2015.12.17 kg diagrid

CORSO DI

COSTRUZIONI METALLICHE

Sustainability of

tall buildings:

issues and

structural design

Konstantinos Gkoumas,

Ph.D., P.E.

Docente: Franco Bontempi,

Ph.D., P.E.

Facoltà di Ingegneria

Sapienza Università di Roma

CORSO DI COSTRUZIONI METALLICHE

Konstantinos Gkoumas

17/12/2015

CORSO DI


Sustainability of tall buildings:

the case of diagrid structures


17/12/2015

SustainabilityOverview

SUSTAINABILITY

SOCIAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

ECONOMIC

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:“Development that meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability of

future generations to meet their own needs.”

(Brundtland Commission, 1987)

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17/12/2015

Steel Material

• 40% of resources from recycling

• Manufacturing process with controlled environmental impact

• Material durability

• High recycling rate

Construction Phase

• prefabrication/ offsite manufacture

Design and Service Life

• Weight reduction of structure

• Creation of versatile spaces

• Longevity and robustness of steel components

• Simple incorporation of renewable energy generation systems

End of Life

• Easy dismantling

• Reusability/Reciclability

Source: Foster + Partners Hearst Tower USA, 2000 - 2006

SUSTAINABILITY

IN

STRUCTURES

Material

Used

Resource

Efficient

Site

Planning

Non

Pollution

Energy

Efficiency

Structural

Form

SustainabilityUse of steel and structural form

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17/12/2015

SUSTAINABILITY

IN

STRUCTURES

Material

Used

Resource

Efficient

Site

Planning

Non

Pollution

Energy

Efficiency

Structural

Form

SustainabilityBuilding automation and energy harvesting

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SUSTAINABILITY

IN

STRUCTURES

Material

Used

Resource

Efficient

Site

Planning

Non

Pollution

Energy

Efficiency

Structural

Form

SustainabilityDiagrid, building automation and energy harvesting

Diagrid: double façade - chimney effect

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17/12/2015

SustainabilityTall buildings

Ali, M. M., Moon, K. S. (2007). Structural Development in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Architectural

Science Review,Vol. 50, pp. 205-223.

Interior structures Exterior structures

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SustainabilityDiagrid structures – what about

“Nature’s own system of coordination [is] based on triangles,”

R. Buckminster Fuller

“A series of triangles that combine gravity and lateral support into one,

making the building stiff, efficient, and lighter than a traditional high-rise.”

Yoram Eilon, project manager on Foster’s Hearst Tower

“It’s the image of sustainability.”

Craig Schwitter, managing director for design consultant Buro Happold.

“What diagrid does is take the structure of a continuous shell, which

works in any direction, and pair it with the constructability of the discrete

element, the beam-and-stick approach. It’s a discretized shell.”

Dominic Munro, ARUP, structural engineer on the Swiss Re project.

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SustainabilityDiagrid structures – precursor

The World's First Hyperboloid

Lattice Shell structure.

The Russian engineer and

architect Vladimir Shukhov was

the first in the world to invent and

use in construction hyperboloid

towers.

For the 1896 All-Russia industrial

and art exhibition in Nizhniy

Novgorod Shukhov built the steel

lattice 37-meter tower, which

became the first hyperboloid

structure in the world.

© By Arssenev (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or

GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via

Wikimedia Commons

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Further development of lattice

structures and their wide

implementation in architecture

started after the 1950s.

The most famous example is a

structure called the Biosphere that

Buckminster Fuller presented at

the Montreal Expo in 1967.

The construction was made with

tubular steel elements, was 60 m

tall and had a diameter of 75 m.

© Archdaily

Buckminster Fuller's geodesic dome built as the

United States Pavillion for the 1967 International

and Universal Exposition or Expo 67 held in

Montreal, Canada

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17/12/2015


Further development of lattice

structures and their wide

implementation in architecture

started after the 1950s.

The most famous example is a

structure called the Biosphere that

Buckminster Fuller presented at

the Montreal Expo in 1967.

The construction was made with

tubular steel elements, was 60 m

tall and had a diameter of 75 m.

© FLICKR




Montreal, Canada

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17/12/2015


© FLICKR




Montreal, Canada

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SustainabilityDiagrid structures - office buildings

An early example of the diagrid

structure is the IBM Building (now

United Steelworkers Building) in

Pittsburgh built in the early 1960s.

With its 13-story building height,

this building was not given much

attention by architects and

engineers.

Curtis & Davis, architects - IBM building,

Pittsburgh, PA, 1961-63 (Engineers: John

Skilling and Leslie Robertson, Seattle)

© 2006 Teenie Harris Archive

http://teenie.cmoa.org

http://teenie.cmoa.org/

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17/12/2015

NEO Bankside

A multi award winning set of four

prestigious apartment blocks beside the

Tate modern art gallery designed by Rogers

Stirk Harbour + Partners.

The towers feature an external bracing

system that forms a rigid diagrid across the

facade. This bracing has allowed the

removal of internal structural walls and

provides greater flexibility for the internal

space.

SustainabilityDiagrid structures - residential buildings

NEO Bankside / Rogers Stirk Harbour +

Partners. Image © Edmund Sumner

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17/12/2015

Sustainability

NEO Bankside / Rogers


http://www.daversteels.co.u

k/project-

showcase/commercial-

projects/neo-bankside-

london-uk.html

NEO Bankside:

compression strut

and tie bars

Diagrid structures - residential buildings

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17/12/2015

SustainabilityDiagrid structures - residential buildings

NEO Bankside / Rogers


http://www.daversteels.co.u

k/project-

showcase/commercial-

projects/neo-bankside-

london-uk.html

NEO Bankside:

compression strut

and tie bars design

scheme

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SustainabilityDiagrid structures – landmark buildings

30 St Mary Axe, known fondly as “The

Gherkin”, is one of the most dramatic

landmarks in London. Situated in the

main financial district, the 40-storey 180

meters tall office has won a unique place

in the affections of many, as well as a

host of awards.

The building’s concept was generated

from its circular plan which embodied

radial geometry inspiring the architects

to widen the building’s profile as you

move up and slowly lessen it as you

approach the top most lens.

It received the Royal Institute of British

Architects (RIBA) Stirling Prize in 2004.

© Foster and Partners

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17/12/2015


© F

ost

er

and P

artn

ers

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The CCTV Headquarters is a 234m,

44-story skyscraper in the Beijing

Central Business District (CBD). The

tower serves as headquarters for

China Central Television (CCTV).

Groundbreaking took place on 1 June

2004 and the building's facade was

completed in January 2008. The

Headquarters has been finally

completed in May 2012.

The CCTV Headquarters won the

2013 Best Tall Building Worldwide

from the Council on Tall Buildings and

Urban Habitat.

© Rem Koolhaas and OMA

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17/12/2015

SustainabilityDiagrid structures – functioning scheme

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Diagrid structureDiagrid module

Mele, E., Toreno, M., Brandonisio, G. and Del Luca, A. (2014). Diagrid structures for tall buildings: case studies and design

considerations.The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings.Wiley Online Library,Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 124-145.

effect of gravity load

effect of overturning moment

effect of shear force

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Diagrid structureInitial configuration and diagrid schemes

Outrigger Structure Diagrid Structures

42° 60° 75°

160 m

36 m

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Original Structure:

OutriggerImproved Structure:

Diagrid

Perimetral

StructureInternal

Structure

Diagrid structureStructural configuration

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S275 (UNI EN 10025-2)

Modulus of Elasticity E 210000 N/mm2

Poisson’s Ratio n 0,3

Yield Strength fyk 275 N/mm2

Tensile Strength fyk 430 N/mm2

S460N/NL (UNI EN 10025-3)

Modulus of Elasticity E 210000 N/mm2

Poisson’s Ratio n 0,3

Yield Strength fyk 430 N/mm2

Tensile Strength fyk 540 N/mm2

S275 used for all profiles of

outrigger structure and for the

interior structure of diagrid

buildings

S460N/NL with better mechanical

properties, is used for perimeter

structure of diagrid buildings

Diagrid structureMaterials

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17/12/2015

a – sections XZ (a1-Y=0m; a2-Y=9,5m; a3-Y=19,5m)

b – sections XZ (b1-X=0m; b2-X=4m; b3-X=13,5m)

a1 a2 a3 b1 b2

b3

Diagrid structureOutrigger structure

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Diagrid structureOutrigger structure - beams

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Diagrid structureOutrigger structure - columns

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SLS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y

COMB5 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 1 - - -

COMB6 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - 1 - -

COMB7 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - 1 -

COMB8 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - - 1

ULS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y

COMB5 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 1,5 - - -

COMB6 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - 1,5 - -

COMB7 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - - 1,5 -

COMB8 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,05 0,75 - - - 1,5

Acronym Description Color

Outrigger Outrigger Structure

Diagrid

42°Diagrid Structure with inclination

of diagonal members of 42°

Diagrid



Diagrid



Outrigger 42° 60° 75°

P

(ton)8052 6523 5931 5389

Saving

(%)- 19 26 33

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

P (

ton

)

Weight

Diagrid structureAnalyses and comparisons

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Diagrid structureModal analysis

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Outrigger 3,7 3,6 2,5 1,2 1,1 0,8

Diagrid 42° 3,1 3,1 1,7 1,0 1,0 0,8

Diagrid 60° 3,3 3,3 1,9 1,0 1,0 0,9

Diagrid 75° 3,7 3,6 2,8 1,3 1,2 1,2

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

3,00

3,50

4,00

T (

s)

First six periods

Traslational

in Y

direction

Traslational

in X

direction

Rotational

around Z

axis

Traslational

in Y

direction

Traslational

in X

direction

Rotational

around Z

axis

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17/12/2015

Wind load

Z

(m)

q

(kN/m2)

We,l

(kN/m2)

We,u

(kN/m2)

Z

(m)

q

(kN/m2)

We,l

(kN/m2)

We,u

(kN/m2)

0 0,94 0,787 -0,972 80 1,95 1,639 -0,972

4 0,94 0,787 -0,972 84 1,98 1,66 -0,972

8 0,94 0,787 -0,972 88 2,00 1,68 -0,972

12 1,09 0,919 -0,972 92 2,02 1,699 -0,972

16 1,21 1,018 -0,972 96 2,04 1,718 -0,972

20 1,31 1,097 -0,972 100 2,07 1,735 -0,972

24 1,38 1,163 -0,972 104 2,09 1,752 -0,972

28 1,45 1,22 -0,972 108 2,11 1,769 -0,972

32 1,51 1,271 -0,972 112 2,12 1,785 -0,972

36 1,57 1,316 -0,972 116 2,14 1,8 -0,972

40 1,62 1,357 -0,972 120 2,16 1,815 -0,972

44 1,66 1,394 -0,972 124 2,18 1,83 -0,972

48 1,70 1,429 -0,972 128 2,20 1,844 -0,972

52 1,74 1,461 -0,972 132 2,21 1,858 -0,972

56 1,78 1,491 -0,972 136 2,23 1,871 -0,972

60 1,81 1,52 -0,972 140 2,24 1,884 -0,972

64 1,84 1,546 -0,972 144 2,26 1,897 -0,972

68 1,87 1,571 -0,972 148 2,27 1,909 -0,972

72 1,90 1,595 -0,972 152 2,29 1,921 -0,972

76 1,93 1,618 -0,972 156 2,30 1,933 -0,972

80 1,95 1,639 -0,972 160 2,31 1,944 -0,972

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

-1,5 -1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5

We

We,u

We,l

Diagrid structure

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Diagrid structureHorizontal displacements

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4

0

16

32

48

64

80

96

112

128

144

160

U1 (m)

Z (

m)

Outrigger

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4

0

16

32

48

64

80

96

112

128

144

160

U1 (m)

Z (

m)

Diagrid 42°

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4

0

16

32

48

64

80

96

112

128

144

160

U1 (m)

Z (

m)

Diagrid 60°

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4

0

16

32

48

64

80

96

112

128

144

160

U1 (m)

Z (

m)

Diagrid 75°

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Diagrid structureHorizontal displacements

0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35

0

16

32

48

64

80

96

112

128

144

160

U1 (m)

Z (

m)

Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Outrigger Diagrid 75° SLS limit

Outr

igge

r

Dia

grid

42°

Dia

grid

60°

Dia

grid

75°

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Diagrid structureSLS - load combinations

SLS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y

COMB5 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 1 - - -

COMB6 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - 1 - -

COMB7 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - 1 -

COMB8 1 1 1 0,7 0,5 - - - 1

HORIZONTAL

DISPLACEMENTS

COMB

Outr

igge

r

Dia

grid

42°

Dia

grid

60°

Dia

grid

75°



Diagrid

42°

Diagrid Structure with inclination of

diagonal members of

42°

Diagrid

60°


diagonal members of

60°

Diagrid

75°


diagonal members of

75°

CORSO DI





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Diagrid structureULS - load combinations, pushover

Outr

igge

r

Dia

grid

42°

Dia

grid

60°

Dia

grid

75°



Diagrid

42°


diagonal members of

42°

Diagrid

60°


diagonal members of

60°

Diagrid

75°


diagonal members of

75°

ULS Dead Gk Tamp Qk Qn W+X W-X W+Y W-Y

DEAD 1 - - - - - - - -

VERT 1 1 1 - - - - - -

+STATIC PUSHOVER FORCES

PUSHOVER

DEA

D

VERT

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Diagrid structureCOMB 5 U.L.S.

DIAGRID

42°

DIAGRID

60°

DIAGRID

75°

Diagrid 42° Interior Columns

3%

97%

Shear

InteriorColumns

Diagrid

11%

89%

Normal

InteriorColumns

Diagrid

2%

97%

1%

Shear

InteriorColumns

Diagrid/EdgeColumns

11%

45%

44%

Normal

InteriorColumns

Diagrid/EdgeColumns

5%

95%

Shear

InteriorColumns

Diagrid

7%

93%

Normal

InteriorColumns

Diagrid

Diagrid 60°

Diagrid 75°

Interior Columns

Interior Columns

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SAP 2000 plastic hinges

Axial hinges, used for all

elements of the outrigger

structures and the perimetral

system in the diagrid structures,

and, bending hinges for the

internal columns in the diagrid

structures.

For the axial hinges the

constitutive equation is rigid and

perfectly plastic, with a yield

stress equal to fyk (430 MPa for

diagrid structures and 275 MPa

for the outrigger structure) and

an ultimate deformation (eu) of

5%. These hinges are placed in

the middle of the elements, with

a relative length of 1, i.e. the

hinges extend for the entire

length.

Diagrid structure

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SAP 2000 plastic hinges

For the bending hinges the behavior is defined starting from a moment-curvature diagram

with a rigid and hardening-plastic constitutive equation, extrapolated using FEMA356.

Diagrid structure

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Diagrid structureDiagrid 60°: Pushover (YZ Sections)

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5

F (

kN

)

U1 (m)

Pushover

Step25

Step28

Step37

Step44

Step51

Step67

Step 67Step 51Step 44Step 37Step 25

CORSO DI





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Diagrid 60°: Pushover+Vert (YZ Sections)

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5

F (

kN

)

U1 (m)

Pushover+Vert

Step11

Step16

Step39

Step47

Step55

Step 47 Step 55Step 39Step 11

VERT

Diagrid structure

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Diagrid structureComparison of capacity curves

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5

F (

kN

)

U1 (m)

Pushover

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5

U1 (m)

Pushover+Vert

Outrigger

Diagrid42°

Diagrid60°

Diagrid75°

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5

U1 (m)

Pushover+Dead

DEAD VERT

CORSO DI





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Diagrid structureDefinition of significant properties

R=Fmax

(Strength)

K=Fy/Dy

(Stiffness)

m=Dmax/Dy

(Ductility)

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Diagrid structureComparison of significant properties

Outrigger Diagrid 42° Diagrid 60° Diagrid 75°

Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert

Strength

(R) – kN94775 110185 104972 97131

Stiffness

(K) – kN/m 77143 80615 71306 60897

Ductility

(m)1,535 3,587 5,681 2,564

Weight

(P) - Ton8052 6523 5931 5389

Weighted average (W.A.) of significant properties


Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert Pushover+Vert

Strength

(R) – kN94775 110185 104972 97131

Stiffness

(K) – kN/m 77143 80615 71306 60897

Ductility

(m)1,535 3,587 5,681 2,564

Weight

(P) - Ton8052 6523 5931 5389

W.A. 4,20 5,97 7,25 5,08

CORSO DI





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Diagrid structureComparison of Mechanical Properties

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4R/R0

K/K0

m/m0

1,2 ((P0-P)/P0+1)

Pushover+Vert


CORSO DI





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Diagrid structureDiagrid 60°: Robustness checks

D1,L1

D1,L2

D2,L1

D2,L2

D3,L1

D3,L2

Analysis interruption: two cases:

• «first plastic hinges»

• «last plastic hinges»

CORSO DI





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Diagrid structureDiagrid 60°: Robustness checks

D1,L1

D1,L2

D2,L1

D2,L2

D3,L1

D3,L2

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3

F (

kN

)

U1 (m)

Pushover

D1,L1

D1,L2

D2,L1

D2,L2

D3,L1

D3,L2

INTATTA

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17/12/2015

References

• J.R. Ehrenfeld. “Sustainability by Design: A Subversive Strategy for Transforming Our

Consumer Culture”, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2008.

• United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development. “Report of the World

Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future”. UN - United Nations,

1987.

• Berardi, U. “Clarifying the new interpretations of the concept of sustainable building”.

Sustainable Cities and Society, 8, pp. 72-78, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2013.01.008.

• Robin, C.P.Y., Poon, C.S. “Cultural shift towards sustainability in the construction industry of

Hong Kong”. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(11), pp. 3616-3628, 2009. DOI:

10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.06.017.

• Moon, K.S. “Diagrid Structures for Complex-Shaped Tall Buildings”. Procedia Engineering, 14,

pp. 1343-1350, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.169.

• Mele, E., Toreno, M., Brandonisio, G., Del Luca, A. “Diagrid structures for tall buildings: case

studies and design considerations”. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 23(2),

pp. 124–145, 2014. DOI: 10.1002/tal.1029

• Richie, I. “Diagonal Architecture: Diagrid Structures”. 2012. E-architect, available online at:

http://www.e-architect.co.uk

• Leonard, J. “Investigation of Shear Lag Effect in High-rise Buildings with Diagrid System”.

Master thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007.

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References

• Milana, G., Olmati, P., Gkoumas, K., Bontempi, F. (2015) “Ultimate capacity of diagrid

systems for tall buildings in the nominal configuration and the damaged state”, Periodica

Polytechnica Civil Engineering, Vol.59, No. 3, pp. 381 - 391.

• Foster and Partners – The Hearst Tower, available online at:

www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/hearst-tower

• Moon, K.S. “Stiffness-based design methodology for steel braced tube structures: A

sustainable approach”. Engineering Structures, 32(10), pp. 3163-3170, 2010. DOI:

10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.06.004

• Moon, K.S., Connor, J.J., Fernandez, J. E. “Diagrid structural systems for tall buildings:

characteristics and methodology for preliminary design”. The Structural Design of Tall and

Special Buildings, 16(2), pp. 205-230, 2007. DOI: 10.1002/tal.311.

• Montuori, G.M., Mele, E., Brandonisio, G., De Luca, A. "Geometrical patterns for diagrid

buildings: Exploring alternative design strategies from the structural point of view".

Engineering Structures, 71, pp. 112-127, 2014 DOI: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.04.017.

• Montuori, G.M., Mele, E., Brandonisio, G., De Luca, A. "Secondary bracing systems for

diagrid structures in tall buildings". Engineering Structures, 75, pp. 477-488, 2014. DOI:

10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.06.011.

• Pinho, R. “Using pushover analysis for assessment of building and bridges”. Pecker, A, editor,

Advanced earthquake engineering analysis, CISM International Centre for Mechanical

Sciences, 494, Springer, Vienna, pp. 91-120, 2007. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-74214-3_6.

http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/hearst-tower

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17/12/2015

Resourceshttps://www.pinterest.com/gkoumas/strcting-diagonal-grid

https://www.pinterest.com/gkoumas/strcting-diagonal-grid

CORSO DI





17/12/2015

Sustainability of

tall buildings:

issues and

structural design

Thank you!

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]