206351 living with epilepsy 27818 edmepi 1/14/11 10:46 am ... · in certain epilepsies, one or more...

Epilepsy

EPILEPSY EDUCATION SERIES

EpilepsyL I V I N G W I T H

206351_Living With Epilepsy_27818 EDMEPI 1/14/11 10:46 AM

This publication was produced by the

Phone: 780-488-9600 Toll Free: 1-866-374-5377 Fax: 780-447-5486Email: [email protected] Website: www.edmontonepilepsy.org

TThe Epilepsy Association of Northern Alberta

Free Canada-wide distribution of this publicationwas made possible by an unrestricted Grant from

UCB Canada Inc.

This booklet is designed to provide general information about Epilepsy to

the public. It does not include specific medical advice, and people with

Epilepsy should not make changes based on this information to previously

prescribed treatment or activities without first consulting their physician.

Special thanks to our Consulting Team, which was comprised of Epilepsy

Specialist Neurologists & Neuroscience Nurses, Hospital Epilepsy Clinic

Staff, Educators, Individuals with Epilepsy, and Family Members of

Individuals with Epilepsy.

© Edmonton Epilepsy Association, 2011


What is Epilepsy? ______________________________________1

What Causes Epilepsy and Seizures? ______________________2

How is Epilepsy Diagnosed? ______________________________5

What are the Different Types of Seizures? ________________11

What is the Treatment for Epilepsy? ______________________16

How Will Epilepsy Affect My Life?

Personal ______________________________________26

Community ____________________________________28

Employment ____________________________________29

Transportation __________________________________32

Sports and Recreation____________________________32

Safety ________________________________________34

General Health and Seizure Triggers ______________35

Sexual Activity and Pregnancy ____________________36

Common Seizure Triggers ________________________37

Financial Assistance ____________________________38

Insurance ______________________________________39

First Aid for Seizures __________________________________40

Epilepsy Associations __________________________________42

Index


If you have epilepsy, you may have questions regarding thecondition and how it may affect your life. How is epilepsydiagnosed? What are some of the available treatments? Willhaving epilepsy affect the option of driving a car orcontinuing in a job? Will having epilepsy affect yourrelationships? What are some of the attitudes of societyencountered by those with epilepsy?

For some individuals, having epilepsy will require fewchanges in lifestyle. For others with uncontrolled seizures,their lives may change significantly.

Local epilepsy associations can provide you withinformation regarding your concerns. Most associations havehelpful resource materials as well as a staff committed toanswering questions and providing information.

Associations often offer in-services to worksites and schoolsin order to educate others about the condition. Associationsmay also be able to link you with self-help and supportgroups, and with trained professionals.

Living with epilepsy can result in personal challenges, but itdoes not have to result in an inability to have a full andrewarding life.

Educating yourself and others about your condition, findingthe appropriate treatment, developing a support network, andcontinuing to pursue what brings joy into your life are allimportant in achieving a fulfilling quality of life.

Living With Epilepsy


Living with Epilepsy - 1

Epilepsy is a condition of the brain that is characterized byrecurrent seizures. Approximately one in ten Canadians willexperience at least one seizure during a lifetime. A single seizure,however, is not epilepsy. Epilepsy is a condition that is defined bymultiple seizures.

Epilepsy is a seizure disorder. It is not a psychological disorder or adisease and it is not contagious. The brain is made up of billions ofnerve cells or neurons that communicate through electrical andchemical signals. When there is a sudden excessive electricaldischarge that disrupts the normal activity of the nerve cells, aseizure may result.

Seizures cause a change in function or behavior. A seizure maytake many different forms including a blank stare, muscle spasms,uncontrolled movements, altered awareness, odd sensations, or aconvulsion. The location in the brain of the abnormally dischargingnerve cells determines the form the seizure will take. Seizures mayoccur rarely or as often as numerous times a day. If the condition issuccessfully controlled by medication, a person may be seizure free.

Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurologicaldisorders. An estimated one percent of the general population hasepilepsy. Based on that estimate, 330,000 people in Canada haveepilepsy. In North America, almost four million people haveepilepsy.

Epilepsy can present at any age although its onset is most often inchildhood or in the later years of life. Sometimes those who developseizures during childhood outgrow their seizures. In the elderly, thereis an increased incidence due to strokes and aging of the brain. Inmore than half of those with epilepsy, seizures can be well controlledwith seizure medication.

WWhat is Epilepsy?



Epilepsy is caused by a number of factors that affect the brain. Thecause of epilepsy is sometimes genetic and sometimes acquired butoften the cause includes both genetic and acquired factors.

The causes vary according to the age of the onset of epilepsy.

WWhat Causes Epilepsy & Seizures?

Seizures are classified as symptomatic in which the cause isknown or idiopathic in which the cause is unknown. Inapproximately 60 to 75 percent of epilepsy cases, no specificcause of the seizures can be identified. In the remaining 25to 40 percent, some of the causes include:

• Genetic

• Birth injury (e.g. lack of oxygen to the baby’s brain at birth)

• Developmental disorder (e.g. brain damage to the fetusduring pregnancy)

• Brain trauma (e.g. from car accidents, sports injuries)

• Infection (e.g. meningitis, encephalitis, AIDS)

• Brain tumor

• Stroke

• Cerebral degenerative disorder (e.g. those associated with Alzheimer’s Disease)

• Alcohol and drug abuse



Is epilepsy hereditary?

Some types of epilepsy have a genetic basis. In certain epilepsies,one or more inherited genes may result in the condition.

In other cases, an inherited neurologic disorder that involvesstructural or chemical abnormalities in the brain can increase the riskof seizures and lead to epilepsy.

Another factor associated with a genetic cause of epilepsy is aninherited susceptibility to seizures. Each individual has a seizurethreshold that determines the level at which the brain will have aseizure. Some individuals inherit a lower threshold or lowerresistance to seizures resulting in a greater risk of having seizures.

The risk of a child having unprovoked seizures is one to two percentin the general population and approximately six percent if a parenthas epilepsy.

Can alcohol and drug abuse lead to epilepsy?

Both heavy alcohol consumption and withdrawal from excessive useof alcohol can provoke seizures in some individuals. Repeateduncontrolled seizures could result in a change in the activity of thenetworking nerve cells that could eventually result in epilepsy. Therisk of later developing epilepsy may also be related to an increasedrisk of head injury following alcohol abuse.

Use of certain drugs can also provoke seizures or reduce the seizurethreshold in some individuals. For example, cocaine often results inseizures and its use may cause brain damage that leads to epilepsy.Other drugs are also associated with provoking seizures includingstreet drugs such as LSD, ecstasy, amphetamines (e.g. speed), andwithdrawal from marijuana.

QA

QA



How does having repeated seizures result in aworsening of epilepsy?

Consider the brain as a large network of nerve cells thatcontinually creates balanced electrical activity.

In tests done on laboratory animals, researchers repeatedlystimulate the brain’s temporal lobe with electricity over a periodof many days. The initial stimulation is done with very lowvoltages, not causing any clinical seizures. Several days or weekslater, spontaneous epilepsy-related seizures occur.

The process thattakes place afterthe stimulationuntil the firstseizure occurs iscalled "kindling."Somehow thenerve cell networkhas changed andhas created aseizure focus.Eventually theelectrical activitymay spread fromthe focusthroughout the brain causing secondarily generalized seizures.

Evidence is accumulating that a similar process can take place in

the human brain.

In tests done on laboratory

animals, the process that

takes place after the

stimulation until the first

seizure occurs is

called “kindling.”

Somehow the nerve

cell network has

changed and has

created a seizure focus.

QA



Various medical conditions can result in seizures. Before diagnosing

epilepsy, a doctor will consider other possible causes of the seizures.

A high fever or a metabolic disturbance could cause seizures tooccur. For example, an electrolyte disturbance as a result of severediarrhea or vomiting, or a glucose imbalance caused by low bloodsugar, may result in seizures.

Laboratory tests such as blood tests are sometimes used to findmedical conditions other than epilepsy that may be causing seizures.

In addition to a thorough physical examination, the procedures usedto establish a diagnosis of epilepsy usually include a medical historyand diagnostic tests.

Medical HistoryMedical history is important in a doctor’sassessment. Typically it involves a familyhealth history and a detailed description ofthe characteristics, onset, and frequency of theseizures. Determining the type of seizure anindividual is having is valuable in both the diagnosis and the prescribing of the appropriate treatment.

HHow is Epilepsy Diagnosed?



Certain medical terms are usedto refer to the stages of aseizure:

• An aura results in unusual sensations, feelings, or movement. An aura is a simple partial seizure that may occur alone or may progress to a complex partial seizure or a generalized seizure. If the aura indicates the onset of a complex partial or generalized seizure, it can sometimes be used as a warning signal to allow a person to take the necessaryprecautions to avoid injury.

• The ictus refers to the seizure itself.

• The postictal period follows the seizure. An individual may temporarily experience confusion (postictal confusion), weakness (postictal paralysis), or sleepiness (postictal state).

In your seizure record, it isimportant to record informationsuch as:

• the time the seizure occurred

• the date the seizure occurred

• how long the seizure lasted.

Keeping a record of your seizures is very useful. Adescription of the seizures will assist the doctor in making a diagnosis as well as in the decision regarding theappropriate treatment.

In addition to detailing the characteristics of the seizures, a record will also provide information regarding thefrequency and duration of the seizures. It may also help toidentify any consistent seizure triggers.

Asking those who were with you during the seizure for a description of whathappened is helpful. Seizure record charts are available from most epilepsyassociations or you could use anotebook or create your own chart.

Seizure Record



Include any information thatdescribes your behavior before,during, or after the seizuresuch as:

Before the seizure:

• What were you doing before the seizure?

• Were there any provoking factors (e.g. lack of sleep, exposure to flickering lights from television, strobe lights, etc., recent illness, drug or alcohol abuse, missed medication, missed meals)?

• Did you experience symptoms that preceded the seizure by many hours or days (known as prodrome) such as mood changes, dizziness, anxiety, restlessness?

During the seizure:

• How did the seizure begin?

• Did you experience an aura?

• Was there unusual or involuntary body movement? What part of your body moved first? Next?

• Were you responsive during the seizure?

• Did you experience daydreaming?

• Did you stare blankly?

• Did you experience automatisms (e.g. lip smacking, chewing movements, rapid blinking, head turning, pulling at clothing, random walking)?

• Did your eyelids flutter or your eyes roll?

• Did your body become rigid?

• Did you cry out or yell?

• Was there jerking and if so, did it occur on one side of your body more than on the other?

• Did your skin change color?

• Did your breathing change?

• Did you fall?

• Did you bite your tongue or lip?

• Did you lose bowel or bladder control?

After the seizure:

• Did you experience temporary weakness in any part of the body, fatigue, confusion, and/or headache?

• How long did this period last?

• Was there injury as a result of the seizure?


Diagnostic TestsDiagnostic tests usually include an electroencephalogram (EEG). AnEEG is used to record the brain’s electrical activity and it is animportant tool in the diagnosis of epilepsy.

Neuroimaging tests are often used to provide pictures of the brain.Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)scans provide pictures of the brain structures.

Other neuroimaging tests such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy(MRS) and positron emission tomography (PET) show how the brain functions and are used to evaluate the possibilities for epilepsy surgery.

It is important to note that sometimes a diagnostictest does not detect abnormalities. For example, aperson with epilepsy may have a normal EEGbecause abnormal activity is not present duringthe recording or the activity is too deeplylocated in the brain to be recorded.

Diagnostic tests used in the diagnosis of epilepsy mayinclude:

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

An EEG is a painless, non-invasive test that is used to measure aperson’s brain wave pattern. The electrical impulses of the brain arerecorded by small metal discs placed on the person’s scalp,connected through wires, with the EEG machine. The EEGrecordings can detect abnormalities in the brain’s electrical activity.

Although an abnormal EEG can confirm a diagnosis of epilepsy, anormal EEG does not rule out the presence of epilepsy. The EEG




records the activity in the brain at the time of the recording. Usuallythe recording session lasts for less than an hour.

Hyperventilation (over-breathing) and photic stimulation (flashinglights) are routinely used to reveal abnormal changes in the brainactivity. Sleep deprivation may also be used.

Ambulatory EEG units are sometimes used to monitor a person forlonger periods of time. The individual wears a portable EEG unitthat records brain activity during normal activities at home, at work,or during sleep.

EEG video telemetry, a technique that combines EEG recording withvideotaping, may also be used over longer periods of time to recorda clinical seizure on tape. Behavior during a seizure can then bestudied in combination with EEG recordings.

CT SCAN (Computed Tomography)

A CT (or CAT) scan is used to detect physical conditions in the brainthat may be causing seizures such as tumors or scar tissue. The CTmachine takes a series of x-rays to show the brain’s structures.Typically, the person lies on a CT scan table while the surroundingscanner takes the x-rays. An intravenous injection with a so-calledcontrast medium is sometimes used to make abnormalities on thescan more visible.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

An MRI is used to provide structural information such as thepresence in the brain of tumors, scar tissue, or abnormal bloodvessels. Magnetic fields instead of x-rays are used to produce precisetwo- or three-dimensional images of the brain. The MRI shows amore detailed picture of the brain than the CT scan. Sometimes bothstudies are needed. During the procedure, the individual usually lieson a scanning table in the tunnel-like magnetic chamber.



MRS (Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy)

Essentially an MRI with a different computer program, the MRSprovides information about chemical activity in the brain. Thisinformation can be used to detect metabolic abnormalities in thebrain during, after, and in between seizures.

PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

PET scanning produces three-dimensional computer images of thebrain processes at work. An intravenous with a very low dose of aradioactive glucose substance is given to the person. The scanningimages show how much glucose is being used by different parts ofthe brain. These images provide information on the chemistry, bloodflow, and glucose consumption of the brain that is useful in locatingthe origin of the seizures. Usually the individual lies on anexamination table that is slowly moved into the machine so that thehead is inside the circular opening of the scanner.

SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography)

This test helps to locate the site where the seizure begins. Acompound with a small amount of radioactive substance is injectedinto a vein and then three-dimensional images are taken to viewblood flow or metabolism. There are two separate injections. One isgiven during a seizure and the other is given in between seizures.The SPECT scans are taken an hour or two after the injections. Thescans are then compared to identify the changes in blood flow. Theindividual lies very still on a bed while a large camera takes pictures.

MSI or MEG (Magnetic Source Imaging orMagnetoencephalography)

This test is used to assess the function of brain tissue. It is similar tothe EEG, but magnetic rather than electrical brain waves arerecorded in a three-dimensional fashion through sensors located in amachine placed near the person’s head.



WWhat are the Different Types of Seizures?

There are many types of seizures. The different types begin indifferent areas of the brain and they are grouped into two categories:partial and generalized.

Partial SeizuresA partial seizure occurs when the excessive electrical discharge islimited to one part of the brain. Partial seizures are the most commontype of seizure in adults. Sometimes seizures begin as partial andthen spread and become generalized. These are referred to as partialseizures secondarily generalized.

The two most common kinds of partial seizures are simple partialand complex partial. During a simple partial seizure, awarenessremains intact. In a complex partial seizure, awareness is impaired.

Simple Partial (formerly called focal)

During a simple partial seizure, the person remains aware. A simplepartial seizure may involve sensory, motor, psychic, or autonomicsymptoms. These symptoms result in the person experiencing anunusual sensation, feeling, or movement called an aura. The auramay be a distortion in sight, sound, or smell where a person sees,hears, or smells things that aren’t there, or it may be sudden jerkymovements of one area of the body such as the arm, leg, or face thatthe person is unable to control. A person may experience a suddenoverwhelming emotion such as joy, sadness, fear, or anger. Othersmay experience stomach upset, dizziness, a shiver, a tingling orburning sensation, pallor, or flushing. Occasionally there will be theexperience of déjà vu during which the person has the sensation ofhaving experienced something before.



The seizure usually begins suddenly and lasts seconds to minutes.

An aura is a simple partial seizure that may occur alone or mayprogress to a complex partial seizure or a generalized seizure. If theaura indicates the onset of a complex partial or generalized seizure, itcan sometimes be used as a warning signal to allow a person to takethe necessary precautions to avoid injury.

Complex Partial (formerly called psychomotor or temporal lobe)

During a complex partial seizure, the person experiences alteredawareness and may appear dazed and confused. A dreamlikeexperience may occur.

In some cases, the individual will be unable to respond or will do so incompletely or inaccurately. In other cases, the individual will losecontact.

The seizure often begins with an unusual sensation, feeling, ormovement referred to as an aura. An aura can take many formsincluding a strange feeling in the upper abdomen, a feeling of fear,or an hallucination. An aura is a simple partial seizure that can occuralone or as the onset of a complex partial seizure. In a complexpartial seizure, the aura often occurs just before awareness is alteredand it is often used as a warning.

Random purposeless movements over which the individual has nocontrol called automatisms often characterize the seizure. These mayinclude movements such as chewing motions, mumbling, lipsmacking, head turning, pulling at clothing, picking motions in theair, or random walking. Occasionally there are more dramaticbehavioral changes such as screaming, undressing, or laughing.

Once the pattern has been established, the same set of actions oftenoccurs with each seizure. The seizure usually lasts for between oneand two minutes and is often followed by a postictal period ofdisorientation and confusion.



Generalized SeizuresA generalized seizure is characterized by the involvement of thewhole brain. The excessive electrical discharge is widespread andinvolves both sides of the brain. The seizure may or may not beconvulsive. A generalized seizure commonly takes one of two forms:absence (without convulsions) or tonic clonic (with convulsions).

Absence (formerly called petit mal)

These seizures most often begin in childhood. In many children withabsence seizures, the seizures stop during adolescence.

This type of seizure results in a blank stare usually lasting less than10 seconds. The seizure starts and ends abruptly, and awareness isimpaired during theseizure. A person maysuddenly stop talking,stare blankly for a fewseconds, and thencontinue talking withoutrealizing that anythinghas occurred. Followingthe seizure, alertness isregained quickly.

These seizures aresometimes misinterpretedas daydreaming or inattentiveness. Rapidblinking may accompanythe seizure and the eyesmay roll upwards.

An individual may experience as many as several hundred absenceseizures in a day. Although absence seizures are often outgrown,some people with absence seizures develop tonic clonic seizures. Absence seizures tend to run in families.

A generalized seizure is

characterized by the

involvement of the whole

brain. The excessive

electrical discharge is

widespread and involves

both sides of the brain.

The seizure may or may

not be convulsive.


Tonic Clonic (formerly called grand mal)

The tonic phase of this seizure type typically involves a crying outor groan, a loss of awareness, and a fall as consciousness is lost andmuscles stiffen. The second phase or clonic phase of the seizuretypically involves a convulsion and there is jerking and twitching ofthe muscles in all four limbs. Usually the movements involve thewhole body.

Urinary or bowel control may be lost and there may be shallowbreathing, a bluish or gray skin color, and drooling.

The seizure usually lasts from one to three minutes. Awareness isregained slowly.

A postictal state often follows a tonic clonic seizure. This mayinvolve fatigue and confusion and the person may experience asevere headache. Often the person willwant to sleep.

These seizures may be primarygeneralized (meaning that theseizure begins on both sidesof the brain simultaneously)or they may follow a briefpartial seizure (secondarilygeneralized).

Although the tonic clonicseizure is the one most oftenassociated with epilepsy, it isnot the most common type ofseizure. In adults, partial seizures arethe most common type experienced.

Living with Epilepsy -14

Althoughthe tonic clonic

seizure is the one mostoften associated with

epilepsy, it is not the mostcommon type of seizure. Inadults, partial seizures are

the most common typeexperienced.



Other types of generalized seizures include atonic and myoclonicseizures.

An atonic seizure is sometimes called a "drop attack." The seizureinvolves a sudden loss of muscle tone. This can result in the personfalling down or almost falling down, dropping objects, or noddingthe head involuntarily. Typically, these seizures last for a fewseconds. There tends to be no warning so the seizures can bedangerous because of injury.

A myoclonic seizure results in a sudden jerk of part of the body suchas the arm or leg. The person may fall over. The seizure is very brief.People who do not have epilepsy sometimes experience a suddenjerk of the body when they are falling asleep. This is common and isknown as benign nocturnal myoclonus. It is not an epilepsy-relatedseizure.

Status EpilepticusA continuous seizure state, or status epilepticus, is a life-threateningcondition. Seizures are prolonged or occur one after another withoutfull recovery between seizures. Immediate medical care isnecessary. The seizures may be convulsive or non-convulsive.

SUDEPThe cause of Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP),where death occurs suddenly for no discernible reason, is unknown.This is rare.



In well over half of those with epilepsy, seizures are controlled withmonotherapy or the prescribing of one drug. In others, polytherapyor the prescribing of more than one drug, is effective in controllingseizures.

Surgery is considered in up to 15 percent of individuals withepilepsy when treatment with various seizure medications does notresult in an individual being seizure free.

Depending on the type of epilepsy, some patients will outgrow theirepilepsy and they will be able to discontinue their medication. Forothers, excellent control of seizures will continue for years withregular use of seizure medication. Other individuals will benefit fromsurgery or from a specialized approach combining medication withsurgery in order to obtain optimal control.

In some cases, however, seizures remain uncontrolled despitetreatment.

Seizure MedicationSeizure medication is the primary treatment for epilepsy. Drugs do not cure epilepsy, but they often reduce or even stop seizures from occurring by altering the activity of neurons inthe brain.

The majority of people achieve seizure control withseizure medication. In recent years there have beensignificant improvements in seizure medications.

WWhat is the Treatment forEpilepsy?



Some of the well-known seizure medications, listedby generic and (well-known brand name), usedtraditionally in the treatment of epilepsy include:

• carbamazepine (Tegretol) • clobazam (Frisium)• clonazepam (Rivotril)• diazepam (Valium) • ethosuximide (Zarontin) • phenobarbital• phenytoin (Dilantin)• primidone (Mysoline)• valproic acid (Depakene)

Some of the seizure medications that have come intouse since 1990 include:

• lacosamide (Vimpat) • gabapentin (Neurontin)• lamotrigine (Lamictal) • levetiracetam (Keppra)• oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) • tiagabine (Gabitril)• topiramate (Topamax)• vigabatrin (Sabril)• zonisamide (Zonegran)

Medications used in the treatment of status epilepticusand/or cluster seizures include:

• ativan (Lorazepam) in a sublingual(under the tongue) preparation

• diazepam (Diastat) as a rectal gel• diazepam (Valium) in a rectal

injectable solution• midazolam• phenobarbital• phenytoin (Dilantin)

Seizure Medications



Due to the number of different types of epilepsy, there are manydifferent medications. Monotherapy is preferable in the treatment ofepilepsy but sometimes more than one drug, or polytherapy, isrequired.

Occasionally it may be necessary for individuals on seizuremedication to have blood tests. If seizures are not controlled orreoccur, a doctor may order a test to check the level of a seizure drugin the blood.

Side Effects

Some seizure medication may produce mild or complicated sideeffects. The side effects tend to be more common when a drug hasjust been started, when the dosage has been increased, or when morethan one drug has been prescribed.

Side effects are sometimes related to the level of the drug in theblood. These side effects are referred to as dose-related and caninclude drowsiness, loss of coordination, fatigue, headache,decreased appetite, nausea, drooling, tremor, weight gain or loss,double or blurred vision, dizziness, and even impaired attention andmemory. Sometimes dose-related side effects are cosmetic andinclude overgrowth of the gums, hair loss, or excessive hair growth.

Allergic side effects are less common and may include skin rash orreactions that may affect the liver, blood cells, or bone marrow. Skinrash may often be the first sign of an allergic reaction to a drug.

Chronic side effects are those developed after using medication forlong periods. These may include loss of bone density (osteoporosis),weight gain, hair loss, loss of balance, and cognitive impairment.

Physicians should be consulted regarding side effects.

For more information on the possible adverse side effects of eachdrug consult your doctor, pharmacist, or contact your localepilepsy association.



Discontinuing Medication

Discontinuing (or stopping) seizure medication can cause seriouscomplications and should only be done with a doctor’s advice andsupervision.

Sudden discontinuation of medication could result in withdrawal

seizures or status epilepticus, a continuous seizure state that can be

life threatening. Reducing the prescribed dosage of seizure

medication can also result in problems.

Some doctors will advise

people with epilepsy to

discontinue medication

after two years

without a seizure.

Other doctors do

so after four or

five years of

medication

without a seizure.

Safe reduction of

seizure medication

can only be done if a

number of factors have

been carefully considered.

Discontinuing

(or stopping) seizure

medication can cause serious

complications and should only

be done with a doctorʼs advice

and supervision.


Seizure Medication Tips


1Always take your seizure medication as prescribed. Sudden discontinuation of medication can result in withdrawal seizures or status epilepticus. Any changes in taking seizure medication should be discussed with your doctor.

2Discuss the use of any other medications or vitamins with your doctor or pharmacist. Decongestants,acetylsalicylic acid products (ASA) such as Aspirin, herbal medications, diet pills, and birth control pills can all interact with seizure medication. Even some therapeutic drugs such as antidepressants and antibiotics could interact with your seizure medication. To learn more about possible interactions and/or adverse side effects, ask your doctor, pharmacist, or local epilepsy association for detailed information on each seizure medication.

3Donʼt change from abrand name drug to a generic drug without first consulting your doctor. The use of different fillers, dyes, etc., can result in differences in processing by the body.

4A watch with a timer and a weekly pillbox are helpful in reminding you to take seizure medicine at the right time.

5Keep a one to two week supply of your seizure medication to assure that you donʼt run out.



SurgeryTypically, patients considered for surgery have seizures that aremedically refractory or intractable. This means that they do notrespond to medical treatment such as the use of seizure medication.In some cases, the person’s quality of life while on medication ispoor and surgery may be an option.

In considering surgery, extensive medical testing and evaluation arenecessary to determine where the seizures orginate and if it is safe tooperate on that area of the brain.

Surgery is irreversible and changes in personality or cognitiveabilities, or disturbances in sensation, vision, or speech could resultalthough the risk of severe neurologic complication is low. As withany surgery, there is always the possibility of serious complications.

When successful, however, surgery can be very effective inimproving seizure control. With recent technological advances,surgery has become safer and more widely used.

Types of Surgery

Surgery may involve the removal of the part of the brain where theseizures originate or it may involve a surgical cut to prevent seizuresfrom spreading from one side of the brain to the other byinterrupting the nerve pathways.

For example, in focal brain resection surgery, the area or part of thebrain where seizures begin is removed. This surgery may beconsidered for partial seizures.

The removal of part of the temporal lobe is the most successful andthe most common type of epilepsy surgery and it is referred to astemporal lobectomy. This surgery offers the chance of a cure inmany patients and a reduction in seizures in others.



Corpus callosotomy, a surgical technique that involves cutting thecorpus callosum to disconnect the two hemispheres in the brain, issometimes performed to prevent seizures from spreading from onehemisphere to another. The corpus callosum is the tissue band thatconnects the two sides of the brain.

Multiple subpial transections have been used in treating partialseizures and involve a series of cuts underneath the cerebral cortexto disconnect the neuronal pathways.

Vagus Nerve StimulationVagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) is a surgical therapy that involvesthe implantation of a battery-powered device called a Vagus NerveStimulator under the skin in the chest.

The device is similar to a heart pacemaker. A wire runs from thedevice to the vagus nerve in the neck. The VNS device stimulatesthe left vagus nerve which then sends an electrical signal to thebrain. The signals help to prevent or interrupt the electricaldisturbances in the brain that result in seizures.

A doctor programs the device to deliver periodic doses ofstimulation, such as 30 seconds of stimulation followed by fiveminutes of no stimulation.

The individual or a caregiver can start or stop the stimulation byhand with the use of a special magnet. If a person experiences anaura or feels that a seizure is beginning, the magnet can be passedover the chest where the generator is located. This will activate extrastimulation to attempt to stop the seizure or reduce how long theseizure continues or its intensity.

Individuals using the device should ask the doctor how long thebattery will last in order to allow for replacement when necessary.Replacement of the battery requires minor surgery.

VNS is not suitable for everyone with epilepsy. It is being used inpatients who do not respond to medication and who are not suitablefor epilepsy-related surgery.


The procedure has successfully reduced seizure frequency, intensity,and/or duration in some individuals when used with previous seizuremedication.

There can be some adverse side effects including hoarseness, sorethroat, shortness of breath, and coughing. Typically these side effectsoccur during stimulation. If the hoarseness is persistent oruncomfortable, the doctor should be notified.

Ketogenic DietA strict ketogenic diethigh in fats and low inprotein and carbo-hydrates has been usedin the treatment ofdifficult-to-controlepilepsy in children.Occasionally it is usedin the treatment ofteenagers and adults. A chemical change iscreated in the bodycalled ketosis resultingin the body breakingdown fats instead of

carbohydrates. This process inhibits seizures in some people. Thediet requires medical supervision. It does not provide all of thevitamins and minerals necessary for health so nutritionalsupplements are required to avoid deficiencies. Use of thesesupplements must be monitored by a doctor. Studies indicate thatapproximately one-third of children strictly adhering to the diet areseizure free or close to it, one-third experience a reduction inseizures, and one-third are unresponsive.


The ketogenic diet creates

a chemical change in the

body called ketosis

resulting in the body

breaking down fats instead

of carbohydrates.

This process inhibits

seizures in some people.

The diet requires medical

supervision.



Complementary TherapiesThere are many complementary therapies that some individuals havefound helpful in seizure control. Although some of these methodsmay not have been scientifically proven, there are people withepilepsy who have found that they help in reducing seizures. Anumber of the methods were developed centuries ago before currenttreatments were available.

It is important to remember that all therapies should be discussedwith a doctor. Complementary therapies are used to supplementand not to replace accepted treatments.

Advocates of a self-controlapproach in dealing with

epilepsy believe that playingan active role will not onlyalleviate feelings ofpowerlessness but mayalso be effective incontrolling seizures.Through persistence andcareful observation, some

individuals have developedthe ability to use tools such

as mental imagery, odors, orrelaxation techniques to prevent

or delay seizures.

Some individuals have found that yoga, massage therapy, ormeditation is helpful.

Others advocate aromatherapy, herbal remedies, or vitamin therapy,while a number have had positive results from art, music, and pettherapy. Individuals have also found that techniques such asacupuncture and hypnosis are effective in seizure control.

Reflexology is a technique involving the application of pressure topoints on the foot or hand that are believed to correspond to different

It is

important to remember

that all therapies should be

discussed with a doctor.

Complementary therapies are

used to supplement and not

to replace accepted

treatments.



parts of the body. For example, by massaging a certain part of thefoot, a reflexologist tries to bring about a response in a part of thebody. People have sometimes found this approach helpful.

Biofeedback uses EEG recordings to help a patient develop a levelof brain activity believed to raise the seizure threshold. Supporters ofthis approach believe that one can learn to control brain waves andthat once a successful approach has been learned, the person mayeventually be able to exert control without the assistance of the EEGrecordings.

Some approaches such as the use of marijuana to control seizures arehighly controversial. Although there are anecdotal reports thatsuggest a benefit in controlling seizures with marijuana use, andmarijuana is a substance that has been researched and experimentedwith over the years, there is no significant medical support for its usein epilepsy therapy. It is associated with significant health andbehavioral side effects and withdrawal from marijuana can result inan increase in seizure activity.

Choosing A DoctorEstablishing a positive relationship with your doctor is veryimportant. It is helpful to have a doctor in whom you haveconfidence and with whom you can talk openly. It is useful to take alist of questions when visiting your doctor in order to assure that youare prepared and that your concerns are addressed.

Often your general practitioner will refer you to a neurologist.Neurologists specialize in the area of medicine relating to thenervous system and its disorders. In some centers, a patient may bereferred to an epileptologist who is a neurologist with specializedtraining in epilepsy.

Occasionally people feel that they are not getting the treatment theywould like and, in those cases, requesting a second opinion may beimportant.



PersonalFeelings

A range of emotions may accompany a diagnosis of epilepsy. Youmay feel depressed, angry, or frustrated. You may be concernedabout your plans for the future. You may find that family or friendsrespond negatively to your condition out of fear or a lack ofknowledge. Depression is more common in individuals with epilepsythan it is in the general population. This could be due topsychosocial factors, the seizures themselves, and/or seizuremedication. If you are struggling with depression, discuss yourfeelings with your doctor.

Assistance

Local epilepsy associations have valuable resources on many aspectsof epilepsy and they may be able to link you with self-help andsupport groups, and with trained professionals. For some individualswith epilepsy, little change in lifestyle is necessary. For others, theremay be significant change.

Helpful Tools

Some helpful tools include wearing a medical identification braceletor necklace and carrying a pre-programmed cell phone or beeper incase you need help. If seizure medication or seizures affect memory,using a watch with an alarm, a day-timer, and a medication dispensermay be helpful.

Sharing with Others

Consider carefully with whom you will discuss your epilepsy. Thedecision involving who should be told may depend partially on thetype and frequency of your seizures. Sometimes the decision may be

HHow Will Epilepsy Affect My Life?



based on how close you feel to the person. Do you spend a lot oftime with this person? Are you likely to have seizures while you arewith the person? Whether or not people would know how to help ifyou have a seizure while you are with them may be a decidingfactor. While it may not be necessary to discuss your condition witheveryone, it is important that those you are with frequently knowwhat to do if you have a seizure.

Be Positive

Living with epilepsy can result in personal challenges, but it does nothave to result in an inability to have a rewarding and full life.Learning about epilepsy and sharing that information with others,finding the medical treatment that is best for you, developing anetwork of family and friends who support and care about you, andpursuing what matters in your life, are all important.

The association betweenepilepsy and cognitivefunction is a complex one.Cognitive function involvesmental processes such asremembering, perceiving,and thinking. Although mostpeople with epilepsy do notexperience significantimpairment in cognitivefunction, some doexperience changes. Factorsthat may have a negativeimpact on cognition anddevelopment are:

DDoes Epilepsy Affect Cognitive Function and Development?

• Pre-existing cognitive impairment as a result of birth trauma or previous illnesses (e.g. meningitis)

• Severity and frequency of seizures including a history of status epilepticus

• The use of high doses of one or more seizure medications.



CommunityOne of the challenges facingthose with epilepsy is thepublic’s lack of knowledgeabout the condition.Misconceptions based onhistorical perceptions, lack ofpublic awareness, andinaccurate television andmovie portrayals do result inincorrect assumptions about epilepsy. Sometimes these create themisguided perception that those with epilepsy are mentally disabledor are more likely to be violent. Sometimes the forms that seizurestake can be mistaken to be deliberate acts. They are not.

As a group, people with epilepsy have the same range of intelligenceas the general public. As in any cross section of the population,people with epilepsy have varying intellectual abilities.

Through public awareness and education, attitudes towards thecondition are slowly changing. It has become accepted knowledgethat many brilliant historical figures including Vincent Van Gogh,Feodor Dostoyevski, and Isaac Newton had epilepsy.

By sharing information on epilepsy with others, you will both helppeople to better understand the condition and increase awareness onhow to help if they are present when someone has a seizure.



EmploymentHaving epilepsy does not mean that you can’t get a job, continue in ajob, or be excellent at what you choose to do.

Making Choices

Having epilepsy may have little or no effect on pursuing a rewardingcareer. Although there may be some restrictions in certain careers(e.g. bus drivers, pilots) for safety reasons, there are many options inemployment choices.

In some cases, uncontrolled seizures, the side effects of medication,or the inability to drive, may alter employment decisions. Somepeople with epilepsy have found that starting a business, job sharing,or working as part of a co-op offers alternatives.

If your seizures do prevent you from working, there are many waysto use your skills including volunteering, developing a hobby, orpursuing an artistic talent.

Discrimination

Although the public is becoming more knowledgeable aboutepilepsy, people with epilepsy sometimes face discrimination and/oran under-utilization of skills in the workplace. Although physicaldisabilities are protected grounds under human rights legislation andthe Canadian Human Rights Act does not allow discrimination by anemployer due to a disability such as epilepsy, a lack of knowledgeabout the condition may result in a bias on the part of an employer.An employer may have concerns over safety, reliability, or liabilityyet studies on individuals with epilepsy in the workplace do notsupport those concerns.



Each province and territory has legislation intended to protect therights outlined in the Canadian human rights laws. Anyone who hasexperienced discrimination in the workplace because of a disabilitymay file a complaint with the Human Rights Commission in theappropriate province or territory.

Under Canadian human rights law, however, it is not considereddiscriminatory on the part of an employer if an act taken by anemployer is considered to be reasonable and justifiable under thecircumstances. Employers are not expected to hire or continue toemploy a person whose disability notably increases the probability ofhealth or safety hazards to himself or herself, other employees,and/or the public. For instance, an individual subject to epilepsy-related seizures may not be suited to safely working on heights ordriving a truck. It is the responsibility of the employer todemonstrate that the individual’s disability would threaten his or hersafety or the safety of others.

Duty To Accommodate

Accommodation is the process through which a worksite is modifiedto remove barriers for a person with a disability. Under the CanadianHuman Rights Act and under some provincial codes, it is the duty ofemployers to make reasonable efforts to accommodate individualswith epilepsy in the workplace unless such accommodation wouldcause undue hardship. Accommodation can be as simple as movingfurniture in an office or allowing you to trade work with anotheremployee. Details on how safety can be improved in a job throughreasonable accommodation are available through local organizationsoffering employment assistance for persons with disabilities andthrough The Canadian Council on Rehabilitation and Work (CCRW).



Applying For A Job

In some provinces, legislation restricts pre-employment inquiries. Itis your decision how or when or whether you disclose your epilepsyto an employer. Employers are not allowed in job applications or ininterviews to ask about an applicant’s physical condition. Contact theHuman Rights Commission in your province or territory forinformation regarding disclosure.

When applying for a job, find out about the legislation in your area.Then consider the advantages and disadvantages of disclosing yourcondition and make your decision.

For example, being open about your epilepsy in a job interview mayfocus too much emphasis on your condition but it will have theadvantage of giving you peace of mind.

Telling an employer that you have epilepsy after you have startedworking provides you with the opportunity to prove yourself first butthe employer may feel that you have not been honest.

If you would like to find out more about the advantages anddisadvantages of disclosure regarding employment, contact yourlocal epilepsy association.

PROSCONS



TransportationThere are restrictions to driving if your seizures are not controlled. If epilepsy has been diagnosed, driving is generally not allowed untilyou have been seizure free for at least 6 to 12 months, and you areunder a doctor’s care. A shorter period may be considered upon afavorable neurologist’s recommendation.

If seizures return, contact your doctor.

The regulations are much stricter for professional drivers (e.g.driving passenger-carrying or commercial vehicles).

There are provincial differences in regulations.

For detailed information on driving standards in each province orterritory contact the appropriate provincial regulatory agency.There are standards that apply specifically to epilepsy surgery,nocturnal epilepsy, withdrawal from or change in medication incollaboration with a physician, and auras, etc.

Drivers are required by law to report any health problems such asepilepsy that would interfere with driving to the appropriateprovincial regulatory agency.

If you are not eligible to drive, explore public transportation systemsor taxi use. Some communities offer door-to-door transportation forindividuals unable to use public transport due to a disability. Sometravel companies provide free transportation for an escort capable ofproviding the required assistance if it is medically necessary. Friendsor family may also be able to help.

Sports and RecreationMany sports and recreational activities are safe and beneficial forpeople with epilepsy. They reduce the stress that sometimes triggersseizures and also maintain fitness and bone mass levels.



Activities

Activities to enjoy

include:• tennis • basketball

• volleyball • hiking

• track and field • baseball

• jogging • golfing

• cross-country skiing

• hockey • football

• soccer • boxing

• karate

* Possibility of head injury exists with these sports

• scuba diving • parachuting

• rock climbing

Sports that pose

some risk :

Activities that are

considered dangerous:



There are, however, some sports andrecreational activities that are not advised or extra caution may be necessary. Forexample, some activities pose a greater risk than others due to the possibility of head injury. Or if a person has uncontrolledseizures, then swimming is not advisablewithout constant supervision. Swimmingwith a companion, preferably an experienced swimmer, isrecommended for anyone who has seizures. Swimming in a pool issafer than swimming in open water.

Participation in sports and recreational activities should be discussedwith your doctor.

It is also important to use the appropriate safety gear (e.g. helmets,flotation devices, etc.) and to avoid related problems such as lowblood sugar, dehydration, or overexertion which could increase therisk of seizures.

SafetyThere is an increased risk of injury in people with epilepsy. If youexperience sudden and frequent seizures that affect awareness, youare the most likely to be at risk. Precaution in your home, workplace,educational settings, and while traveling, may be necessary.

Open flames, stoves, irons, and cigarette smoking all pose risks.

Using a microwave rather than a stove, carpeting the floors, paddingthe edges of tables and other furniture, and taking showers ratherthan baths, are just a few of the precautions that will make yourhome safer. Showers are safer than baths for those with epilepsy, butinjuries can still occur. If you experience falls during a seizure, ashower seat with a safety strap should be considered.

If you have warnings before seizures, you may have the opportunityto lie down on your side on a carpeted or other soft surface.



If you experience sudden seizures, assuring that you stand back fromroads or the edge of platforms while traveling by bus or subway isnecessary. When traveling by air, informing airline officials of yourcondition in advance will allow for preparation in case of a seizure.

New safety aids are continually being developed. High tech devicessuch as seizure-specific alarms triggered by seizure movements inbed, electronic tracking devices, and adapted showers that useinfrared technology to shut off the water supply if a person falls are a few.

Although still very difficult to obtain and expensive to train, seizureservice dogs are successfully being used by some people withepilepsy. The dogs are trained to respond once a seizure starts byseeking help or assisting in protecting the person during the seizure.Studies suggest that some dogs seem capable of predicting a seizureand of then alerting the individual.

Detailed lists of safety tips are available from most epilepsyassociations.

General Health and Seizure TriggersIt is important to maintain a healthy and well-balanced lifestyle.Monitoring what may trigger a seizure is helpful for people withepilepsy. Lack of sleep or too much stress can affect seizure control.Eating regularly and maintaining a well-balanced and nutritious diet are important. A poor and irregular diet may affect seizuremedication levels.

Excessive alcohol consumption and subsequent withdrawal, and useof street drugs can trigger seizures.

And in those with photosensitive epilepsy, flashing or flickeringlights induce seizures and can be triggered by the lights ofcomputers, video games, or television.


W


Some women experience an increase in seizures around the time ofmenstruation. This is referred to as catamenial epilepsy.

There are specific health-related issues associated with certaingroups including seniors, children, and women that should bediscussed with a physician.

Sexual Activity and PregnancyOnly in rare cases does sexual activity trigger seizures. Seizuremedication may, however, lessen a person’s interest in sexualactivity or affect sexual function. If seizures are uncontrolled, thiscould also affect sexual function. These concerns should bediscussed with your doctor. A change in medication or othertreatments may help.

Some types of seizure medicine can interfere with the effectivenessof birth control pills or carry the risk of causing harm to a fetus.Most women with epilepsy have healthy babies but there is a slightly

Will Drinking Alcohol Trigger Seizures?

While excessive use of alcohol

and subsequent withdrawal can

trigger seizures, modest

occasional alcohol consumption

does not seem to increase

seizure activity in individuals

who are not alcoholics or who

are not sensitive to alcohol.

Alcohol use can, however,

lower the metabolism which

results in lower blood levels of

the seizure medication that is

also metabolized by the liver.

Drinking alcohol can also lower

the seizure threshold. A seizure

threshold is the level at which

the brain will have a seizure.

Some doctors recommend that

individuals with uncontrolled

seizures abstain from alcohol

consumption. If you choose to

consume alcohol, it is essential

that you continue taking your

seizure medication as

prescribed.


Common Seizure Triggers


While some people are not able to identify specific events or circumstances that affect seizures, others are able torecognize definite seizure triggers. It is useful to learn yourseizure triggers so that seizures can be avoided.

Some common seizure triggers include:

• Forgetting to take prescribed seizure medication

• Lack of sleep

• Missing meals

• Stress, excitement, emotional upset

• Menstrual cycle/ hormonal changes

• Illness or fever

• Low seizure medication levels

• Medications other than prescribed seizure medications

• Excessive alcohol consumption and subsequent

withdrawal

• Flickering lights of computers, television, videos, etc.

• Street drugs (e.g. cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy,

LSD, withdrawal from marijuana)



higher risk that having epilepsy or taking seizure medication willaffect the fetus.

If you are taking birth control pills, are planning to become pregnant,or are pregnant, it is essential that you talk with your doctor.Changes in medication levels or prescribed drugs may be required.Folic acid is thought to prevent birth defects and is recommended forall women of childbearing age.

There is only a slightlyhigher risk of a childdeveloping epilepsy if aparent has epilepsy. Therisk of a child havingunprovoked seizures isone to two percent inthe general populationand approximately sixpercent if a parent hasepilepsy.

FinancialAssistanceMost people withepilepsy are able tofinancially support themselves. If a person is unable to work due toseizures, then there are a number of provincial and federal financialresources available.

If there is a severe and prolonged disability resulting in an inabilityto work regularly in any job, the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) pays amonthly benefit to people who have contributed to the plan and whoare disabled according to Canada Pension Plan legislation. It alsopays monthly benefits for their dependent children.

If you are taking birth

control pills, are planning

to become pregnant, or

are pregnant, it is

essential that you talk

with your doctor.

Changes in medication

levels or prescribed drugs

may be required.



Some provinces offer additional financial assistance through amonthly benefit to persons who qualify and are unable to work as aresult of a severe and permanent disability.

There is also a federal disability tax credit available that offers taxassistance to individuals who have severe and prolonged disabilitiesand who need life-sustaining therapy on an ongoing basis.

InsuranceApplications for life and car insurance are increasingly beingconsidered on an individual basis. Contacting various agenciesbefore submitting an application and asking for informationregarding policies and costs are very useful in finding an appropriateprovider. By investigating the options first, you will be able tocompare what various companies offer. An insurance agent whodeals with more than one company may be helpful. If yourapplication is rejected, don’t assume it will be by a different insurer.

Some employers offer long-term disability insurance.

Most provincial governments provide supplementary health benefitplans covering prescription drugs, ambulance, etc. at low or subsidized rates.


FFirst Aid for Seizures

What To Do If Someone Has A Non-Convulsive Seizure(staring blankly, confused, not responding, movements are purposeless)

1. Stay with the person. Let the seizure take its course. Speak calmly and explain to others what is happening.

2. Move dangerous objects out of the way.

3. DO NOT restrain the person.

4. Gently guide the person away from danger or block access to hazards.

5. After the seizure, talk reassuringly to the person.Stay with the person until complete awareness returns.

What To Do If Someone Has A Convulsive Seizure(characterized by stiffening, falling, jerking)

1. Stay calm. Let the seizure take its course.

2. Time the seizure.

3. Protect from injury. If necessary, ease the person to the floor. Move hard or sharp objects out of the way. Place something soft under the head.

4. Loosen anything tight around the neck. Check for medical identification.

5. DO NOT restrain the person.

6. DO NOT put anything in the mouth. The person will not swallow his or her tongue.

7. Gently roll the person onto his or her side as the convulsive seizure subsides to allow saliva or other fluids to drain away and keep the airway clear.

8. After the seizure, talk to the person reassuringly. Do not leave until the person is re-oriented. The person may need to rest or sleep.

123

5

123

456

7

8

4




In assessing the need to call an ambulance,a combination of factors has to beconsidered. For example, if cyanosis (blue or gray color) or labored breathingaccompanies the seizure, then anambulance may be called earlier. If aperson is known to have epilepsy and the seizure pattern is uncomplicated and predictable, then ambulance help may not be necessary.

Calling An Ambulance

CALL AN AMBULANCE:

• If a convulsive seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes.

• If consciousness or regular breathing does not return after the seizure has ended.

• If seizure repeats without full recovery between seizures.

• If confusion after a seizure persists for more than one hour.

• If a seizure occurs in water and there is any chance that the person has inhaled water. Inhaling water can cause heart or lung damage.

• If it is a first-time seizure, or the person is injured, pregnant, or has diabetes. A personwith diabetes may experience a seizure asa result of extremely high or low blood sugarlevels.



If you have concerns, questions, or ideas to share regarding epilepsy,contact your local epilepsy association. Epilepsy associations canprovide you with, or direct you to, up-to-date medical and lifestyleinformation. New information, research, and medical technology arecontinually improving the understanding of and treatment forepilepsy.

Consider becoming a member of your local epilepsy association.Epilepsy associations have much to offer including support groups,programs, educational forums, public awareness, newsletters,resource libraries, referrals, special events, and advocacy. Becominga member will give you the opportunity to learn more about epilepsy,to volunteer, to network with others in your community, and to shareinformation.

By volunteering with your local epilepsy association, you can makea difference in helping others to better understand epilepsy and inimproving the quality of life of those with epilepsy. Most epilepsyassociations require volunteers to assist in areas such as peer-supportprograms, educational activities, administrative duties, andfundraising events. Volunteers are also needed to serve oncommittees and Boards of Directors.

Your local epilepsy association can be of assistance to you but youcan also be of assistance to others living with epilepsy. By gettinginvolved, you can help to make a difference in your community.Contact your local epilepsy association or call 1-866-EPILEPSY(374-5377) toll-free to connect directly with the association in your area.

EEpilepsy Associations


Epilepsy Education Series

The Edmonton Epilepsy Association has produced a series ofepilepsy educational booklets, including:

Epilepsy: An Overview

Living with Epilepsy

Epilepsy: A Guide for Parents

Let’s Learn About Epilepsy: An Activity Book for Children

Teens and Epilepsy

Epilepsy: A Guide for Teachers

Women and Epilepsy

Seniors and Epilepsy

Epilepsy: A Guide for Professionals and Caregivers

Epilepsy: Seizures and First Aid

Safety and Epilepsy

For more information, or to order copies of these booklets, contactyour local Epilepsy Association at 1-866-EPILEPSY (374-5377).

Free Canada-wide distribution of these booklets is madepossible by an unrestricted grant from UCB Canada Inc.

© Edmonton Epilepsy Association, 2011


Partners in Improving the Quality ofLife for Those Who Live With Epilepsy:

1-866-EPILEPSY

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.epilepsymatters.com

1-519-433-4073

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.clae.org

Your Local Contact Information:

Free Canada-wide distribution of this publicationwas made possible by an unrestricted Grant from

UCB Canada Inc.

Canadian LeagueAgainst Epilepsy

La LigueCanadienne

Contre lʼÉpilepsie


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