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 · 2020-04-28 · fig. s2. xrd data of na0.67mn0.8cu0.1ti0.1o2 and na0.67mn0.6cu0.2ti0.2o2. tab....

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  •  · 2020-04-28 · Fig. S2. XRD data of Na0.67Mn0.8Cu0.1Ti0.1O2 and Na0.67Mn0.6Cu0.2Ti0.2O2. Tab. S2. ICP results of transition metals for NMCT and NM samples. Sample Mn Cu Ti NM
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Electronic supporting information (ESI) Improving the structural and cyclic stability of P2-type Na 0.67 MnO 2 cathode material via Cu and Ti co-substitution for sodium ion batteries Xueping Zhang, a Feilong Qiu, a Kezhu Jiang, a Ping He, a Min Han, a Shaohua Guo *a and Haoshen Zhou ab a National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China. b Energy Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan. Correspondence and request for materials should be addressed to S.G. ([email protected]) or H.Z. ([email protected]). Experiments Material synthesis Na 0.67 Mn 0.7 Cu 0.15 Ti 0.15 O 2 (NMCT) and Na 0.67 MnO 2 (NM) were synthesized by solid state methods. Stoichiometric amounts of Na 2 CO 3 (Sigma-Aldrich), Mn 2 O 3 (Aladdin), CuO (Aladdin) and TiO 2 (Aladdin) powders were mixed using a ball mill and pressed into pellets. These were heated in air at 900℃ for 15h followed to room temperature in the furnace and stored under ambient condition. Material characterization All the XRD patterns were collected on a D8 Advance diffractometer (Bruker) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å). Rietveld refinement of the XRD data were performed with general structural analysis system (GSAS). 1 The morphology of powder was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi SU8010) and high- resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, FEI TECNAI F20). The distribution of each element was tested by the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping. The accurate elementary composition of the sample was measured by inductively coupled plasma-absorption emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were conducted on a Thermo Scientific ESCALAB 250 XI X-ray photoelectron spectrometer. Electrochemical measurements The cathode consist of NMCT/MN: acetylene black: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with the ratio of 75:20:5 onto a clean Al foil. And then the electrode was placed in a vacuum oven at 120 ºC for 5h. Sodium half-cells were assembled in an Ar-filled glove box using a NC-061 type electrolyte (DoDoChem.). The electrochemical properties were carried out on a Land BT2000 battery tester in Na half-cells at the galvanostatic mode. The operando XRD data was collected at 0.1 C by Chronopotentiometry (CP) test. EIS tests were detected by solartron 1260-1287. Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for ChemComm. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2020

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Page 1:  · 2020-04-28 · Fig. S2. XRD data of Na0.67Mn0.8Cu0.1Ti0.1O2 and Na0.67Mn0.6Cu0.2Ti0.2O2. Tab. S2. ICP results of transition metals for NMCT and NM samples. Sample Mn Cu Ti NM

Electronic supporting information (ESI)

Improving the structural and cyclic stability of P2-type Na0.67MnO2 cathode material via Cu and Ti co-substitution for sodium ion batteries

Xueping Zhang, a Feilong Qiu, a Kezhu Jiang, a Ping He, a Min Han, a Shaohua Guo *a and Haoshen Zhou ab

a National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.b Energy Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan.Correspondence and request for materials should be addressed to S.G. ([email protected]) or H.Z. ([email protected]).

Experiments

Material synthesisNa0.67Mn0.7Cu0.15Ti0.15O2 (NMCT) and Na0.67MnO2 (NM) were synthesized by solid state methods. Stoichiometric amounts of Na2CO3 (Sigma-Aldrich), Mn2O3 (Aladdin), CuO (Aladdin) and TiO2 (Aladdin) powders were mixed using a ball mill and pressed into pellets. These were heated in air at 900℃ for 15h followed to room temperature in the furnace and stored under ambient condition.

Material characterizationAll the XRD patterns were collected on a D8 Advance diffractometer (Bruker) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å). Rietveld refinement of the XRD data were performed with general structural analysis system (GSAS).1 The morphology of powder was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi SU8010) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, FEI TECNAI F20). The distribution of each element was tested by the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping. The accurate elementary composition of the sample was measured by inductively coupled plasma-absorption emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were conducted on a Thermo Scientific ESCALAB 250 XI X-ray photoelectron spectrometer.

Electrochemical measurements

The cathode consist of NMCT/MN: acetylene black: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with the ratio of 75:20:5 onto a clean Al foil. And then the electrode was placed in a vacuum oven at 120 ºC for 5h. Sodium half-cells were assembled in an Ar-filled glove box using a NC-061 type electrolyte (DoDoChem.). The electrochemical properties were carried out on a Land BT2000 battery tester in Na half-cells at the galvanostatic mode. The operando XRD data was collected at 0.1 C by Chronopotentiometry (CP) test. EIS tests were detected by solartron 1260-1287.

Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for ChemComm.This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2020

Page 2:  · 2020-04-28 · Fig. S2. XRD data of Na0.67Mn0.8Cu0.1Ti0.1O2 and Na0.67Mn0.6Cu0.2Ti0.2O2. Tab. S2. ICP results of transition metals for NMCT and NM samples. Sample Mn Cu Ti NM

Fig. S1. (a) XRD spectra (b)TEM images and (c)mapping of NM.

Tab. S1. Refinement results of NMCT and NM samples.

Sample NMCT NM

Phase P2-type P2-type

Space Group P63/mmc P63/mmc

a (Å) 2.92239(2) a (Å) 2.86877(4)

b (Å) 2.92239(2) b (Å) 2.86877(4)

c (Å) 11.23782(1) c (Å) 11.16545(2)

α (°) 90.000 α (°) 90

β (°) 90.000 β (°) 90

γ (°) 120.000 γ (°) 120

Cell Parameters

Volume (Å3) 82.91(7) Volume (Å3) 79.57(9)

Rwp (%) 10.81 Rwp (%) 14.41

Rp (%) 6.85 Rp (%) 10.46Agreement Factors

CHI*2 7.345 CHI*2 7.106

Page 3:  · 2020-04-28 · Fig. S2. XRD data of Na0.67Mn0.8Cu0.1Ti0.1O2 and Na0.67Mn0.6Cu0.2Ti0.2O2. Tab. S2. ICP results of transition metals for NMCT and NM samples. Sample Mn Cu Ti NM

Fig. S2. XRD data of Na0.67Mn0.8Cu0.1Ti0.1O2 and Na0.67Mn0.6Cu0.2Ti0.2O2.

Tab. S2. ICP results of transition metals for NMCT and NM samples.

Sample Mn Cu Ti

NM 1 0 0

NMCT 0.70 0.16 0.14

Fig. S3. The charge/discharge curves of (a) Na0.67Mn0.8Cu0.1Ti0.1O2 and (b)Na0.67Mn0.6Cu0.2Ti0.2O2.

Fig. S4. The cycling performance with the Coulombic efficiency at 20C for NM.

Page 4:  · 2020-04-28 · Fig. S2. XRD data of Na0.67Mn0.8Cu0.1Ti0.1O2 and Na0.67Mn0.6Cu0.2Ti0.2O2. Tab. S2. ICP results of transition metals for NMCT and NM samples. Sample Mn Cu Ti NM

Fig. S5. The equivalent circuit of fitted EIS data for NMCT and NM.

Tab. S3. EIS parameters of the equivalent circuits of NMCT and NM after different cycles.

Sample NM NMCT

Rs/Ω 6.975 6.79

Rf/Ω 513.4 530.14

After 1 cycle

Rct/Ω 680.9 681.7

Rs/Ω 5.827 5.269

Rf/Ω 217.5 232.2

After 100 cycles

Rct/Ω 1751 1177

Fig. S6. Ex-situ XRD patterns of NMCT electrodes. (a)initial, (b)charged to 4 V and (c)discharged to 1.5 V.

Page 5:  · 2020-04-28 · Fig. S2. XRD data of Na0.67Mn0.8Cu0.1Ti0.1O2 and Na0.67Mn0.6Cu0.2Ti0.2O2. Tab. S2. ICP results of transition metals for NMCT and NM samples. Sample Mn Cu Ti NM

Fig. S7. TEM images of NMCT electrodes for charged to 4 V (a) and discharged to 1.5 V (b).

Fig. S8. XPS of Mn 2p(a), Cu 2p(b) and Ti 2p(c) of NMCT electrodes for the initial electrode, charged to 4 V and discharged to 1.5 V, respectively.

Fig. S9. XRD patterns of NMCT and the water-soaked NMCT.

References

1. Larson, A. C. and Von Dreele, R. B. GSAS: General Structure Analysis System (LANSCE, MS-H805, Los Alamos, NM, 1994).


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