2020 - volume 6, november issue 11

2020 - VOLUME 6, NOVEMBER ISSUE 11

Research Article

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ABSTRACT Article View (13) Article Download (6)

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https://www.wjpls.org/home/article_abstract/2024




https://www.wjpls.org/download/article/59102020/1604126401.pdf








































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www.wjpls.org │ Vol 6, Issue 11, 2020. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │

149

Bidura. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Science

SUPPLEMENTATION OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAVES FLOUR IN DIET ON

CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILER

Bidura I. G. N. G.*

Faculty of Animimal Science, Udayana University, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia.

Article Received on 21/09/2020 Article Revised on 11/10/2020 Article Accepted on 31/10/2020

INTRODUCTION

The trend of using phytochemical compounds from herbs

in feed and drinking water has increased over the past

two decades. The results of the study showed that the use

of antibiotics in excessive feed would intensify the

potential risks of increasing resistance in human

pathogens. Bacterial resistance and antibiotic residues in

animal products cause increasing concern in using

antibiotics as a growth driver and ultimately result in a

ban on the use of antibiotics in feed in most developed

countries. Recently, in Indonesia there has been a ban on

the use of antibiotics, so phytochemicals of herbal leaves

have been suggested as the most beneficial alternative

for livestock because of their beneficial effects

(Abdelqader et al., 2013; Bidura, 2020; Gheisar and

Kim, 2018).

The use of herbal leaf in diets can increase feed

digestibility, thereby increasing the growth of poultry

and the value of the benefits of herbal leaves (Bidura,

2020; Ahmed et al., 2016). According of Frankic et al.

(2009) and Bidura (2020), supplementation of herbal

plant in diets can improve taste and feed consumption,

stimulate animal appetite, and then increase feed intake.

As a result, increased feed intake can contribute to

increased productivity of poultry. Different results

regarding the effects of herbal leaves additives on

livestock production performance were reported in the

study that supplementation of herbal leaves, turned out to

have no effect on growth, but reduced feed consumption

and increased feed efficiency compared to controls

(Ahmed et al., 2016; Ahmed et al. 2017; Gheisar and

Kim, 2018). In general, some results of the study show

the positive effects of herbal phytochemical compounds

on livestock performance (Gheisar and Kim, 2018; Lei et

al., 2018; Bidura et al., 2017). These conflicting results

regarding growth performance responses to natural herbs

or extractions can be caused by different herb species,

concentrations of herbs, and methods of processing herbs

(Windisch et al., 2008; Embuscado, 2015).

It is interesting to study the use of medicinal properties

of phytochemicals, because some elements of

phytochemical compounds in Moringa oleifera which

are antibacterial, and contain Beta-carotene which act as

carbohydrate color active substances, and are in principle

as one of the conditions for evaluating meat quality.

Phytochemical compounds contained in Moringa

oleifera leaf include: flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and

several other phenolic compounds that have

antimicrobial activity (Bukar et al., 2010; Gomez et al.,

2019), reduce blood cholesterol levels and increase HDL

levels, whereas saponins are proven to be efficacious as

anticancer, antimicrobial, and reduce blood cholesterol

levels (Santoso et al., 2015; Bidura et al., 2017).

Research Article

ISSN 2454-2229 wjpls, 2020, Vol. 6, Issue 11, 149-154

World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences WJPLS

www.wjpls.org SJIF Impact Factor: 6.129

Corresponding Author: Bidura I. G. N. G.

Faculty of Animimal Science, Udayana University, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia.

ABSTRACT

The objectives of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding differents level of Moringa oleifera leaves flour

(MLF) in diet carcass characteristcis of broiler. A total of 240 day-old-chick broiler with an average initial body

weight were randomly allotted into four diet treatments. The diet treatments included: diet with 0% MLF as control

(A); diet with 2% MLF (B); diet with 4% MLF (C); and diet with 6% MLF (D), respectively. Result showed that

the diet with MLF treatment had improved final body weight, slaughtered weight, carcass weight, and breast meat

weight compared with control treatments (p<.05). The meat content in the breast weight of the carcass of the B, C,

and D groups were significantly different (P<0.05) higher than control (Table 2). The average of abdominal-fat

percentage in the B, C, and D groups was significantly different (P<0.05) decreasing compared to the abdominal-

fat percentage in the Group control. In conclusion, supplementation of 2-6% MLF in diets can improve carcass

quantity, but decreasing abdominal fat in broiler.

KEYWORDS: Moringa oleifera, carcass, breast meat, broiler.


150


The purpose of this study was to evaluate of Moringa

oleifera leaf flour supplement in rations to increase

carcass weight and breast meat of broiler.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Animal treatments and experimental design. Two

hundred and fourty day-old-cheaks were used in a

completely randomized design experiment. All diets

were isonitrogenous (CP: 20.60%) and isoenergetic (ME:

3000 kcal/kg). The diets were formulated to meet the

nutrient requirements for poultry (Scott et al., 1982) for 5

weeks of experiment. The ingredients and chemical

compositions of the feed are shown in Table 1

Table 1: Ingredients and calculated composition of the diets (percentage as-fed-basis).

Ingredients (%) Level of MLF in Diets (%)

0 2 4 6

Yellow corn 55.50% 53.70% 53.20% 53.20%

Rice bran 8.50% 8.70% 9.20% 9.20%

Coconut meal 9.00% 8.80% 7.20% 7.20%

Soybean meal 12.50% 11.50% 11.50% 11.50%

Fish meal 14.00% 14.00% 13.50% 13.50%

Coconut oil 0.00% 0.80% 0.90% 0.90%

MLF 0.00% 2.00% 4.00% 4.00%

Mineral-Mix*)

0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50%

Total 100 100 100 100

Chemical composition**)

Metabolizable energy (Kcal/kg) 3002 3002 2998 3000

Crude protein % 20.58 20.6 20.59 20.59

Ether extract % 6.94 7.59 7.75 7.75

Crude fibre % 4.25 4.35 4.36 4.36

Calcium % 1.37 1.42 1.43 1.43

Phosphor % 0.72 0.74 0.74 0.74

Arginine % 1.55 1.54 1.50 1.50

Histidine % 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Isoleucine % 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.04

Leucine % 1.88 1.87 1.86 1.86

Lysine % 1.44 1.44 1.43 1.43

Methionine % 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.46

Phenylalanine % 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Treonine % 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.89

Tryptophan % 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.24

Valine % 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.06

*) The mineral composition of B12 per 10 kg contains: Calsium: 49%; Phosphor 14%; Iron: 40000 mg; Manganese:

27500 mg; Mg: 27.500 mg; Zinccum: 25 mg; Vit-B12: 4.50 mg and Vit D3: 500000 IU. PT. Eka Farma. Deptan RI

No. D 8109127 FTS **) Based on calculation according to Scott et al. (l982)

Slaughter procedures: At the end of the experiment, all

of the birds were fasted for 12 hours, but drinking water

were still provided, so that the birds were not stress. The

method of slaughtering was adapted to the instructions of

slaughtering a poultry in sloughtering house.

Five chickens were slaughtered in each experimental

unit, or as many as 30 in each treatment group, so that

the total number of chickens that were slaughtered was

120. Slaughtering chickens begins with bleeding

through the jugular vein. After the chicken dies, then put

it in hot water at a temperature of 500C. Then the chicken

is put into a feather removal machine. After the chicken

is clean, the digestive tract organs (esophagus, crop,

proventriculus, ventriculus, small intestine, cecum,

colon) and internal organs (liver, heart, and lungs, except

the kidneys) are removed. Carcass weight is the weight

of a chicken without feathers, blood, digestive tract

organs, internal organs, head and feet. The carcass

percentage is the weight of the chicken before slaughter

divided by the carcass weight times 100%.

To get the amount of breast meat, first do the separation

of the chicken breast from the carcass, namely cutting

the breastbone link with the back and wings of the

chicken carcass. After the chicken breast pieces were

obtained, then separated between the bones, meat and

skin. Percentage of breast meat is the weight of breast

meat divided by carcass weight x 100 g carcass weight

(g/100 g carcass weight).

Process of making flour Moringa leaves

The old Moringa oleifera leaves (yellow to dark green)

are dried in the sun for two days. After drying, then


151


crushed and sieved with a 2-4 mm diameter sieve.

Moringa leaf flour is then put in a plastic bag and ready

to be used in rations. More details are presented in Figure

1.

Figure 1: Moringa oleifera leaf flour.

Statistical analysis. All data were analyzed by one-way

ANOVA to determine the difference (P<0.05) between

treatments. If differences were found (P<0.05), further

analysis was carried out with Duncan's multiple range

test.

RESULTS

Carcass characteristics

The final body weight, carcass weight, carcass

percentages, breast weight, and abdominal-fat in groups

fed the experimental diets are shown in Table 2. The

treated birds exhibited (Group B, C, and D) higher

significantly different (P<0.05) on final body weight,

carcass weight, carcass percentages, and breast weight

than the control bird. But, abdominal fat on the treated

birds exhibited (Group B, C, and D) lower significantly

different (P<0.05) than the control bird. No significant

differences (P>0.05) in the born and subcutaneous-fat

include skin on the breast of birds were observed among

the dietary treated groups.

The average of final body weight in the B, C, and D

groups was significantly different (P<0.05) increasing by

5.78%; 8.28%; and 6.35%, respectively, compared to the

final body weight in the Group control (Group A). The

average of carcass weight in the B, C, and D Groups

were: 11.25%; 13.93%; and 11.67%, respectively,

significantly different (P<0.05) higher than control. The

percentage of carcass in the birds of the B, C, and D

Groups were: 5.10%; 5.21%; and 5.01%, respectively,

significantly different (P<0.05) higher than group A

(control).

The average of breast weight in the B, C, and D groups

was significantly different (P<0.05) increasing by 4.64%;

5.34%; and 5.12%, respectively, compared to the breast

weight in the Group control (Group A). The meat

content in the breast weight of the carcass of the B, C,

and D groups were: 4.65%; 5.23%; and 4.93%,

repectively, significantly different (P<0.05) higher than

control (Table 2).

Abdominal-fat

The average of abdominal-fat percentage in the B, C, and

D groups was significantly different (P<0.05) decreasing

by 6.12%; 8.50%; and 6.80%, respectively, compared to

the abdominal-fat percentage in the Group control

(Group A).

Table 2: The effect of MLF in diets on carcass weight, breast meat, and abdominal fat in broiler.

Variabel Level of MLF in Diets (%)

1)

SEM2)

0 2 4 6

Initial body weight (g) 47.86a 48.05a 48.62a 47.79a 0.031

Final body weight (g) 2074.83b3)

2194.81a 2246.72a 2206.51a 31.815

Carcass weight (g) 1537.03b 1709.88a 1751.09a 1716.44a 42.053

Carcass percentages (%) 74.08b 77.86a 77.94a 77.79a 0.805

Breast weight (g/100 g carcass weight) 37.28b 39.01a 39.27a 39.19a 0.409

Born 14.18a 11.46a 10.57a 10.63a 1.219

Breast meat 76.08b 79.62a 80.06a 79.83a 0.935

Subcutaneous-fat include skin 9.74a 8.92a 9.37a 9.54 0.691

Abdominal-fat (g/100 g body weight) 2.94b 2.76a 2.69a 2.74a 0,.051

Note

1. Moringa oleifera leaf powder

2. SEM: Standard Error of Treatment Means

3. Means with different superscripts within raw values

are significantly different (P<0.05)


152


DISCUSSIONS

In the current study, dietary inclusion of Moringa

oleifera leaves powder to a greater final body weight,

carcass weight, and carcass percentage in growing-

finishing broiler compared with control diet throughout

the entire experiment, indicating that the MLF may had

some positive effects on the poultry, which is in

agreement with Bidura (2020), that the main way of

action of this active ingredient is the inhibition of

microbial pathogens and endotoxins in the gastro

intestinal tract and increased pancreatic activity, resulting

in better metabolism and utilization of nutrients

(Windisch et al., 2008; Grashorn, 2010).

According Soliva et al. (2005), MLF are known to be

very poor in anti-nutritional content and have been used

in poultry or monogastrics. This result is contrary to that

reported by Teteh et al. (2013) that the digestion and

absorption of nutrients were reduce in high use of MLF

in feed, can cause increased levels of saponin as an

antinutrient.

Moringa leaves containing active compounds, such as

alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics,

triterpenoids/steroids, and tannins (Putra et al., 2016;

Gomes et al., 2019) its can coused improve final body

weight and carcass weight in chicken groups that

received FML (Ahmad et al., 2017).

Table 2 shows that increasing the use of FML in feed

(Groups B, C, and D), significantly (P<0.05) reduces

abdominal-fat content in body of birds. The decrease in

abdominal-fat levels is caused by antioxidant content

(flavonoids and carotenoids) in herbal leaves

(Benakmoum et al., 2013).

The decrease in fat content is due to the fact that

Moringa leaves contain sterols (β-sitosterol) which are

quite high, which causes the storage of triglycerides in

the body to decrease (Hussain et al., 2014).

Supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf flour or extract

in the ration or drinking water can reduce the cholesterol

content of chicken meat (Ekayuni et al., 2017; Puspani et

al., 2018). Santoso research reports that administration

of 5% herbal leaves fermented, significantly reduced fat

and cholesterol content in broiler meat.

Moringa leaves are believed to have a balanced amino

acid content, and contain high secondary metabolite

compounds, and contain several anti-nutritional

compounds. Tannin phytochemical compounds found in

Moringa leaves can denature protein and prevent

bacterial digestion, while flavonoid compounds are

compounds that dissolve in water and function to inhibit

the growth of pathogenic microbes (Naiborhu, 2002).

According to Ahmed et al. (2017), Moringa leaves can

be used as a wound dressing and laxative, as well as anti-

anemia.

Decreased abdominal fat content in chickens, according

to Bidura et al. (2008) due to the high crude fiber content

in Moringa leaves, which can cause the digestive flow

rate in the digestive tract of chickens to increase, so that

the absorption of fat in the intestine is inhibited by crude

fiber, so that less fat is absorbed. The type of fiber and

fiber content in plants affect digestive performance and

properties, and the effect varies according to fiber

content (Bidura et al., 2008). Research results from

Hernandes et al. (2004) reported that supplemental plant

extracts could increase nutrient digestibility in the

digestive tract of poultry. Herbal extracts, such as Garlic,

can increase the activity of pancreatic enzymes and

microenvironment conditions for better nutrient

utilization in mice (Ramakrishna et al., 2003).

The active compounds contained in MLF leaves, such as

tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, have

antimicrobial properties in vitro. These active

compounds in the digestive tract of chickens can help

absorb nutrients. As reported by Adibmoradi et al.

(2006) stated that the herbal active compounds contained

in garlic were found to increase villi height and crypto

depth, as well as reduce epithelial thickness and villi cell

numbers in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of poultry.

Increased villi height, as well as decreased epithelial

thickness in the walls of the duodenum, jejunum and

ileum, can increase nutrient uptake (Nusairate, 2007).

This is evident in the study of Bidura et al. (2017) who

reported that giving Sauropus leaf extract through

drinking water could increase feed efficiency in laying

hens.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that supplementation of 2-6% Moringa

oleifera leaf powder in diets positively changed carcass

weight, carcass percentage, and breast meat, but

decreased abdominal fat in broiler.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to thank the Rector of Udayana

University, Denpasar-Bali for their support during this

research, including research funding. Thanks also to the

Dean of Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana

University for their support.

Conflict of interest declaration: The authors have no

conflict of interests in the research and data reported in

this paper.

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2020 - volume 6, november issue 11

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