21 oct 2005: slide 1 the precision airdrop system (pads) airborne mission planner: a system now...
TRANSCRIPT
21 Oct 2005: Slide 1
The Precision Airdrop System (PADS)Airborne Mission Planner:
A System Now Enabling Precision High Altitude Airdrop
Presented at the Aerospace Control and Guidance Systems Committee Meeting
Hilton Head Island, South Carolina
by Phil HattisDraper Laboratory, Cambridge, MA
October 21, 2005
21 Oct 2005: Slide 2
Outline
• PADS objectives and architecture
• Current Precision Airdrop Planning System (PAPS) capabilities
• PADS features used by PAPS
• Demonstrated performance
• Deployment status and next development steps
• Summary
21 Oct 2005: Slide 3
System ObjectivesOverarching Goals
• Enable precision cargo delivery from high altitude– Combat re-supply– Humanitarian relief
• Reduce surface weapon threats to carrier aircraft– Enable delivery aircraft to remain near their upper
altitude limit for airdrop
Specific PADS Goals
• Provide a common platform for ground-based and in-flight airdrop Mission Planning (MP)
– Enable application to ballistic and guided airdrop systems
– Support both cargo and personnel drops
• Include advanced wind modeling
• Make the planning system easy to use and its outputs easy to understand
PADS Objectives and Architecture
21 Oct 2005: Slide 4
Some Mandated PADS Features
• Compatibility with C-130 and C-17 carrier aircraft
• Computed Air Release Point (CARP) determination on board carrier aircraft
• Generation of expected delivery footprints (for nominal airdrops and major failure scenarios)
• PADS “snap-on/snap-off” capability on the carrier aircraft
• Means to receive wind and mission updates while in transit to the Drop Zone (DZ)
• Wireless updates of guided airdrop system mission plans while in transit to the DZ
• The look and feel of the Portable Flight Planning System (PFPS)
• Easy to understand MP outputs, including data displays over maps or images
PADS Objectives and Architecture
21 Oct 2005: Slide 5
PADS Software Components
A laptop personal computer (PC) with the following features
• The “WindPADS” atmosphere modeling tool provided by Planning Systems, Inc. (PSI)
• A PAPS that accounts for:– Payload weight, aircraft load station, decelerator type– Altitude, heading, and airspeed at release– Roll-out and decelerator opening models (for ballistic parachutes)– 6 degree of freedom (6 DOF) cargo/decelerator descent models
• A tool to predict the expected payload delivery footprints
• Means to acquire real-time aircraft state data
• An easy-to-use PFPS-like Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• A image/map overly display using FalconView including:– Desired CARP, and feasible release envelopes for guided airdrops– Expected landing footprints (for ballistic parachutes) and expected
impact footprints for failed airdrop systems
PADS Objectives and Architecture
21 Oct 2005: Slide 6
PSI-Supplied PADS Block 2 Flight Hardware Components
PADS Objectives and Architecture
Key Components(clockwise from upper-left)
• Panasonic CF-29 data processor with 802.11g wireless interface
• 4-channel UHF radio transmitter
• Cables and connectors to aircraft interface
• GPS hand-launched dropsonde (expendable)
This page extracted from AIAA paper CP-2005-7070, “On-Board Atmospheric Modeling System to Support Precision Airdrop,” by R. Wright, R. Benney, and J. McHugh, presented at the Infotech@Aerospace
Conference, Arlington, Virginia, September 26-29, 2005
Total weight with portable case: 75 pounds
21 Oct 2005: Slide 7
PADS System Features and InterfacesPADS Objectives and Architecture
Mesoscale 4D Field
Assimilation Processor
3D Field - Wind, Density, Pressure for Drop Time
INTERNET/SIPRNET
5-KM Grid Domain within 15-KM Grid Domain
Air Force Weather Agency Atmospheric Forecast
Model - High-Resolution Nested Grid Surrounding
Drop Zone(s)
GPS Dropsonde
Com Satellite
Aircraft Top
Antenna
Radio Receiver
Secure Interface
Combat Track II
Wind Data Sources• Satellite-Derived• TACMET Radiosonde• Theater Pilot Reports
Aircraft Bottom Antenna
Dropsonde Processor
Radio Receiver
Aircraft 1553 Data Bus
Airdrop DynamicsSimulation
Computed Air Release Point
(CARP)
PADS-Derived Upload Data
Laptop Computer
Navigator or Navigation
System
Guided/SmartAirdrop
Systems
Via 802.11G Wireless
PIP
21 Oct 2005: Slide 8
Ballistic Parachute Support • MP support for an expandable set of systems, currently
including:– G-12 and 26 ft ring-slot hemispherical canopy airdrop systems
» Enables delivery of payloads in the 2,000 lb class (+/- 25%)» Includes treatment of stick releases (multiple load drops on a single pass)
• Targets the stick’s CARP for any one designated load in a stick• Determines expected delivery footprints for each load in a stick
– Footprint determination for the Tri-wall Aerial Delivery System (TRIADS)
» Enables airdrop of Meals Ready to Eat (MREs)
• MP parachute trajectory determination accounts for:– Aircraft release and roll-out dynamics– Canopy opening and deceleration– Descent response to 3D wind and density fields– Statistical variation in all the above effects
• TRIADS trajectory determination accounts for:– Carrier box release and deceleration dynamics– Dispersed MRE statistical response to 3D wind and density fields
Current PAPS Capabilities
21 Oct 2005: Slide 9
Airdrop Trajectory Factors Treated by PAPS
DESCENT TRAJECTORYFall Trajectory Model
+ 3D AtmosphericWind/Density Field
Complex 3D Atmospheric Flow
over/throughMountainous Terrain
Ballistic System or
Guided System(Corrects to Predicted Descent Trajectory)
CARPGreen Light
Roll-Out
Canopy-Opening
STAND-OFF Depending on Altitude & Wind Field
DESCENT TRAJECTORYFall Trajectory Model
+ 3D AtmosphericWind/Density Field
Complex 3D Atmospheric Flow
over/throughMountainous Terrain
Ballistic System or
Guided System(Corrects to Predicted Descent Trajectory)
CARPGreen Light
Roll-Out
Canopy-Opening
STAND-OFF Depending on Altitude & Wind Field
Current PAPS Capabilities
21 Oct 2005: Slide 10
Guided Airdrop Support
• Supports an expandable set of cargo airdrop systems, with L/D values ranging from 0.5 to over 4, currently including:
– Sherpa, Screamer, and the Affordable Guided Airdrop System (AGAS) in the 2,000 lb payload class
– Screamer and Dragonfly in the 10,000 lb payload class
• Seeing initial application to personnel airdrops– MJN-1, MC-4/5 and variants, as well as a generic canopy capability
• Derives feasible release zones and preferred CARPS, including for sticks with varied landing targets
• MP trajectory determination accounts for:– System-specific L/D and velocity vs. payload mass characteristics– Descent response to 3D wind and density fields
• Dispersion footprints generated for the following scenarios:– Failed canopies– Failed guidance and/or control after successful canopy deployment
Current PAPS Capabilities
21 Oct 2005: Slide 11
Feasible Release Cone Determination: Single Load
Feasible Release Code Without Wind Correction
Release Cone Correction Due to Wind Effects
Current PAPS Capabilities
21 Oct 2005: Slide 12
Feasible Release Cone Determination: Stick Loads
Optimal release point
Earliest release point
Latest release point
Optimal release point
Earliest release point
Latest release point
• Illustrated for two loads without wind effects
• MP can handle multiple load sticks
• Wind and density effects on all cones assessed before identifying feasible release envelope
Current PAPS Capabilities
21 Oct 2005: Slide 13
Interface Functionality
• Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)– Modeled after PFPS Combat Airdrop Planning Software (CAPS) GUIs– Accommodates user inputs of payload data before flight
» Carrier aircraft type; payload mass; cargo bay location; airdrop system type; DZ target; planned release altitude and airspeed; expected weather data source file; etc.
» Provides resulting CARP and engineering data displays
• FalconView Overlay Displays– Provides visual user cues regarding:
» CARP locations; landing footprints; feasible release zones; etc.
• 1553 Bus Interface– Provides aircraft navigation data and at-altitude wind estimate– Enables monitoring designated bus data
• Combat Track II CTII Interface– Provides secure UHF-link access to flight plan and wind updates during transit
to the DZ
• File Upload Capability– Provides an in-transit wireless interface for upload of updated descent mission
plans for guided airdrop systems
PADS Features Used by PAPS
21 Oct 2005: Slide 14
Some PADS GUIs Used by PAPS
PADS Features Used by PAPS
Top-Level PADS GUI Page Provides Tabbed Data Summaries and Access to all MP functionality
Load & Chute GUI Enables User Input of Payload Data and Displays Resulting
Payload Layout in the Cargo Bay
CARP Solution
Data
Payload Locations In Cargo
Bay
Cargo Bay Coordinates
CARP Solution Status
Indicator
21 Oct 2005: Slide 15
Example PAPS FalconView Image and Map Overlay Displays
Individual Release
Envelopes
Planned Impact Points
CARP
Guidance Failure
Footprints
CARP
Run In
Failed Canopy Dispersion Footprints
Nominal Descent Dispersion Footprints
Ballistic Parachute Nominal and Failure Footprint Displays
Guided Airdrop System Release Envelopes and Failure Footprints
PADS Features Used by PAPS
21 Oct 2005: Slide 16
Ballistic Parachute Operational Utility Evaluation (OUE) Results
Demonstrated Performance
Range Rings = 200m Range Rings = 200m
Carrier Aircraft Mission Computer Expected Results Using Pre-Flight
Wind DataC-130: 595 mC:17: 1036 m
Carrier Aircraft Mission Computer Expected Results
Using PADS-Derived Wind Data
C-130: 492 mC-17: 486 m
PADS MP Directed Airdrop ResultsC-130: 260 mC-17: 308 m
C-130 Results C-17 Results
• OUEs involved dozens of 4-payload stick drops using 26 ft ring-slot parachutes accomplished over 2 weeks
• Missions were executed by regular Air Force flight crews given 1 day of PADS training• Drops were a mix of releases from 18,000 and 25,000 ft• Accuracy scoring was based on the designated CARP payload in each stick
21 Oct 2005: Slide 17
Guided Airdrop System Demonstration Status
• Numerous guided airdrop system flight tests have been accomplished using PADS-generated mission update files uploaded in transit to the DZ
– Sherpa, AGAS and Screamer 2,000-lb class systems
– Dragonfly 10,000-lb class systems
• All the 2,000-lb class systems have achieved mean accuracies better than 100 m to their targets, including stick releases with scattered targets
• Despite the still early developmental status of its guidance and control system, the Dragonfly has achieved mean accuracies of about 200 m using PADS generated mission files
Demonstrated Performance
21 Oct 2005: Slide 18
Deployment Status and Next Development Steps
• PADS is now in initial field use– Some military free fall operations now apply PADS to assure
personnel jumps from carrier aircraft are within reach of the DZ– 2,000 pound-class guided airdrop systems are currently being
fielded with PADS MP support capability enabled
• PADS-enabled precision ballistic parachute and guided airdrop system delivery capabilities to be used to limit the need for hazardous ground convoys in many scenarios
• Initial PADS MP support capabilities for 10,000 and 30,000 pound class guided and ballistic parachute airdrop systems will be available for field use by the end of the calendar year
• An open architecture Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GN&C) software package for steerable parafoil applications to be hosted on PADS laptops is under development
– Will be available for upload to compatible guided airdrop systems – Designed to provide GN&C for a wide variety of parafoil airdrop
systems
21 Oct 2005: Slide 19
Summary
• A Precision Airdrop System (PADS) in-flight Mission Planner (MP) has completed initial development and is now being used in the field
– Applies high fidelity wind estimates based on data gathered from forecast, in situ measurements, and securely transmitted data
– Supports ballistic parachute and guided system airdrops of cargo and personnel
– Has interfaces compatible with the Portable Flight Planning System to assure ease of use by carrier aircraft crew in the field
• Operation Utility Evaluation from C-130 and C-17 aircraft was completed for ballistic parachute airdrops
– Major accuracy improvement was demonstrated in comparison to prior high altitude airdrop methods
• The fielded PADS MP supports a variety of 2,000 pound class airdrop systems
– Provides mission plan upload capability for guided airdrop systems
• An extension of the PADS MP to 10,000 and 30,000 pound class airdrops systems is currently in work