2021 commercial - university of georgia

2021 Commercial Pecan Spray Guide

Edited by Lenny Wells Extension Pecan Specialist, Department of Horticulture

CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS

Tim Brenneman, Department of Plant PathologyJason Brock, Department of Plant Pathology

A. Stanley Culpepper, Extension Agronomist-Weed ScienceWill Hudson, Extension Entomologist

Wayne Mitchem, Extension Associate-Weed ScienceLenny Wells, Extension HorticulturistAngel Acebes, Research EntomologistAndrew Sawyer, Area Pecan Agent

ONLINE RESOURCES

http://blog.extension.uga.edu/pecan/www.caes.uga.edu/commodities/fruits/pecan/

http://wiki.bugwood.org/Pecan/Georgia

www.ent.uga.edu/pest-management/

It is important to always read any pesticide label before use. Use the product strictly according to the label directions. It is particularly important to follow all safety precautions. Trade and brand names are used only for information. The University of Georgia does not

guarantee nor warrant published standards on any product mentioned; neither does the use of a trade or brand name imply approval of any product to the exclusion of others, which may also be suitable.

2 UGA Cooperative Extension Bulletin 841 | 2020 Commercial Pecan Spray Guide162 UGA Extension Special Bulletin 28 ■ Georgia Pest Management Handbook—2021 Commercial Edition (vol. 1)

COMMERCIAL PECAN INSECT CONTROL(BEARING TREES) Andrew Sawyer, Area Pecan Agent

ORCHARD SURVEY PROCEDURES

Insect and mite infestation levels should be estimated at least weekly based on thorough orchard sampling. Sample trees in all segments of each orchard. A good method is to sample every fourth tree in every fourth tree row (about 10% of the trees). Sample each major cultivar represented in the orchard. Sample a mini-mum of 10 terminals per tree. Check all compound leaves and the nut clusters

on each terminal. Check as high in the tree as possible. Foliar pest counts should be made on compound leaves surrounding the nut clusters. Nut clusters should be inspected carefully for the presence of pests or damage. Hickory shuckworm damage should be monitored mid-season by examining fallen nuts for a whitish spot on the side. Pecan weevil populations should be monitored by survey traps.

PEST PESTICIDE MOAAMOUNT PER ACRE

REI/PHI(Hours or Days) TIMING AND REMARKS

Phylloxera ThiamethoxamCentric 40WG

4A 2–2.5 oz 12 H/14 D

Treat trees with a recent history of heavy infestation and surrounding trees. Apply at budbreak with the first pre-pollination spray.Note: Other imidacloprid formulations are available. Read labels carefully to find the proper rate and maximum allowable limits.

imidaclopridSeveral formulations

4ASee label

12 H/7 D

Spittlebugs imidaclopridSeveral formulations

4ASee label

12 H/7 D

Spittlebug infestations are easily recognized by the white, frothy masses on terminals or nut clusters. Definite thresholds have not been established and treatment is seldom needed.

Pecan Nut Casebearer chlorpyrifos 4E Lorsban, Chlorphos

1B1.5 pt

24 H/14 D

Light infestations causing occasional damage do not require control in most crop years. The most serious damage usually occurs in mid-May. Adult emergence should be monitored with pheromone traps. Place traps in orchards by mid-April. Begin sampling for nut casebearer in the first week of May. Pay particular attention to orchards not under a spray program the preceding year and orchards with a recent history of nut casebearer problems. Try to time sprays to stop injury before more than one nut per cluster is infested. It is recommended that broad-spectrum contact insecticides, such as chlorpyrifos and the pyrethroids, not be used in early-or mid-season to conserve beneficial insect populations. (See Special Considerations section.)

spinosadSpintor 2SC

54–10 oz

4 H/1 D

diflubenzuronDimilin 2L

158–16 oz

12 H/28 D

clothianadinBelay

4A3–6 oz

12 H/21 D

methoxyfenozideIntrepid 2F

184–8 oz

4 H/7 D

methoxyfenozide + spinetoramIntrepid Edge

5 + 184–6.4 oz

4 H/7 D

tolfenpyradApta

2117–27 oz

12 H/14 D

DO NOT apply more than 1 application. No more than 27 oz/A/season.

cyantraniliprole + abamectinMinecto Pro

6 + 288–12 oz

12 H/21 D

No more than 2 consecutive applications, no more than 24 oz/A/season.

Mites abamectinAgri-Mek SC, Abba, and others

6 See label for product-specific rates

12 H/21 D

A non-ionic surfactant or horticultural oil MUST be added to the tank.

bifenazateAcramite 4SC

Unclassified 12–24 oz 12 H/14 D

See Timing and Remarks top of next page.

Angel Acebes, Research EntomologistWill Hudson, Extension Entomologist

3UGA Cooperative Extension Bulletin 841 | 2020 Commercial Pecan Spray GuideUGA Extension Special Bulletin 28 ■ Georgia Pest Management Handbook—2021 Commercial Edition (vol. 1) 163

COMMERCIAL PECAN INSECT CONTROL n



Mites

(continued)

spirodiclofen Envidor 2SC

23 14–18 oz 12 H/ 7 D

Mites, especially the pecan leaf scorch mite, are normally late season pests. Mite damage appears as bronzed, scorched areas on the undersides of leaflets. Scorched areas begin at the leaflet midribs then spread out toward leaflet margins. Mites often build up on low limbs in the shaded, interior portions of trees then spread rapidly up and out. For heavy infestations, repeat the application in 5–7 days.Savey is an ovicide and should be tank-mixed with an adulticide. Zeal is primarily an ovicide/larvicide.Magister SC requires no more than one application per year.

fenpyroximate Portal

21A 2 pt 12 H/ 14 D

pyridaben Nexter SC

21 5.2–10.67 oz 24 H/ 7 D

hexythiazox Savey 50DF

10A 3–6 oz 12 H/ 28 D

etoxazole Zeal SC

10B 2–3 oz 12 H/ 28 D

fenazaquin Magister SC

21 24–36 oz 12 H/ 7 D

Yellow Aphids FOLIAR APPLICATIONS Yellow aphids may be present in orchards throughout the growing season. Populations are usually highest in April-May and again in August-September. In early season, DO NOT treat yellow aphids if they are the only insect problem. Rely on beneficial insects to suppress early season populations.In prolonged dry periods, lower, chronic aphid populations may require treatment to prevent the build-up of unacceptable levels of honeydew and sooty mold. WEEKLY SCOUTING IS VERY IMPORTANT IN TIMING APHID SPRAYS, ESPECIALLY IN LATE SEASON. Rotate among classes (MOA) of insecticides between treatments to avoid resistance development.Many generic formulations of imidacloprid are available. Read label carefully for recommended rate. Imidacloprid alone may not control yellow and black-margined aphids.It is suggested that pyrethroid materials (cypermethrin, bifenthrin, etc.) not be used, alone or in combination, in early- or mid-season applications.For PQZ, spray no more than 2 applications or 4.8 fl oz per acre per year.DO NOT apply more than 1 application of Apta, no more than 27 oz/A/season.Use the 14 oz rate for black pecan aphid control.

acetamipridAssail 30SG

4A 2.5–9.6 oz 12 H/14 D

afidopyropenSefina

9D 3.0–6.0 oz 12 H/7D

clothianidinBelay

4A 3–6 fl oz 12 H/21 D

flonicamidBeleaf, Carbine

9C 2–2.8 oz 12 H/40 D

flupyradifuroneSivanto 200 SL

4D 7.0–10.5 oz 4 H/7 D

imidaclopridSeveral formulations

4A See label 12 H/7D

pymetrozineFulfill 50WG

9B 4 oz 12 H/14 D

pyridabenNexter

21 5.2–10.67 oz 24 H/7 D

pyrifluquinazonPQZ

9B 2.4–3.2 oz 12 H/7 D

sulfoxaflorCloser SCTransform WG

4C1.5–2.75 oz0.75–1.5 oz

12 H/7 D

thiamethoxamCentric 40 WG

4A 2–2.5 oz 12 H/14 D

tolfenpyradApta

21A 17–27 oz 12 H/14 D


n COMMERCIAL PECAN INSECT CONTROL



Yellow Aphids(continued)

SYSTEMIC APPLICATIONS Admire can be applied through a drip irrigation system, as an emitter spot application, or as a shanked-in emitter adjacent application. See label for complete details. Apply Admire only to orchards where drip irrigation has been established for at least 5 years.

imidaclopridAdmire Pro

4A 7–14 fl oz 12 H/7 D

Black Pecan Aphid SAME INSECTICIDES AS FOR YELLOW APHIDS

See list for yellow aphids

See list for yellow aphids. Please note that some products have different rates

for black pecan aphids.

See list for yellow aphids

Black pecan aphids may cause damage as early as May but are usually a serious problem only in late season. Damage appears as yellow spots on leaflets. Damaged spots later turn brown and 2–4 damaged spots per leaflet can cause leaflet drop. Carefully check all compound leaves on 10 terminals per tree, on at least 10 trees per orchard for the presence of black pecan aphids. Prior to July 1, treat if 25% of terminals have 2 or more black aphids. After July 1, treat if 15% of terminals have more than one black aphid and nymph clusters are found. Concentrate checks on susceptible cultivars such as Schley, Sumner, and Gloria Grande. Be sure to check all compound leaves on each terminal examined.Gibberellic acid is a plant growth regulator that prevents damage from black pecan aphid feeding and inhibits establishment in the orchard. It does not affect aphids directly and will not control any other pest, including yellow aphids. Three applications should be made at 2-week intervals, beginning in mid-July, applying 10 oz (or 5 oz of ProGibb LV Plus) each time.

chlorpyrifosLorsban, generics

1B See label 24 H/14 D

gibberellic acid ProGibb 4% ProGibb LV Plus

N/A10 oz5 fl oz

N/A

Hickory Shuckworm chlorpyrifos 4E Lorsban, Chlorfos

1B1–14 pt

24 H/14 D

Shuckworms are active throughout the season, but do not cause significant damage until June or later. Prior to shell hardening, larval feeding causes nuts to drop. After shells harden, feeding causes shucks to stick to the shells, reducing quality. If orchards have a history of shuckworm infestation, a spray should be applied in early June. In early August, 2–3 additional sprays should be applied. Initiate August sprays at half-shell hardening and repeat at 2-week intervals until shuck split if shuckworm activity continues. Chlorpyrifos and pyrethroids (Asana, Ambush, Mustang, etc.) applied for other pests will also control shuckworm. It is not necessary to spray in August if pecan weevil controls are applied. Please note the Special Considerations section regarding the use of pyrethroid materials.

clothianadinBelay

4A3–6 oz

12 H/21 D


158–16 oz

12 H/28 D

methoxyfenozideIntrepid 2F, Turnstyle

184–8 oz

4 H/7 H


5 + 184–6.4 oz

4 H/7 D

tolfenpyradApta

21A17–27 oz

12 H/14 D

DO NOT apply more than 1 application, no more than 27 oz/A/season.

abamectin + cyantraniliproleMinecto Pro

6 + 288–12 oz

24 H/21 D

No more than 2 consecutive applications, no more than 24 oz/A/season.

chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin Besiege

3 + 286–12.5 oz

24 H/14 D

Besiege contains a pyrethroid, and may flare aphids and mites if used in early or mid-season. The best fit is for late season shuckworm.


COMMERCIAL PECAN INSECT CONTROL n



Pecan Weevil carbaryl Carbaryl 80S Sevin 4FSevin XLR

1A3 lb

2–5 qt

24 H/14 D

Pecan weevil emergence may extend from July into October. Peak emergence is normally between August 10 and September 20. Emergence should be monitored in each infested grove with traps, knockdown sprays or a combination of these methods. Trees known to have a recent history of weevil problems should be selected for monitoring. If excessive nut drop results from pecan weevil feeding punctures before pecan shells begin to harden, spray at once. After pecan shells harden and nuts reach the "dough" or "gel" stage, treat when weevils emerge (especially following rains) and continue at 7–10 day intervals until emergence stops. APHID OR MITE POPULATIONS MAY BUILD UP WHERE CARBARYL IS USED. If these pests become a problem, apply aphicides or miticides as previously directed.NOTE: Several pyrethroids as well as Imidan are labeled for pecan weevil control. If these materials are used for weevils, they can be expected to be most effective where weevil populations are low. They may be adequate to prevent feeding injury from weevils emerging prior to shell hardening but their use could be risky under heavy weevil pressure after nuts reach the gel stage and are subject to weevil oviposition. (See Special Considerations section).Several products are available that combine a pyrethroid insecticide with an aphicide. These products may help suppress aphids while providing weevil control. Brand names include Endigo, Leverage, and others.

Various pyrethroidsAsana XL, Ammo, Baythroid, Brigade, Mustang Max

3See label for product-

specific rates

24 H/21 D

Ants, including fireants, Argentine ants,acrobat ants, andothers

BaitsExtinguish, Reemit 0.5 G,Altrevin, and others

Various 1.0–1.5 lb/A Various The best approach is to apply a bait twice per season, generally in late April–early May and again in September. If populations are large and active, follow the first bait application with a chlorpyrifos application as a ground spray directed at the herbicide strip. Repeat as necessary when ants interfere with irrigation equipment.

chlorpyrifos 1B 4 pt/A 14 days

KERNAL FEEDING HEMIPTERANS (Stink bugs and Plant bugs)

A complex of true bugs (stink bugs and plant bugs) attack pecan. They may be present in orchards all year but normally cause their most serious injury from late August through September. Prior to shell hardening, feeding injury causes nut drop. After shell hardening, their feeding causes black, bitter spots on ker-nels, reducing quality. They can continue to feed, through the hardened shells, until nuts are harvested. The presence and numbers of stink bugs and plant bugs should be noted in surveys throughout the season. Special attention should be paid to the true bugs in late-season orchard surveys. Treat when 1 stink bug is found per 40 terminals OR when 5 or more are found per knockdown spray on a sheet covering 20% of the area under a tree. Sprays for these insects are difficult to time properly because the bugs move in and out of orchards. Close checking

is required to detect damaging populations. No materials have consistently given excellent stink bug control, possibly due to the difficulty in timing sprays. The pyrethroids are labeled for stink bug control. Please note the pre-harvest use re-strictions of the products.

FIRE ANTS

Fire ants can build their colonies inside the herbicidal tree guards on young trees resulting in buildup of soil along the covered trunk which can be detri-mental to the trees. Fire ants should be controlled or at least kept out of pecan trees. Lorsban 4E at 2 pts/A as a ground spray is labeled for fire ant control. Best approach is probably applying an ant bait in late spring (see more info in the table above).


n COMMERCIAL PECAN INSECT CONTROL

BORERS: AMBROSIA BEETLES AND FLATHEADED APPLE TREE BORER

Although older trees can be attacked by ambrosia beetles, young trees (<5-yr old) are more susceptible to attacks by wood-boring beetles. Ambrosia beetles attack trees subjected to stress-inducing factors such as water-logged conditions, dis-eases, frost injury, etc. Thus, keeping trees healthy is the primary line of defense against ambrosia beetle infestations. Trapping for flight activity along orchard borders, using ethanol-baited log traps, is recommended to time the sprays in the spring. Once flight activity and attacks are detected, spraying pyrethroids on the tree trunks every 7–10 days can be done.

For flatheaded apple tree borer, treatment of imidacloprid by drenching or via the irrigation system on young trees could provide protection for about three years. Please see the maximum limits for neonicotinoids.

SCALE INSECTS

Scale populations build slowly, but can reach damaging levels before becoming obvious. Examine fallen limbs carefully during the season for scale presence. Preferred treatment is 1–2% horticultural oil spray, applied in November-De-cember and again in February. For severe problems, an application of Esteem in June may be necessary.

OTHER INSECT PESTS

Pests such as pecan leaf casebearer, leaf miners, walnut caterpillar, fall web-worm, pecan budmoth, nut curculio, shoot curculio, Prionus root borers, and others may occasionally cause economic injury to pecan. Growers should be able to identify these pests and their damage. Color photographs of all pecan pests and their injury can be found in the Southern Pecan Growers Handbook and online from the UGA Extension pecan team (Google search "ugapecans"). The publication is available at $30 per copy. For ordering information, visit: extension.uga.edu/publications/for-sale.html

Specific controls for occasional pests not covered in this spray guide can be obtained from your local county Extension agent.

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

Alternative Formulations—Some pesticides listed in this publication are avail-able in formulations other than the ones listed. If different formulations are used, apply an equivalent amount of actual toxicant per acre.

Pest Resistance and Chemical Use—The aphids and mites which attack pecan have demonstrated the ability to become resistant to insecticides applied for their control. The rate at which this resistance develops depends on the chemical used, the frequency of use, the duration of use, and the rates used. Aphid and mite exposure to effective materials should be minimized to prolong the effective life of the chemicals. It is suggested that no insecticide be applied until it is abso-lutely necessary (this can be determined by thorough sampling) and that chem-icals be alternated as much as possible. Resistance to neonicotinyl insecticides has developed in some areas for both yellow- and black-margined pecan aphids. This class of insecticides includes imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, and clothianidin. These materials no longer provide adequate control of resistant pop-ulations. Aphid and mite populations may flare following application of Sevin or pyrethroids. Growers should be alert for this response, and limit applications of these materials to the minimum necessary for weevil or stink bug control.

Supplemental Control Measures—Beneficial insects such as lady beetles and lacewings provide natural assistance in suppressing aphid and mite popula-tions. Beneficials are of particular value in early season. Elimination of un-needed early-season insecticide sprays conserves existing populations of ben-eficial insects and reduces the potential for severe aphid problems later in the season. The planting of leguminous cover crops in tree-row middles promotes the build-up and retention of lady beetle populations in orchards. Crimson clover and Hairy vetch appear to be two of the best ground covers. If legumi-nous ground covers are planted, an herbicide strip should be maintained down each tree row and special attention should be paid to the increased water re-quirements that are likely to exist. Extraneous plant material resulting from the heavy growth of legumes must be removed or broken down prior to harvest or implementation of a program of row middle vegetation suppression (see Weed Control section).


COMMERCIAL PECAN INSECT AND DISEASE SPRAY GUIDE (NON-BEARING TREES) Jason Brock and Tim Brenneman, Plant Pathology

TIME OF APPLICATION PEST PESTICIDE MOA

AMOUNT PER ACRE

REI/PHI(Hours or Days) INSTRUCTIONS AND REMARKS

FOLIAR SPRAYS

Bud BreakWhen first buds open.

Foliar disease Fungicide+chlorpyrifosChlorphos, Lorsban

1B+

half rate1–2 pt4–8 oz

24 H/—

Spray sufficient volume for thorough coverage.For fungicide options, refer to the pre-pollination section for Pecan Disease Control.The phosphorous acid fungicides are particularly useful with their excellent activity on foliar diseases, highly systemic nature, and low risk of fungicide resistance.Scout for pecan bud moth injury at bud break and time sprays before larvae bore into the shoots.

Pecan bud moth methoxyfenozideIntrepid 2F

18 3–4 oz 4 H/—


5 + 18 4–6.4 oz 4 H/—


6 + 28 8–12 oz 12 H/—

No more than 24 oz/A/season.

Hickory shoot curculio chlorpyrifosLorsban, Chlorphos, etc.

1B 1.5–2 pt 24 H/—

Apply sprays for shoot curculio at bud-break on the earliest cultivars and repeat at 10–14 day intervals.

Cover SpraysThree weeks afterbud-break spray andevery 4–6 weeks asneeded.

Foliar disease Fungicide+chlorpyrifosChlorphos, Lorsban

1B See above+

1–2 pt

24 H/—

Spray sufficient volume for thorough coverage.Continue scouting for pecan bud moth injury and time sprays before larvae bore into the shoots.The phosphorous acid fungicides are particularly useful with their excellent activity on foliar diseases, highly systemic nature, and low risk of fungicide resistance.

Pecan bud moth chlorpyrifosChlorphos, Lorsban, etc.

1B 1.5–2 pt 24 H/—


15 8–16 oz 24 H/—

Imidan 70WSP 1.5 lb

methoxyfenozideIntrepid 2F

18 4–8 oz 4 H/—


6 + 28 8–12 oz 12 H/—

Will Hudson, Angel Acebes, and Andrew Sawyer, Extension Entomology


PECAN DISEASE CONTROL Jason Brock and Tim Brenneman, Department of Plant Pathology

DISEASE CHEMICAL & FORMULATION MOA RATE/ACREREI/PHI

(Hours or Days) COMMENTS

PRE-POLLINATION APPLICATIONS: EVERY 10–14 DAYS FROM BUD BREAK THROUGH NUT SET

Scab; Downy Spot

azoxystrobin Abound Azaka

1112 fl oz

4 H/45 D

See MOA info on next page.

difenoconazole + azoxystrobinQuadris Top Amistar Top

3 + 1110–14 fl oz

12 H/45 D

difenoconazole + tea tree oilRegev

3 + 468.5 fl oz

12 H/14 D

Minimum application interval is 14 days. Refer to label for other restrictions.

fenbuconazoleEnable 2F

38 fl oz

12 H/Do not apply after shuck split or

within 28 D of harvest

See MOA info on next page.Minimum application interval for Cevya is 7 days.

kresoxim-methylSovranNarvos 50WDG

112.4–3.2 oz

12 H/45 D

mefentrifluconazoleCevya

35 fl oz

12 H/14 D

metconazoleQuash

33.5 oz

12 H/25 D

phosphorous acid Kphite 7LP PhostrolProPhyt FungiPhite Reliant Phiticide

332–8 pt

2.5–5 pt2–5 pt

2–2.5 pt4 pt

2–5 pt

4 H/—

With group 33 products, higher rates are best for stand-alone sprays, but lower rates (2–3 pt) can be added to complement other fungicides.The phosphorous acid fungicides are particularly useful with their excellent activity on foliar diseases, highly systemic nature, and low risk of fungicide resistance.See MOA info on next page.

phosphorous acid + tebuconazoleViathon

33 + 32–2.5 pt

12 H/0 D

propiconazole Orbit Propimax ECBumper 41.8EC Topaz

38 fl oz

12 H/Do not apply after shuck split

propiconazole + azoxystrobinQuilt Quilt Xcel

3 + 1114–27.5 fl oz14–21 fl oz



pyraclostrobinHeadline

116–7 fl oz

12 H/14 D


PECAN DISEASE CONTROL n



PRE-POLLINATION APPLICATIONS: EVERY 10–14 DAYS FROM BUD BREAK THROUGH NUT SET (continued)

Scab;Downy Spot(continued)

tebuconazoleFolicur 3.6FTebuzole 3.6FMonsoonOrius 3.6FToledo 3.6F

38 fl oz


MOA Group 1: Risk for resistance is high. Use should be limited. When conditions are very favorable for scab, use in combination with either a full rate of TPTH or Elast. Limit the use to 1 or 2 applications per season. Available as Topsin M 70WDG, Topsin M 70 WP, and Topsin M WSB, and Topsin M 4.5 FL. Topsin XTR is a premix of thiophanate methyl and tebuconazole.MOA Group 3: Resistance risk is moderate. For best results, tank mix tebuconazole with a surfactant. Do not add a surfactant if mixing with other fungicides. Increasing the rate of a Group 3 fungicide will be important if reduced sensitivity is known or suspected. Stand-alone use is not recommended where reduced sensitivity is known or suspected.MOA Group 11: Resistance risk is moderate. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications. If only using solo products, Group 11 fungicides should not be used in more than 1/3 of the total number of fungicide applications. If using Group 3 tank-mixed with other modes of action, they should not be used in more than ½ of the total number of fungicide applications. Stand-alone use is not recommended where reduced sensitivity is known or suspected.MOA Group 30: Resistance risk is low.MOA Group 33: Resistance risk is low. For best control apply in 100 GPA by ground. Three to five applications are generally recommended. Check labels for potential limitations on maximum number of applications or amount of active ingredient allowed per season. Do not use when there is a phosphate deficiency. Do not use these as stand-alone sprays for nut scab on very susceptible cultivars or high disease pressure.MOA Group U12: Resistance risk is low. Do not use on Moore, Van Deman, Barton, or Shawnee. Do not use a surfactant. Do not use with foliar zinc treatments.For any tank mix combination of Elast, TPTH, Group 3, or Group 11 fungicides, the rates provided are the lowest recommended and will provide excellent control of scab under most conditions. When disease pressure is elevated, the rate of either mixing partner can be increased.

tetraconazoleAndiamo

38.5 fl oz

12 H/30 D

tetraconazole + azoxystrobinBrixen

3 + 1113–20 fl oz

tebuconazole + azoxystrobinCustodia Helmstar Plus

3 + 118.6–17.27.2–14.4

12 H/45 D

tebuconazole + trifloxystrobinAbsolute

3 + 115–7.67 fl oz



flutriafol + azoxystrobinTopguard EQ

3 + 115.0–8.0 fl oz

12 H/45 D

tetraconazole + triphenyltin hydroxideMinerva Duo

3 + 3016 oz

48 H/30 D

thiophanate methyl+ TPTHor+ Elast

1+ 30

or+ U12

1 lb+ half rate

or+ 25 fl oz

3 D/Do not apply after shuck split

triphenyltin hydroxide(TPTH)+FRAC Group 3 fungicide

30+ 3 half rate

+full rate

48 H/30 D

Anthracnose Anthracnose is a disease with a long latent period; symptom expression occurs many weeks after infection. Fungicides used for control of scab have been effective in suppressing anthracnose.

POST-POLLINATION APPLICATIONS: EVERY 10–21 DAYS FROM NUT SET TO SHELL HARDENING

Scab difenoconazole + pydiflumetofenMiravis Top

3 + 11 13.6 fl oz 12 H/45 D

dodineElast 400F

U1248 fl oz


dodineElast 400F+Group 3 OR Group 11 fungicide

U12+ 3

25–48 fl oz+

full rate



n PECAN DISEASE CONTROL



POST-POLLINATION APPLICATIONS: EVERY 10-21 DAYS FROM NUT SET TO SHELL HARDENING (continued)

Scab(continued)

dodineElast 400F

+ TPTH

U12+ 30

25–48 fl oz+

6–12 fl oz (liquid) or 3.75–7.5 oz

(wettable)

48 H/Do not apply after

shuck split

MOA Group 1: Risk for resistance is high. Use should be limited. When conditions are very favorable for scab, use in combination with either a full rate of TPTH or Elast. Limit the use to 1 or 2 applications per season. Available as Topsin M 70WDG, Topsin M 70 WP, and Topsin M WSB, and Topsin M 4.5 FL. Topsin XTR is a premix of thiophanate methyl and tebuconazole.MOA Group 3: Resistance risk is moderate. For best results, tank mix tebuconazole with a surfactant. Do not add a surfactant if mixing with other fungicides. Increasing the rate of a Group 3 fungicide will be important if reduced sensitivity is known or suspected. Stand-alone use is not recommended where reduced sensitivity is known or suspected.MOA Group 11: Resistance risk is moderate. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications. If only using solo products, Group 11 fungicides should not be used in more than 1/3 of the total number of fungicide applications. If using Group 3 tank-mixed with other modes of action, they should not be used in more than ½ of the total number of fungicide applications. Stand-alone use is not recommended where reduced sensitivity is known or suspected.MOA Group 30: Resistance risk is low.MOA Group 33: Resistance risk is low. For best control apply in 100 GPA by ground. Three to five applications are generally recommended. Check labels for potential limitations on maximum number of applications or amount of active ingredient allowed per season. Do not use when there is a phosphate deficiency. Do not use these as stand-alone sprays for nut scab on very susceptible cultivars or high disease pressure.MOA Group U12: Resistance risk is low. Do not use on Moore, Van Deman, Barton, or Shawnee. Do not use a surfactant. Do not use with foliar zinc treatments.For any tank mix combination of Elast, TPTH, Group 3, or Group 11 fungicides, the rates provided are the lowest recommended and will provide excellent control of scab under most conditions. When disease pressure is elevated, the rate of either mixing partner can be increased.

phosphorous acid Kphite 7LP PhostrolProPhyt Reliant Phiticide

33highest label rate

4 H/—

propiconazole + azoxystrobinQuilt Quilt Xcel

3 + 113 + 11

20–28 fl oz20–21 fl oz



tebuconazole + azoxystrobinCustodia Helmstar Plus

3 + 118.6–17.27.2–14.4

12 H/45 D

flutriafol + azoxystrobinTopguard EQ

3 + 115.0–8.0 fl oz

12 H/45 D

tebuconazole4 + trifloxystrobin Absolute

3 + 115–7.67 fl oz


or within 30 D of harvest

difenoconazole + azoxystrobinAmistar Top

3 + 118–14 fl oz



tetraconazole + azoxystrobinBrixen

3 + 1113–20 fl oz

12 H/45 D

tetraconazole + triphenyltin hydroxide Minerva Duo

3 + 3016 oz

48 H/30 D

TPTH+

Group 3 or Group 11 fungicide

30+ 3

6–12 fl oz (liquid) or 3.75–7.5 oz

(wettable)+

full rate

48 H/30 D

triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH)Agri TinAgri Tin FlowableSuper Tin 80WPSuper Tin 4L

307.5 oz

12 fl oz7.5 oz

12 fl oz

48 H/30 D

ziramZiram 6–8 lb

48 H/55 D

Ziram as a multi-site alternative in cases where resistance to other protectants is an issue.


PECAN DISEASE CONTROL n

POWDERY MILDEW: For powdery mildew, the scab fungicide program can be adjusted if needed. The FRAC Group 3 fungicides or mixes containing FRAC 3 fungicides are the best options. Combining sulfur (4-6 lb/A) with fungicides used for scab control is also an option. DO NOT mix sulfur with Elast.

ZONATE LEAF SPOT: For zonate leaf spot, the scab fungicide program can be adjusted if needed. The FRAC Group 3 fungicides or mixes containing FRAC 3 fungicides are the best options. Topsin M also provides suppression of Zonate leaf spot.

ANTHRACNOSE: Anthracnose is a disease with a long latent period; symptom expression occurs many weeks after infection. Fungicides used for control of scab have been effective in suppressing anthracnose, particularly FRAC Groups 3 and 11 and the phosphorous ac-id-based fungicides

NOTE: In orchards where any nuts have any amount of scab by mid-June or in orchards where 10% or more of the nuts have any amount of scab by early July, the following measures should be taken:

• The interval between fungicide sprays should not exceed 14 days until shell hardening.• On varieties with a summer growth flush, the spray interval should be tightened so that no more than 10 days pass from the onset of the

growth flush until a fungicide spray is made.• If the 5-day forecast shows the probability for several days of rain, close the interval to have as much acreage as possible treated within

7 days of the storm.

AFTER SHELL HARDENING: Fungicide coverage for crop protection is necessary to shell hardening. Beginning in early August, monitor for shell hardening and adjust fungicide needs accordingly.

FOLIAR DISEASES: Maintaining leaf health past shell hardening is important. If leaf scab, zonate leaf spot, or another foliar disease is of concern, refer to the previous sections for fungicide options and recommendations. Pay attention to use limitations and fungicide resis-tance management guidelines. DO NOT use Topsin in consecutive applications for leaf disease control.



Phytophthora Shuck and Kernel Rot

A treatment is advised in orchards with a history of this disease (primarily Houston, Peach, and Macon counties) during periods of extended wetness and moderate temperatures (< 86° F) occurring between shell hardening and shuck split.

TPTH 30 full rate

phosphorous acid Fosphite, KPhite Phiticide, Phostrol Rampart

33 full rate4 H/—

The phosphite (phosphorous acid based) fungicides listed are EPA approved and considered to be very safe products. Check labels for potential limitations on maximum number of applications or amount of active ingredient allowed per season.

MOA Group 11 fungicides 11 full rate

copper hydroxideKocide 3000Kocide 2000

M1 0.75–1.75 lb1.5–3 lb

48 H/—

Use higher rates when disease pressure is high and large, mature trees.


COMMERCIAL PECAN WEED CONTROL Timothy Grey, Research Weed Scientist

HERBICIDE MOA

BROADCAST RATE/ACRE

REI/PHI REMARKS AND PRECAUTIONS

AMOUNT OF FORMULATION

LBS ACTIVE INGREDIENT

PRE-EMERGENCE

oryzalin Surflan 4AS Oryzalin 4AS

32–6 qt

2–6 Use on non-bearing and bearing trees for control of annual grasses and small seeded broadleaf weeds. Use low rate for short-term control (2–4 months); high rate for long-term control (8–12 months). DO NOT apply to newly transplanted trees until soil has settled and no cracks are present. Apply before annual weeds emerge in the spring or add paraquat or glyphosate for control of emerged weeds. Sequential applications may be used so long as total use rate does not exceed 12 qt/A/year and there are 2.5 months between applications.

diuronKarmex XP or Diuron 80DF Direx or Diuron 4Lother brands

72–4 lb

1.6–3.2 qt1.6–3.2

Use for control of annual broadleaf weeds and some annual grasses only under trees established in the orchard at least 3 years. Apply in spring before annual weeds emerge; if weeds are present, include surfactant to improve contact activity. Make a single band or broadcast application as a directed spray. Use low rate on sandy loam soils. DO NOT use on sand, loamy sand, gravelly soils, or on exposed subsoils. DO NOT use on soils with less than 0.5% organic matter. DO NOT graze treated areas. Add paraquat, glufosinate, or glyphosate for enhanced control of emerged weeds.

simazinePrincep, Simazine 90DF Princep, Simazine 4F

52.2–4.4 lb

2–4 qt

2–4 Use for control of annual broadleaf weeds and some annual grasses only under trees established for at least 2 years. Provides good control of annual ryegrass. Use low rates on sandy soils. DO NOT apply to gravelly, sand, or loamy sand soils. DO NOT apply when nuts are on the ground. DO NOT graze treated areas. Add paraquat, glufosinate, or glyphosate for control of emerged weeds.

oryzalinSurflan 4ASOryzalin 4AS

+simazinePrincep, Simazine80W90DG4L

2–4 qt

+

2.5–5 lb2.2–4.4 lb

2–4 qt

2–4

+

2–4

Use for broad spectrum annual grass and broadleaf weed control. Provides good control of annual ryegrass. Paraquat, glufosinate, or glyphosate may be used with this tank mix to enhance control of emerged weeds. See remarks and precautions for each product.

norflurazonSolicam 80DF

+diuronKarmex 80DFDirex 4L

2.5–5 lb+

2–3.8 lb1.6–3 qt

2–4+

1.6–3

Use for broad spectrum annual grass and broad leaf weed control only under trees established in the orchard for at least 3 years. Apply in the spring before annual weeds emerge.See remarks and precautions for each product.

pendimethalinProwl H2O 4EC

Prowl or Pendimethalin 3.3EC

32–6 qt

2.4–7.3 qt

2–6 Control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds such as pigweed. Most effective when adequate rainfall or irrigation is received within 7 days after application. DO NOT apply to newly transplanted trees until ground has settled around roots. Sequential applications may be used as long as total use rate does not exceed 6 qt/A and there are 30 days between applications. Prowl H2O has a 60 day PHI for pecans; however, other pendimethalin formulations can only be used in non-bearing pecans.

norflurazonSolicam 80DF

122.5–5 lb

2–4 Use for control of annual grasses, broadleaf weeds, and suppression of some perennials under bearing, non-bearing, or newly set trees. Apply to newly planted trees only after soil has settled around roots, at least 6 months after planting. Avoid contact with roots. Apply in the fall or early spring-fall applications control a broader weed spectrum than spring applications. DO NOT apply when nuts are on the ground at harvest. Use low rate on coarse-textured soils, higher rates on fine-textured soils. Make only 1 application per year. DO NOT graze treated areas. May tank mix with simazine or diuron for broader spectrum weed control. Add paraquat, glufosinate, or glyphosate for control of emerged weeds. DO NOT apply within 60 days of harvest. Sequential applications can be used so long as total use rate does not exceed maximum use rate for soil texture and crop.

Wayne Mitchem, Extension Associate—Weed Science


COMMERCIAL PECAN WEED CONTROL n

HERBICIDE MOA

BROADCAST RATE/ACRE




PRE-EMERGENCE (continued)

rimsulfuron Matrix 25WG Solida 25WG Pruvin 25WG Grapple 25 WG

24 oz

0.063 Provide pre- and post-control of broadleaf and annual grass weeds (see label for weed control POST). For broad spectrum residual control tank mix with diuron, oryzalin, or Prowl H2O. Use in orchards established at least 1 year. Rimsulfuron has a 14-day PHI for pecan. Sequential applications may be used so long as there are 30 days between applications and total use rate does not exceed 4 oz/A broadcast basis.

flumioxazin Chateau 51WDG Tuscany 51 WDGTuscany 4 SC

146–12 oz

0.19–0.38 DO NOT apply more than 6 oz/A/application to soils having a sand and/or gravel content > 80%. Trees established less than 1 year must be shielded with a grow tube or waxed container. DO NOT apply second application within 30 days of initial application. Applications after bud break can only be made with shielded application equipment. Once trees break dormancy apply with paraquat or glufosinate for non-selective post-emergence control. Must use shielded application equipment if using in non-dormant pecan trees. Flumioxazin has a 60-day PHI for pecans.

penoxsulam+

oxyfluorfenPindar GT

2+ 14 1.5–3 pt

0.75–1.50 Apply Pindar GT to pecan trees that have been planted at least 9 months and longer. Use trunk guards to protect plants until adequate mature bark has developed. Can be used as a bearing and non-bearing dormant application. Non-bearing are those trees which will not bear a crop within one year after treatment. Applications can be made beginning after pecan harvest up to emergence of green leaf tissue the following season. For best results, apply prior to weed emergence of broadleaf and grass species. Do not apply more than 4.5 pts per acre per year. Tank mix with oryzalin or pendimethalin for expanded redual control of annual grasses. See label for use rate restrictions.

indaziflamAlion 1.67SE

293.5–6.5 oz

0.045–0.085 Use in orchards established 3 years or longer. Sequential applications may be used as long as there are 90 days between applications and total use rate does not exceed 10.3 oz/A/year. Use rate cannot exceed 3.5 fl oz/A/application on soils having less than 1% organic matter. On soils with an organic matter content from 1–3%, no more than 5 fl oz/A can be applied in a single application and the total use rate for the year cannot exceed 8.5 fl oz/A. In order to apply more than 5 fl oz/A in a single application soil organic matter must be > 3%. Alion should be tank mixed with glyphosate, glufosinate, or paraquat for non-selective post-weed control. Alion has a 14-day PHI. Do not use on soils having a 20% or greater gravel content. Do not treat soil around trees with cracks or channels, or with depressions.

POST-EMERGENCE

2,4-D amine Various generic formulations 3.8SL

42–3 pt

0.8–1.2 DO NOT apply more than twice a year or within 60 days of harvest. Trees must be at least 1 year old. DO NOT allow spray to drift onto or contact foliage, fruit, stems, or trunks of trees. DO NOT apply to bare ground. DO NOT apply on light, sandy soils. Past research has shown concerns of injury when applying 2,4-D on sandy soils, immediately before a large rain and during early bud or leaf break. Extreme caution must be taken to avoid off target movement of 2,4-D. Certain crops, like cotton and vegetables, can be severely injured by 2,4-D drift. Some formulations may limit use rate 2 pt/A. Sequential applications may be used as long as there are at least 30 days between applications. See product label for details.

2,4-D cholineEmbed Extra

4 1–4 pt 0.4–1.8 Embed Extra contains the same active ingredient used on 2,4-D tolerant crops. Use only orchards established at least 1 year or longer. DO NOT apply within two weeks either side of bloom. Embed Extra has a 60 day PHI for pecan. Do not use on sandy or loamy sand soils. Allow 75 days between sequential applications. DO NOT allow spray to drift onto or contact foliage, fruit, stems, or trunks of trees.

fluazifopFusilade DX 2EC 2 lb/gal

18–24 fl oz

0.125–0.38 Use for control of annual and perennial grasses under bearing or non-bearing trees. Sequential applications will be necessary for control of perennial grass weeds like bermudagrass and johnsongrass. Low spray volumes (10 GPA) generally improve control. Add crop oil concentrate (1 qt/A). Make application to johnsongrass: 12–18" tall; bermudagrass: 3" tall or with 4–8" runners; annual grasses: 2–8" tall. Does not control nutsedge(s). DO NOT apply when harvestable nuts are on the ground. DO NOT graze treated area. DO NOT apply within 30 days of harvest.


n COMMERCIAL PECAN WEED CONTROL

HERBICIDE MOA

BROADCAST RATE/ACRE




POST-EMERGENCE (continued)

sethoxydimPoast 1.5EC1.5 lb/gal

11–2.5 pt

0.3–0.5 Use for control of annual and perennial grasses. Sequential applications will be necessary for control of perennial grass weeds like bermudagrass and johnsongrass. Low spray volumes (10 GPA) generally improve control. Add crop oil concentrate (1 qt/A). Use low rate on annual grasses up to 6" tall; higher rates on larger annual grasses and perennial grasses. Does not control nutsedge. DO NOT harvest within 15 days of application.

clethodimSelect 2.0EC and various brands

16–8 fl oz

Use for control of annual and perennial grasses in NON-BEARING trees that will not be harvested within 1 year of application. Use higher rates and sequential applications for perennial grasses. Add a non-ionic surfactant containing at least 80% ai at a rate of 1 qt/100 gal of spray solution (0.25% v/v). Make application to johnsongrass: 12–18" tall; bermudagrass: 3" tall or with 4–8" runners; annual grasses: 2-8" tall. Does not control nutsedge.

Select Max 1 lb/gal

Intensity One 1 lb/gal 12–1 6 oz

halosulfuronSandea 75WDG

20.67–1.33 oz

0.032–0.063 For control of nutsedge, pigweed, radish, and cocklebur. Apply as directed spray under trees established for at least 1 year. Avoid contact of spray with trunk, stem, roots, or tree foliage. May apply up to 2 applications. DO NOT apply within 1 day of harvest. See label for rate restrictions related to soil texture. Tank mix with glyphosate for broad spectrum control

paraquat Firestorm 3SL Gramaxone 3SLParazoneParaquat Concentrate 3 lb/gal

221.75–2.7 pt

0.65–1 Use for broad spectrum, contact control of emerged weeds. Apply as a directed spray in at least 20 gal of water with 1–2 pt surfactant/100 gal of spray mix or 1% crop oil concentrate (1 gal/100 gal spray mix). Apply when annual weeds are succulent and 1–6" tall. DO NOT allow spray drift to contact foliage or green bark of trees since severe damage may occur.DO NOT allow animals to graze on treated areas. May be tank mixed with certain pre-emergence herbicides for effective residual weed control. DO NOT apply when nuts are on the ground.

Gramoxone SL 2 lb/gal

2–4 pt

glufosinateCheetah, Reckon,Rely, Lifeline, orSurmise2.34 lb/gal

1048 fl oz

0.88–1.5 Use for broad spectrum control of emerged weeds and grasses, both annuals and perennials. Apply as a directed spray in high spray volumes on non-bearing and bearing trees. Possesses contact and limits systemic activity, but does well on wild brambles and perennial grasses. Does not have soil residual activity. DO NOT contact foliage or green bark. Glufosinate formulations are loaded with surfactant therefore NO additional nonionic surfactants or crop oil is needed. The addition of spray graded ammonium sulfate fertilizer at 8-10 lb/100 gal will enhance glufosinate activity.

15UGA Cooperative Extension Bulletin 841 | 2020 Commercial Pecan Spray Guide 15UGA Cooperative Extension Bulletin 841 | 2020 Commercial Pecan Spray Guide

FOLIAR ZINC SPRAYS FOR BEARING PECAN TREESLenny Wells, Extension Horticulturist

Do not apply foliar zinc unless there is a history of zinc deficiency in the orchard or if leaf analysis suggests a need.

TIME OF APPLICATION MATERIALAMOUNT

PER 100 GALLONS INSTRUCTIONS AND REMARKSAll fungicide (scab)sprays through mid-May

Zinc Sulfate+Urea (feed grade) orPotassium Nitrate orFormulated Zn sprays(NZN-NuZincTracite 10% and many other trade names)

2 lb

4 lb

FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

Do not concentrate. Use only at the dilute rate.

Zinc compatible with pesticides recommended on pecans.

First cover spray Same as above

FOLIAR ZINC SPRAYS FOR NON-BEARING PECAN TREES


PER 100 GALLONS INSTRUCTIONS AND REMARKSAll pesticide sprays (scab and insects) through mid- August

Zinc Sulfate+Urea (feed grade) orPotassium Nitrate orFormulated Zn sprays(NZN-NuZincTracite 10% and many other trade names)

2 lb+

4 lb

FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

Do not concentrate. Use only at the dilute rate.

Zinc compatible with pesticide recommended on pecans.

16 UGA Cooperative Extension Bulletin 841 | 2020 Commercial Pecan Spray Guide16 UGA Cooperative Extension Bulletin 841 | 2020 Commercial Pecan Spray Guide

FOLIAR NICKEL SPRAYS FOR BEARING AND NON-BEARING PECAN TREES


PER 100 GALLONS INSTRUCTIONS AND REMARKSMake application 10-24 days after bud break. Followed by a second application in mid-July.

Nickel Lignosulfonate (Nickel Plus)( 6% Ni)

1-1.5 pt (April)1.5-2 pt (July)

Can be tank-mixed with all fungicides, insecticides, nutrients, etc., including zinc. It is not necessary to add urea, which is already present.

For trees with visible mouse ear symptoms, or for newly transplanted trees, especially on sandy sites, or in orchards with a history of high zinc use, make a third application in early October before leaf fall.

Symptoms will be corrected 14-21 days after spring application, therefore all fall applica-tion ensures adequate levels of nickel in the plant tissue at budbreak. Research suggests that the lignosulfonate solution poses a lower risk for orchard workers and environmental safety than the metallic salt solution.

Make 1 st application at parachutestage and 2nd application 6 weeks later.

Nickel Sulfate(10% Ni)

1 pt

All foliar micro-nutrient applications should be made only on an “as-needed” basis as determined by leaf tissue analysis and/or visual symptoms.

FOLIAR BORON APPLICATION FOR BEARING PECAN TREES


PER 100 GALLONS INSTRUCTIONS AND REMARKSBegin Boron applications with 2ndPrepollination spray. Make 3 applications.

Solubur (20.5%) 1/16 lb of actualBoron

Do not concentrate. Do not apply more than 1 lb. of total Boron per season.

When mixing Boron with imidacloprid, check pH of the solution and add a n acidifying agent when necessary to bring pH below 7.5.

Boron Plus(10% B)

1 pt

Top Side LiquidBoron (6%)

1 pt

17UGA Cooperative Extension Bulletin 841 | 2020 Commercial Pecan Spray Guide 17UGA Cooperative Extension Bulletin 841 | 2020 Commercial Pecan Spray Guide

FORMULATION1 ABBREVIATIONSa.i. = active ingredient EC = emulsifiable concentrate S = sprayable powder

AC = aqueous concentrate EL = emulsifiable liquid SC = spray concentrate

AS = aqueous suspension F = flowable SP = soluble powder

DF = dry flowable FC = flowable concentrate W = wettable powder

DG = dispersible granules G = granulesWDG = water dispersible

granular

B = bait L = liquidWDL = water dispersible

liquid

D = dust LC = liquid concentrate WM = water miscible

E = emulsifiable M = microencapsulated WP = wettable powder

1 Numbers preceding abbreviations for liquid formulations equal pounds of active ingredient per gallon (e.g., 4EC = 4 lb/gal emulsifiable concentrate); numbers preceding abbreviations for solid formulations equal percent active ingredient by weight (e.g., 50WP = 50 percent wettable powder).

MEASURES AND EQUIVALENTStsp = teaspoon 1 teaspoon = 4.9 milliliters

Tbs. = tablespoon 1 Tbs = 3 teaspoons = 14.8 milliliters

fl oz. = fluid ounce 1 fl oz = 2 tablespoons = 29.6 milliliters

c = cup 1 c = 8 fluid ounces = 236.6 milliliters

pt = pint(s)(1.04 lb of water)

1 pt = 2 cups = 473.2 milliliters

pt/100 = pint(s) per 100 gal 1 pt/100 = 1 teaspoon per gal

qt = quart(s)(2.09 lb of water)

1 qt = 2 pints = 946.4 milliliters

gal = gallon(s) (8.35 lb of water)

1 gal = 4 quarts = 3.7854 liters

oz = ounce 1 ounce = 28.35 grams

lb = pound 1 lb = 16 ounces = 453.59 grams

in = inch 1 in = 1000 mils = 2.54 centimeters (25,400 microns)

ft = feet 1 ft = 12 inches = 30.48 centimeters

yd = yard 1 yd = 3 feet = 91.44 centimeters

mi = mile 1 mi = 5,280 feet = 1,609 meters (16.09 kilometers)

sq in = square inch 1 square inch = 6.45 square centimeters

sq ft = square feet 1 sq. ft = 144 square inches = 929.03 square centimeters

A = acre 1 A = 43,560 square feet = 0.4047 hectare

cu in = cubic inch 1 cubic inch = 16.387 cubic centimeters

cu ft = cubic feet 1 cu ft = 1,728 cubic inches = 0.0283 cubic meter

cu yd = cubic yard 1 cu.yd = 27 cubic feet = 0.7646 cubic meter

ppm = parts per million 1 ppm = 1,000 parts per billion

= 1 milligram/kilogram3

psi = pounds per square inch

1 psi = 70.3 gram-force per square centimeter

3 l milligram/kilogram or 1 p.p.m. is equal to 1 milligram/liter of water.

METHOD OR TIME OF APPLICATION ABBREVIATIONS

CR = cracking stagePEI = pre-emergence

incorporatedPRE = pre-emergence

LV = low volume PO = post-emergence PT = post-transplant

NS = nonselectivePOT = post-emergence

over-the-topRCS = recirculating sprayer

PDS = post-emergence directed spray

PP = pre-plant ULV = ultra low volume2

PE = pre-emergence on surface PPI = pre-plant soil incorporated WICK = rope wick applicator

2 Ultra low volume refers to a total spray volume of one-half gallon or less per acre.

RATE CALCULATIONS AND SPRAYER CALIBRATIONS

See the 2016 Georgia Pest Management Handbook or the “Pesticide Safety & Other Pesticide Information” section online at www.ent.uga.edu/pest-management/

Published by the University of Georgia in cooperation with Fort Valley State University, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and counties of the state. For more information, contact your local UGA Cooperative Extension office.The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (working cooperatively with Fort Valley State University, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the counties of Georgia) offers its educational programs, assistance, and materials to all people without regard to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, gender identity, sexual orientation or protected veteran status and is an Equal Opportunity, Affirmative Action organization.

Bulletin 841 Revised January 2021

extension.uga.edu

2021 commercial - university of georgia

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