThe Economy on a Roller Coaster
● From World War II to 1973♦ During this period, the economy experienced
some fairly mild business cycles, but grew considerably.
♦ By the end of the period, inflation was rising.
● From World War II to 1973♦ During this period, the economy experienced
some fairly mild business cycles, but grew considerably.
♦ By the end of the period, inflation was rising.
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The Economy on a Roller CoasterThe Economy on a Roller Coaster
● The Great Stagflation, 1973-1980♦ The international price of oil was raised
sharply in 1973 and again in 1979.
♦ For that reason and some others, the period saw the emergence of stagflation, both unemployment and inflation increasing together.
● The Great Stagflation, 1973-1980♦ The international price of oil was raised
sharply in 1973 and again in 1979.
♦ For that reason and some others, the period saw the emergence of stagflation, both unemployment and inflation increasing together.
FIGURE 21-6 The Inflation Rate in the United States, 1870-2001
FIGURE 21-6 The Inflation Rate in the United States, 1870-2001
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Disinflation of the 1980s
Vietnam War inflation
Inflation of the 1970s
Postwar adjustment
World War II World
War I
Great Depression
Post-Civil War deflation
Postwar deflation
–5
Year
Per
cen
tag
e In
flat
ion
Rat
e
2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 1920 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870
25
20
15
10
5
0
–10
–15
Pre–1940
Post–1950
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The Economy on a Roller CoasterThe Economy on a Roller Coaster
● Reaganomics and its Aftermath♦ When Reagan assumed office in 1981, the
economy went into a sharp tailspin, and soon the rate of inflation fell.
♦ This was followed by a period of steady, non-inflationary growth during most of the 1980s. In 1990-91, recession hit.
● Reaganomics and its Aftermath♦ When Reagan assumed office in 1981, the
economy went into a sharp tailspin, and soon the rate of inflation fell.
♦ This was followed by a period of steady, non-inflationary growth during most of the 1980s. In 1990-91, recession hit.
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The Economy on a Roller CoasterThe Economy on a Roller Coaster
● Clintonomics: Deficit Reduction and “The Best Economy in 30 Years”♦ Clinton’s initial objectives were spurring
growth and increasing public investment.
♦ Soon, however, the overriding goal in Washington became deficit reduction.
● Clintonomics: Deficit Reduction and “The Best Economy in 30 Years”♦ Clinton’s initial objectives were spurring
growth and increasing public investment.
♦ Soon, however, the overriding goal in Washington became deficit reduction.
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The Economy on a Roller CoasterThe Economy on a Roller Coaster
● Clintonomics: Deficit Reduction and “The Best Economy in 30 Years”♦ A variety of transitory factors pushed the
economy’s AS curve outward at an unusually rapid pace between 1996 and 1999.
♦ Strong economic growth continued through the late 1990s.
♦ Inflation remained low.
● Clintonomics: Deficit Reduction and “The Best Economy in 30 Years”♦ A variety of transitory factors pushed the
economy’s AS curve outward at an unusually rapid pace between 1996 and 1999.
♦ Strong economic growth continued through the late 1990s.
♦ Inflation remained low.
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The Economy on a Roller CoasterThe Economy on a Roller Coaster
● The First Year of the Bush Economy♦ Real GDP grew very slowly then declined
slightly in 2nd half of 2001■1st recession in 10 years
● The First Year of the Bush Economy♦ Real GDP grew very slowly then declined
slightly in 2nd half of 2001■1st recession in 10 years
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The Economy on a Roller CoasterThe Economy on a Roller Coaster
● The First Year of the Bush Economy♦ Policies that helped shift AD curve, mitigating
recession■tax cut of 2001■war of terrorism, burst of government spending■consumers spending remained strong, despite Sept
11
♦ As of 2002, debate rages over whether recession already over
● The First Year of the Bush Economy♦ Policies that helped shift AD curve, mitigating
recession■tax cut of 2001■war of terrorism, burst of government spending■consumers spending remained strong, despite Sept
11
♦ As of 2002, debate rages over whether recession already over
FIGURE 21-7 The Effects of an Adverse Supply Shift
FIGURE 21-7 The Effects of an Adverse Supply Shift
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S1
S1 D
D S0
S0
Pri
ce L
evel
Real GDP
A
E
FIGURE 21-8 The Effects of a Favorable Supply Shift
FIGURE 21-8 The Effects of a Favorable Supply Shift
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Real GDP
Pri
ce L
evel
D0
D0
S0
S0
S1
S1
D1
D1
S2
S2
C
B E
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● Combating Unemployment♦ When recessions are caused by too low
aggregate demand, governments can try to stimulate demand.
● Combating Unemployment♦ When recessions are caused by too low
aggregate demand, governments can try to stimulate demand.
The Problem of Macroeconomic StabilizationThe Problem of Macroeconomic Stabilization
FIGURE 21-9 Stabilization Policy to Fight Unemployment
FIGURE 21-9 Stabilization Policy to Fight Unemployment
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Increase in output
Pri
ce
Le
ve
l
Real GDP
S
S D0
D0
E
D1
D1
A
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● Combating Inflation♦ When inflation is caused by too high aggregate
demand, governments can try to restrain aggregate demand.
● Combating Inflation♦ When inflation is caused by too high aggregate
demand, governments can try to restrain aggregate demand.
The Problem of Macroeconomic StabilizationThe Problem of Macroeconomic Stabilization
FIGURE 21-10 Stabilization Policy to Fight Inflation
FIGURE 21-10 Stabilization Policy to Fight Inflation
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Decrease in prices
Pri
ce L
evel
Real GDP
S
S
D0
D0
E
D2
D2
B
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The Problem of Macroeconomic StabilizationThe Problem of Macroeconomic Stabilization
● Does It Really Work?♦ Before 1940, the economy endured
pronounced business fluctuations and inflation was rare.
♦ Since World War II the business fluctuations have been much less severe, but inflation has been a common occurrence.
♦ How successful government policy can be is a question to be explored throughout the text.
● Does It Really Work?♦ Before 1940, the economy endured
pronounced business fluctuations and inflation was rare.
♦ Since World War II the business fluctuations have been much less severe, but inflation has been a common occurrence.
♦ How successful government policy can be is a question to be explored throughout the text.