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IJRAR1903293 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 302

TRIBAL RIGHTS AND ADMINISTRATIVE

SET-UP: A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TRIBAL

TRACTS OF ODISHA Dr. Pradeepta Kumar Mishra Lecturer In Economics, Dr. Shyama Prasad College, M.V-79 , Malkangiri District Odisha ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

From time immemorial, majority of tribals are living in the forest terrains in isolation and suffering

from exploitation by so called developing and developed society. The constitution of our country has

enacted many rights for the betterment of the aborigines but enforcement of laws and Acts seem to be not so

effective. The Traditional Forest Right which was a natural right of the indigenous people became was

converted to ‘Right and Privilege’ and ‘Right and Concession’ through the implementation of Forest Right

Act in 1952 and 1984 respectively. The Fundamental Rights Part III of our constitution relates to remove

inequalities in the society and to provide social justice to all sections of people including the downtrodden

and the tribal people. The State Directive Principles Part IV is embodied for an ideal Socio- Economic

structure with welfare of the people in general and tribals in particular. The Special Directive Principle Part-

XVII has also given emphasis on the welfare of tribals in particular. Neheru’s Panchasheel Principles and

appointment of Special Commissions from time to time act as a guide to the welfare of the STs and SCs. For

decentralisation of power and people’s participation in development activities, recommendation of Bhuria

Committee is an historic event and this has resulted 73rd amendment to the constitution in 1993 which is

popularly known as PESA. Article-275 (1) guarantees promotion of tribal welfare through ITDPs/ ITDAs,

MADA, Micro Projects and Cluster Pockets. Various schemes have been introduced by the Union and State

governments for rural development which are basically aimed at achieving individual target programmes.

Spending a lump-sum amount of money and implementing various schemes and programmes cann’t solve

their problems. Emphasis should be given to their tradition, religion and cultural ethos etc. The paper

highlights on Tribal Rights with an overview of tribal development paradigms of administration with special

reference to utterly backward districts of the State like Odisha for zoom vision.

Key wards

Tribal Rights and Concession, Right and privilege, Constitutional Rights, (Extension to Scheduled

Areas)Act (PESA),Scheduled Areas, Scheduled Tribes, Primitive Tribes, Joint Forest Management,

Economic Growth, Community Forest Management,Community Governance, Non Governmental

Organisations, Integrated Tribal Development Agencies, Micro Projects, Paradigm ,Tribal Sub- Plan,

Special Central Assistance.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Introduction

Since a long time, the tribal people are intimately linked with forest, which is their best source of

livelihood and existence. They have enjoyed freedom of religion and culture and observed various rituals

and ceremonies before and after hunting in the forest. Therefore, they think that, the use of the forest is their

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‘Natural Rights’. But the tribals in most cases are discouraged, depressed, demoralised and disturbed due to

several factors. Majority of them still suffer from illiteracy, ignorance, blind faith and superstitions. In pen

and paper, they are guaranteed all most all human rights, but in reality, human rights are practically denied.

The present socio-economic structure imbalances the process of economic growth and adversely affects the

weaker sections, specially, the tribals. Odisha is the 3rd largest tribal populated state next to Chhatisgargh

and Jharkhand in the country. There are 62 tribal communities including 13 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal

Groups (PTGs). There are 95.90 lakhs tribal people in the state which constitute 22.85 per cent to the total

population in the state and 9.66 per cent that of the country’s tribal population ( 2011 census).

2. Objectives

The main objectives of the paper are as follows:

*To consolidate different tribal rights and to organise development administration paradigms adopted

for the tribals.

*To find out ways to generate awareness among the tribals by focusing on their rights and privileges.

*To know the level of achievements of various programmes and schemes meant for the tribal

development in Odisha.

3. Traditional Forest Right and the Tribals

In course of time, several forest polices have been introduced in the country. Most of such policies

have taken away tribals freedom in using forest resources. The first Forest Policy was introduced through a

Resolution by the Union Ministry of Food and Agriculture on 12th May 1952,(It was the first Forest Policy

of the Government of India) which created a psychological conflict in the minds of the tribals. Once the

Lord of the forest, now availed “Right and Concession” in 1952 which changed into “Rights and

Privileges” in 1984. As a result, there was a clear visibility of the government’s policy to exercise closer

control over the forest and to regulate the rights and privileges of the users. Under such policy, tribals did

not have statutory rights, but enjoyed only certain concessions /privileges such as :

*Right to take water and digging of wells for agricultural purposes,

free grazing in open forests,

removal of stones and sands for the purpose of domestic use and agriculture,

*removal of timber, bamboo, reeds, canes etc. for construction and

repair of houses and for agricultural implements,

*collection and removal of head loads of dead woods for domestic use,

*collection of grass for cattle feeding and for covering their huts,

*fishing and hunting excluding the protective fauna.

4. Constitutional Rights and the Tribals

The constitution of India envisages certain provisions for development and protection of Scheduled

Tribes. There is no single policy to look after them rather there are several central and state Acts which have

been implemented and revised from time to time. Some special constitutional provisions are analysed here

under;




4.1 Fundamental Rights Part -III

The doctrines of equality and social justice are enshrined shows in the Article 14-19 excluding Article–

18 of the Constitution of India for solving the problems of inequality suffered by Scheduled Castes and

Scheduled Tribes to the rest of the people in the society. The Fundamental Rights part-III of the Constitution

under the Article-29 and Article-31(B) are meant for the protection of minorities (Cultural and Educational)

by embodying certain Acts and Regulations in favour of tribals.

4.2 Directive Principles of State Policy (Part-IV)

The State Directive Principles in part-IV of the constitution envisages for an ideal socio- economic

structure by striving to provide welfare of the people. Article-37 directs to the State to strive for minimizing

the inequalities. By realizing this, Article-38 shows facilities and opportunities amongst group of people in

the tribal societies.Article-40 relates to the organization of village Panchayats and Article-46 contains the

promotion of education and economic interest of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and also other

weaker sections in the country.

4.3 Special State Directive Policy in Part-XVII

Article-350(A) and Article–350(B) provide instructions about imparting education to the tribal students

in their mother tongue at primary level. It is also seen that the policy adopted in the International

Convention, on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ESCR) is similar to that of Part-III and Part–IV of

the constitution of India and our country accepted these on 10th April 1979.

4.4 Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes in Part -XVII

Article- 330 includes Reservation of seats in the House of People and Article 332 Reservation of seats

in the State Legislative Assemblies for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Article-335 relates to

the reservation of services and posts and Article–338 discusses about the functioning of National

Commission for SCs and STs, Article-339 provides the power to the Union Government to have control

over the administration of the Scheduled Areas and Welfare of the Scheduled Tribes. Article-340 empowers

the Government to appoint Commission to investigate into the problems of the backward classes. The

objectives of Article 341(1) and 342(1) is to provide additional protection to SCs and STs having regard to

the economic and educational backwardness. Article – 244 and 244(A) are both for Administration of

Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas in the Fifth Schedule.

1. Neheru’s Panchseel Principles

For the first time, five fundamental principles, known as “Panchsheel” were stated by the then Prime

Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Neheru which so far act as guide for tribal development. These are as follows:

*People should develop along the line of their own genius and we should avoid imposing anything on

them. We should try to encourage in every way their own traditional arts and culture,

*tribal rights to land and forests should be respected,

We should try to train and build up a team of their own people to do the work of administration and

development. Some technical personnel from outside will, nodoubt be needed, especially in the beginning,

But we should avoid introducing too many outsiders into the tribal territory,




We should not over administer their areas or overwhelm them with multiplicity of schemes. We should

rather work through, and not in rivalry to, their own social and cultural institutions,

We should judge results not by statistics or the amount of money spent, but by the quality of human

character that is evolved.

Human rights guaranteed in the constitution and convents signed by the international bodies are powerful

tools to save our aborigines from exploitation and to safeguard their right to live as citizen of the country.

2. ST/SC Commission and Tribal Rights

After the Article-338 of the Constitution, a special officer was designated as the Commissioner for the

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes would be appointed and Sri l. M. Srikant was appointed as the first

Commissioner on 18th Nov.1980. By the continuous demand from SC and ST Representatives, the special

officer as mentioned under the Article-338 replaced as an active independent multimember commission.

The first chairman of the Commission was Sri Bhola Pawan who continued his office from 1978 to

1981.The 65th amendment of Article-338, notified in the gazette on 8th June 1990, says that the National

Commission for STs and SCs created with special power to collect evidences as a civil court. The Home

Affairs of the government has been continuing to appoint other commissions from time to time under

Article-339. Commission and various departments are set up for different purposes. The main aim and

objectives of various Commissions and Departments are to protect tribal rights and to take steps to solve

tribal problems.

3. Bhuria Committee Recommendation and the Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to

Scheduled Areas)Act (PESA)

To ensure more decentralization of power and people’s participation in development process, 73rd

Amendment Act was passed in the parliament in 1993. By keeping in view of Article-273(M) and with the

recommendation of Bhuria Committee, the Indian parliament has passed the provision of the Panchayats

(Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act PESA in 1996. PESA was made applicable to nine States like, Andhra

Pradesh, Chhatishgarh, Gujurat, Jharkhand. Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra

and Odisha.

The Central Act of PESA, which came into force w.e.f.24th December, 1996 states that a state

legislature on the Panchayats shall be in consonance with the customary law, social and religious practices

and traditional management practices of community recourses. As per the Act the Grama Sabha shall be

endowed with powers like, to enforce prohibition or regulate, restrict sale and consumption of intoxicants,

membership of minor forest produce, prevent alienation of land and restore unlawfully alienated land.

Scheduled Tribe money lending management of village market, control over institutions and functionaries in

all social sectors, control over local plans and resources including tribal sub-plan, last but not the least, the

Gram Sabha is to be the centre of decentralization in managing, protecting and preserving the traditions,

customs of the tribals. With the passing of PESA,1996 (Central Act) the State Government of Orrisa

amended the Orrisa Gram Panchayat Act,1964, Orrisa Panchayat Samiti Act 1959 and Orrisa Zilla parishad




Act, 1991 w.e.f. 22. 12. 1997 i.e. within the mandatory period of one year of coming into force of PESA, i.e.

24th December 1996.

8. Right to Prevent of Land in the Scheduled Areas

The problem of land acquisition in the Scheduled Areas was examined by Bhuria Committee. It

recommended the land acquisition Act which empowers the state to take over any land for a ‘public

purpose’ based on the principle of individual ownership. However, it has not taken into account of the

customary regulation of Common Property Resources (CPR) in tribal areas. The tribal communities

generally own land and other natural resources jointly and their use by the indivisuals is made only through

the communities. The basic lacuna in the Act has to be removed by making the consent of local community

in this matter obligatory (Bhuria Committee Report).

9. Rights for Minor Forest Produce

The PESA Act stipulates all the state legislatures that the Panchayats at appropriate level and Grama

Shabha in Scheduled Areas are endowed with power on the ownership of minor forest produce. Thus the

Act has given wide ranging powers to the Gram Sabha (S) and provides a clear cut role of community rights

on natural resources. In Odisha, the Government through Minor Forest Administration Rule, 2002, have

entrusted the ownership and management of 68 MPFs to Grama Shabha / Gram Panghayats.

10. Administrative Set-Up for Tribal Development

Administrative Set-Up for Tribal Development refers to speed up of development programmes, plans

and projects for acceleration of socio-economic progress among the concerned people. The purpose is to

stimulate and facilitate programmes for social and economic progress (Raha and Cooner, 1989). It is goal

oriented, progressive, planned, innovative, flexible, motivational, and participative with substantial coping

ability.

At the state level, the Department of the Tribal welfare is headed by a Cabinet Minister with additional

charge of Harijan Welfare. In the secretarial level the activities are looked by the Principal Secretary and he

is assisted by a Deputy Secretary. All the policy matters are dealt with at this level (fig-1). There is a

separate Directorate of Tribal Welfare headed by a Director, who coordinates the implementation of

development programmes in the tribal areas. Apart from these organisaions, there exist a tribal and Harijan

Research-Cum-Training Institute (THRTI) and Academy of Tribal Dialect and Culture(ATDC) in the State.

THRTI is imparting training to in-service officers and also formulates action plan for specific tribes. ATDC

was established for preserving and promoting tribal culture and dialects.




Fig No.1 : Administrative Set-Up for Tribal Development in Odisha

(Source: Samal, A 2001 P.156)

For the development of tribal people, government has created certain nodal agencies and all works are

conducted by them.

ITDA is a nodal development agency set up during Fifth Five year Plan. As many as 118 blocks of

Odisha with 50 per cent or more ST population have been covered by 21 ITDAs. A state level committee

has been constituted under the leadership of the Chief Minister and secretaries for the effective

implementation of tribal Sub-Plan. ITDAs are multidisciplinary in nature and they function as nodal

agencies in the terms of development programmes and monitoring of their progress. Different departments

at the ITDA level are held responsible for an integrated tribal development.(Fig-2) For each ITDA a Project

Level Committee (PLC) has been constituted where Collector is the chairperson and local MPs, MLAs,

Chairpersons of Panchayat Samities and DLOs are the members. The Project Administrator is the member

secretary and is fully responsible for formulation and implementation of various programmes at the ITDA

level.

Cabinet Minister in charge of H

& T W

Tribal Advisory Council and

standing legislative committee

for SC and ST

Principal Secretary cum Tribal

Commissioner

Revenue Divisional

Commissioner

District Welfare Officer District welfare committee

Additional District Welfare

Officer

Community Development Block




Fig No-2: Administrative Linkage with the ITDAs

Source: Samal, A. 2001. P 160.

The Special Central Assistances (SCA) is provided by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MOTA) to the state

government as an addition to the State Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP). By the end of fourth year of the 8th plan, the

TSP strategy was being implemented in 20 states and 2 union territories through 190 ITDAs, 259 MADA,

82 Cluster Pockets and 75 Primitive Tribal Development Projects in the country.

A MADA pocket consists of contiguous villages having a minimum of 10,000 population of which at

least 50 per cent are Scheduled Tribes. PLC for each MADA pocket with the Sub-Collector, as the the

chairperson looks after the MADA programmes.

A Cluster Pocket is an area consists of a total population of 5000 with 50 per cent or more tribal

concentration. The BDO with the welfare extension officers implement the cluster programmes which

include family oriented infrastructure development programmes. There is the Cluster Advisory Committee

in the pattern of MADA pockets to plan, review and oversee the implementation of the programmes at the

Cluster Level. (Fig- 3)

Development

Dept.

Tribal

Comissioner

Regulatory Dept.

Divisional Tax

Officer

Divisional

Commission

er

Divisional Tech

Officer

Executive Engineer

Chief Medical Office

District Level

Officer

Executive Engineer

Chief Medical

Officer

District

Collector

District Level Officer

Executive Engineer

Heads of Line Dept.

District Level

Officer

Chief Medical

Officer

Heads of Line

Dept.

Project

Administrat

or ITDA

District Level Officer

Executive Engineer

Chief Medical

Officer

Executive Officer Block

Developme

nt Officer

Extension Officer

Village Level worker




Fig No.3: Specialized agencies for tribal development at the field level

Source: Compiled from Study Materials

Isolated communities among the STs characterised by low rate of growth of population, pre-agricultural

economy and livelihood pattern, extremely low level of literacy came under PTGs. There are 21 ITDAs, 17

Micro Projects, 46 MADA, 14 Cluster Pockets identified in Odisha (Table-1).

Table No. 1: TSP of Odisha

SI. NO. Scheme Numbers District

Covered

Block

Covered

Population

Covered

1 ITDA 21 21 118 All tribal

population

2 MADA 46 17 47 5.68 lakh

3 Cluster

Pockets

13 revised

to 14

10 13 62031

4 Micro

Projects

13 revised

to 17

- - -

Source : Compiled from Various Study Materials.

11. IMPLEMENTATION OF PROGRAMES IN ODISHA

The Adivasis, original inhabitant of the land, were never considered as an integrated part of the mainstream population from

the beginning of the Indian planning process. In the true sense that, the development projects have caused huge unvoluntary

displacement of such people have a extremely negative impact in economical (Poverty, Loss of assets, habitats, unemployment

debt and bondage) cultural ( Cultural dis-integration) and health (Hunger and malnutrition) status. While displacement occurs due

to the cause of war and natural disaster usually takes a high sensitivity by the Political parties, media and national and

international aid agencies.But at the same time it is unfortunate that the development outees like so called Advasis fail to attract

similar sympathies. This is primarily due to their marginalized nature, voiceless and powerless stand on the ongoing development

process.

Since the eve of the planning process, we have followed a top down centralized approach and realized heavily on the

theory of “trickle down effect of benefits from top to bottom tier of the population. Experience shows that the failure of this

strategy comple the authorities to adopt tangent oriented policies for poverty alleviation in a sustained manner whereas the

Adivasis leftout due to their marginalized status forest and hill based existence and scheduled nature. The situation has severely

worsened further the advent of the globalization strategy. This globalization strategy biased in the favour of capital and finance.

MADA CLUSTER

POCKETS

ITDA MICRO PROJECTS




11.1Special KBK and BKBK Plan

In addition to the working of KBK (Koraput,Balangir and Kalahandi) Plan, a new scheme ‘special

plan for KBK districts’ was introduced during 2012-13. During the eleventh plan period the state

government has also introduced BKBK (Biju KBK) plan with additional allocation to fill up the critical

gaps for which, funds are either not available or are inadequate.

11.2 Odisha Tribal Empowerment and Livelihood Programme (OTELP)

The Odisha Tribal Empowerment Livelihood Programme (OTELPS) is being implemented by the

Government during 2003-04. The programme covered 358 MWS in 30 blocks of 7 South Western Districts

of Odisha namely, Koraput, Malkangiri, Kandhamal, Rayagada, Kalahandi, Gajapati and Nabarangpur.

(Annual Report 2012-13, GOO, Page 83). The District collector is the chair person of OTELP including all

DLOs of all Line Departments as the members.

11.3 Integrated Action Plan (IAP)

Integrated Action Plan has been introduced since 2010-11 for formulation as an additional central

assistance to supplement the ongoing development works in the Left Wing Extremism (LWE) influenced

areas. It is a 100% central government assistance plan. About 60 backward districts (later on extended to 88)

were identified for the implementation of IAP.

The selected backward districts under IAP were sanctioned with a block grant of Rs. 25 crores each

district during 2010-11 and 2011-12 and the amount has increased to 30 crores in the year 2012-13. A

committee headed by the District Collector with DFO and SP would look into its implementation. The fund

is to be utilised for the construction of School Buildings, Anganawadi Centres, PHCs, Drinking Water

Supply, Road Connectivity and Electricity in public places etc. . The Development Commissioner at the

State level would scrutinise the proposals and monitor the IAP as a whole.

11.4 Backward Region Grant Fund (BRGF)

A total number of 250 backward districts in the country are identified to receive Backward Region

Grant Fund (BRGF). It is mainly and is designed to reduce regional imbalance. People’s participation

through Gram Sabha, Palli Sabha and Panchayat Samities for ensured finalizing the projects. Panchayat

Samiti and Zillaparisad Members and District Level Officers together finalize the district share for the

utilization of BRGF. In Odisha 19 districts are being covered under BRGF. An amount of Rs 305.67 crores

were allocated for financial years from 2007-08 to 2010-11. Since the year 2011-12 the annual allocation

has been enhanced to Rs. 320.96 crores. In addition to it, the annual entitlement for capacity building was

Rs.19 crores.

11.5 Dispersed Tribal Development Programmes (DTDP)

About 27 per cent of the tribal population is said to be dispersed all over the state. DTDP is being

implemented to provide margin money to various workable persons through income generating schemes.

This programme emphasizes to involve community for minor irrigation projects like, LIPs and WHS etc. It

also offers trainings for self-employment and wage employment programmes. The programme aims at

bringing tribal households under cooperative fold.




11.6 Maharastra Model of Tribal Development

Earlier practice of top to bottom strategy in the field of tribal development has been reversed the exercise

revised to the approach of ‘bottom to top strategy’ during the eighth five year plan period. The

decentralization of planning was adopted in each ITDA. This was mostly the Maharastra Model of Tribal

Development. The major share of funds has been provided to PTGs under such schemes.

12.Rural Development Programmes

Rural development programmes in the country also save the tribal areas in Odisha. Despite various

efforts made over few decades all round development of rural areas still continues and is the highest in tribal

belts. It is in this context, self employment programmes assume greater significance. The programmes

covers both area development and development of individuals. To achieve these objectives various central

and state government schemes have been implemented from time to time ( Odisha Diary, 2012).

Some of the major programmes of the Department of Rural Development may be discussed as:

One of the important programmes in this direction is the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment

Guarantee Act which came in to force with effect from 2nd February 2006. The scheme aims to provide

livelihood security to the households in rural and tribal areas through at least one hundred days employment

to unskilled adult members of every household in a financial year.

By realizing the necessity and importance of communication in the rural areas Pradhan Mantri Gramya

Sadak Yojana was introduced by to improve the road connectivity in rural areas.

The Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozagar Yojana (SGSY) was launched in April 1999 after restructuring

Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) and other allied programmes. SGSY is to bring the BPL

(below poverty line) families to above APL (Above poverty line) by providing them income generating

assets through bank credit and government subsidy. This scheme is implemented with a share of 75:25

between Centre and State Government. SGSY consisted two special schemes like, USEP (The Urban

Employment Programme) and UWEP. (The Urban Wage Employments Programme)

Housing is the basic necessity for the survival human being. The main objective of Indira Awas

Yojana is to provide houses to BPL households including SC/ST. The beneficiaries under this scheme are

selected through Palli Sabha and Grama Sabha. Mo Kudia Yojana is also an additional housing facility for

BPL tribal and non-tribal families who could not be selected under Indira Awas Yojana. During 2003-2004

there was a sanction of 86484 crores to Odisha towards Indira Awas Yojana but the utilization was Rs.

220.94 crores in the State.

13.Suggestions

In spite of providing several provisions in the Fifth and Sixth Schedules of the constitution, the Acts and

Laws meant for achieving tribal welfare seemed to be less effective. Development Paradigms for tribals is

only to integrate them with the other sections of the people. But this objective fully is still yet to be

achieved. Here follows some suggestions to achieve a comprehensive development goal for the tribals in

general and that of Odisha in particular.




13.1 Community governance of forest should be ensured

The National Forest Policy (NFP) of 1988 recognised the policy of Community Forest Managnent

(CFM) where the provision of Joint Forest Management (JFM) was recognised. The Forest Right Act

(FRA) has facilitated the Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers to enjoy Community Forest

Rights (CFR) to, conserve, recognize and manage any community resources for sustainable use.

(Sahu,2014). In certain cases it is observed that the CFM unit areas are less and inadequate, hence these are

not sufficient to support the livelihood of the tribals. In such cases the resource base needs to be enhanced.

But where community resources are available these need to be property utilized by the people at large.

Hence, the policy of CFR should be properly implemented.

13.2 Development in the Line of Tribal Culture and Tradition

Neither money nor security forces can win the hearts nor minds of the tribal people, if money remains

unspent, people in tribal areas will see only a large numbers of armed forces. No doubt, implementation of

community development programmes brought about certain immediate material change i.e. social,

economic, political and cultural etc. The scholars working in the field of tribal development have often

pointed out that the development programmes must take into account the tradition and culture of the tribal

people. This has also been one of the principles of “Tribal Panchasheel advocated by Pandit Nehru, the first

Prime Minister of India.

13.3Government Initiative for proper Implementation of Welfare Measures

Various development programmes and schemes which are complemented in tribal areas need sincerity

on the part of field officials and also with follow up action. The activities undertaken for tribal development

must be undertaken by the officials having tribal bias and love for the people. The strategy of IAP should

be revised and implemented by tribal leaders and the tribal people into confidence. Such taking the steps

may hold to check the Naxalite activities in the district and elsewhere.

12.4 Encouraging Reliable NGOs to Supplement Government Efforts

It is now seen that some of the NGOs are doing commendable works in tribal areas. They are working

in the field of awareness creation spread of education, empowerment and socio-economic development.

The ability of NGOs to mobilize the popular participation has been seen to be successful in many cases.

They have close contact with the people. Thus, the beneficiaries have more faith on the field workers of

NGOs rather than Government Officials. Motivation is a special characteristic of NGOs to the people of

target group. When benefits of development have failed in the ‘bottom down’ process, the NGOs entered to

initiate ‘bottom up’ development efforts (Mishra, P.K. and N.C. Sahu, 2000).

14.Conclusion

There are number of acts enacted by the Union and State Governments and all these have improved the

quality of life of the tribal population to certain extent but still there is long way to go in the direction of

assuring full protection to tribals. To make it a real success all the political, administrative, religious and

social workers should combine well and work in harmony with the anthropological approaches. The gulf

between the academics and administrators is to be bridged (Vidyarthi, 1972). They must utilize each other’s




skills, endeavour and technical know-how and in continuous consultation and collaboration to resolve the

problems of tribes. Research is another most important component for the identification of the tribal

problems. There need to be multipronged strategty to deal with the challenges and mitigate the tribal

problems. It is the time for that the government should realize the ground realities and implement the

schemes and programmes for a better tribal development.

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