2015 mssj presentation_wiggins
TRANSCRIPT
Analytical Characterization of Antibody‐Drug Conjugates via Mass
Spectrometry
The Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan, 63rd Annual Conference, June 17, 2015
Brian Wiggins, Lily Liu‐Shin, Hideto Yamaguchi, Adam Fung, Gayathri Ratnaswamy
Analytical and Formulation DevelopmentAgensys, Inc. – an affiliate of Astellas Pharma, Inc.
Santa Monica, CA
Outline
2
• Structure and properties of ADCs conjugated at cysteines involved in interchain disulfides and ADCs conjugated site‐specifically
• Critical quality attributes of ADCs and which can be monitored by mass spectrometry
• Physiochemical characterization of IgG1 vs IgG2 ADCs conjugated at cysteinesinvolved in interchain disulfides compared to an IgG1 ADC conjugated site‐specifically
• Characterization of ADC conjugation site and conjugate distribution profile
• Characterization of disulfide linkages in the mAb intermediate
Antibody‐Drug Conjugates
3
Antibody Linker Toxin
• IgG1• IgG2
• Cleavable• Non‐cleavable
• Charged• Non‐charged
Conventional Conjugation
• Lysines• Cysteines involved in
interchain disulfides(after partial reduction)
Site Specific Conjugation
• Engineered cysteines• Non‐natural amino acids• Selenocysteines• Enzymatic conjugation• Glyco‐conjugates
• Panowski et al., Site‐specific antibody drug conjugates for cancer therapy, mAbs, 2014, 6(1), 34‐45
Impact of conjugation
4
• Shen, B., et al., Conjugation site modulates the in vivo stability and therapeutic activity of antibody drug conjugates. Nature Biotechnology, 2012. 30(2): p184‐89• Jackson, D., et al., In vitro and in vivo evaluation of cysteine and site specific conjugated Herceptin antibody drug conjugates. PloS One, 2014, 9(1): p 1‐14• Axup, J.Y., et al., Synthesis of site‐specific antibody‐drug conjugates using unnatural amino acids . PNAS , 2012, 109, p 16101‐16106
Jackson, D., et al., In vitro and in vivo evaluation of cysteine and site specific conjugated Herceptin antibody drug conjugates. PloS One, 2014. 9(1): p. 1‐14.
Conjugation at cysteines involved in interchain disulfide bonds
Site‐specific (nnAA)
Conjugate Distribution
• Heterogeneous• D0 to D12 species• Target DAR of 4
• More Homogeneous• D0 to D2 species• Target DAR of 2
Stability • In‐vivo de‐conjugation through exchange with albumin or glutathione (DL dependent)
• Off‐target toxicity
• Stable in‐vivo
• Monitor conjugate distribution and heterogeneity via mass spectrometry• Site‐specific conjugates could improve the therapeutic index (disease dependent)
Potential conjugation sites for cysteine conjugated and site‐specific conjugated ADCs
Maximum DAR: 8 Maximum DAR: 12
5
IgG2S
SS
S
SS
SS
S SS SS SS S
IgG1
SS
SS
SS
SS
S SS S
Maximum DAR: 2
IgG1 Site‐specific
SS
SS
SS
SS
S SS S
Possible species in IgG1 and IgG2 ADCs conjugated at cysteines involved in interchain disulfides
6
IgG2 only IgG2 only IgG2 only
IgG2 only
DAR = 0 DAR = 2 DAR = 4
DAR = 6 DAR = 8 DAR = 10
DAR = 12
Image modified from Le, L.N., et al., Profiling antibody drug conjugate positional isomers: a system‐of‐equations approach.Analytical Chem, 2012, 84(17), 7479‐86
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DAR = 0 DAR = 1
DAR = 2
Possible species on mAbs utilizing site‐specific conjugation
Characteristic Critical Attribute Method
IdentityPrimary sequence Peptide Map
Main peak pI and charge variant distribution icIEF
Strength Protein concentration UV‐VIS
Purity
Size homogeneity SEC, CE‐SDS, SDS‐PAGE
% Unconjugated mAb Hydrophobic InteractionChromatography (HIC)
Non‐proteinaceous impurities (NPI) RP‐UPLC for NPI, MS confirmation
Disulfide linkages in mAb intermediate Non‐Reduced Peptide Map
Potency
Binding ELISA
Drug‐to‐Antibody Ratio (DAR) RP‐UPLC, MS confirmation, HIC, UV‐VIS
Cytotoxicity Bioassay
Methods to evaluate critical quality attributes
8
Conjugate distribution of ADCs conjugated at cysteinesinvolved in interchain disulfides and site‐specifically by HIC
9
D0
D2
D4
D6
D8
1.4 2.5 3.8 5.0 6.3 7.5 8.8 10.0 11.3 12.5 13.8 15.4
min
D0D2
D4
D6D8 D10+D12
IgG1 ADC, DAR ~4
IgG2 ADC, DAR ~4
IgG Isotype and conjugation technology influences conjugate distribution
% Unconjugated = 7%
% Unconjugated = 11%
WVL:214 nm
D2 IgG1 site‐specific ADC, DAR ~2
D1
D0
% Unconjugated = 1%
10
3.8 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.2-50
100
250 mAU
min
1
L0H0 L1
H1
H2H3
WVL:214 nm
2.4 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 14.9-50
100
200
300 2mAU
min
2
L0
L1
H0H1
H2
H3
H4 H5
WVL:214 nm
IgG1 ADC, DAR ~4
IgG2 ADC, DAR ~4
Conjugate distribution of an IgG1 and IgG2 ADC by RP‐UPLC under reducing conditions
Predominant conjugation to light‐heavy interchain cysteines for IgG1 (DAR = 4)Predominant conjugation to hinge disulfide cysteines for IgG2 (DAR = 4)
Reduction necessary for DAR determination where HIC peaks are not baseline resolved
Reduced LC‐MS (ESI‐TOF) – Confirmation of Light Chain conjugation differences between an IgG1 and IgG2 ADC
11
mass22500 22600 22700 22800 22900 23000 23100 23200 23300 23400 23500 23600 23700 23800 23900 24000 24100 24200 24300 24400 24500 24600 24700 24800 24900 25000
%
0
100
mass22500 22600 22700 22800 22900 23000 23100 23200 23300 23400 23500 23600 23700 23800 23900 24000 24100 24200 24300 24400 24500 24600 24700 24800 24900 25000
%
0
100
mass22500 22600 22700 22800 22900 23000 23100 23200 23300 23400 23500 23600 23700 23800 23900 24000 24100 24200 24300 24400 24500 24600 24700 24800 24900 25000
%
0
100L0
L0 L1
L1
L0
IgG1 site‐specific ADC, DAR ~2
IgG1 cysteine‐conjugated ADC, DAR ~4
IgG2 cysteine‐conjugated ADC, DAR ~4
g
Reduced LC‐MS (ESI‐TOF) – Confirmation of Heavy Chain conjugation differences between an IgG1 and IgG2 ADC
12
mass48000 48200 48400 48600 48800 49000 49200 49400 49600 49800 50000 50200 50400 50600 50800 51000 51200 51400 51600 51800 52000 52200 52400 52600 52800 53000 53200 53400 53600 53800 54000 54200 54400 54600 54800 55000 55200 55400
%
0
100
mass48000 48200 48400 48600 48800 49000 49200 49400 49600 49800 50000 50200 50400 50600 50800 51000 51200 51400 51600 51800 52000 52200 52400 52600 52800 53000 53200 53400 53600 53800 54000 54200 54400 54600 54800 55000 55200 55400
%
0
100
mass48000 48200 48400 48600 48800 49000 49200 49400 49600 49800 50000 50200 50400 50600 50800 51000 51200 51400 51600 51800 52000 52200 52400 52600 52800 53000 53200 53400 53600 53800 54000 54200 54400 54600 54800 55000 55200 55400
%
0
100 H1
H0
H1H2
H3
H0
H1
H2
H3
H4 H5
IgG1 site‐specific ADC, DAR ~2
IgG1 cysteine‐conjugated ADC, DAR ~4
IgG2 cysteine‐conjugated ADC, DAR ~4
Predominant conjugation sites for cysteine conjugated and site‐specific conjugated ADCs
Maximum DAR: 8 Maximum DAR: 12
13
IgG2S
SS
S
SS
SS
S SS SS SS S
IgG1
SS
SS
SS
SS
S SS S
Maximum DAR: 2
IgG1 Site‐specific
SS
SS
SS
SS
S SS S
14
Conjugation site identification using Peptide Mapping with MSE ionization (ESI‐QTOF)
Time5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00 105.00 110.00
AU
0.0
5.0e-2
1.0e-1
1.5e-1
2.0e-1
2.5e-1
3.0e-1
3.5e-1
4.0e-1
5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00 105.00 110.00
AU
0.0
2.5e-2
5.0e-2
7.5e-2
1.0e-1
1.25e-1
1.5e-1
1.75e-1
2.0e-1
2.25e-1
2.5e-1
2.75e-1
3.0e-1
3.25e-1
3.5e-1
3.75e-1
4.0e-1
Conjugated peptides
mAb
ADC
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IgG1 conjugation site identification using Peptide Mapping XIC of the drug‐linker fragment mass
Sample Peak Subunit Disulfide Utilized Peptide SequencevcMMAE molecules
IgG1
1, 2 Heavy Chain LC‐HC Interchain 219SCDK222 13, 4, 6 Light Chain LC‐HC Interchain 208SFNRGEC214 1
5 Heavy Chain HC‐HC Interchain223THTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLF
PPKPK2481
5 Heavy Chain HC‐HC Interchain223THTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLF
PPKPK2482
7 Unidentified8 Drug + Linker N/A Drug + Linker 1
16
IgG2 conjugation site identification using Peptide Mapping XIC of the drug‐linker fragment mass
Heterogeneity associated with multiple combinations of Hinge conjugations in IgG2
Sample Peak Subunit Disulfide Utilized Peptide SequencevcMMAE Molecules
IgG2
1, 4 Heavy Chain HC‐HC Interchain217CCVECPPCPAPPVAGPSVFLF
PPKPK2421
1, 4, 6 Heavy Chain HC‐HC Interchain216KCCVECPPCPAPPVAGPSVFL
FPPKPK2422
1, 4 Heavy Chain HC‐HC Interchain216KCCVECPPCPAPPVAGPSVFL
FPPKPK2423
2 Light Chain LC‐HC Interchain 210GEC212 12, 3 Heavy Chain LC‐HC Interchain 120GPSVFPLAPCSR131 15, 9 Unidentified
7, 8 Heavy Chain HC‐HC Interchain217CCVECPPCPAPPVAGPSVFLF
PPKPK2422
10 Heavy Chain HC‐HC Interchain217CCVECPPCPAPPVAGPSVFLF
PPK2404
IgG1 site‐specific conjugation site identification using Peptide Mapping (ESI‐QTOF)
Time5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 120.00
AU
0.0
2.0e-2
4.0e-2
6.0e-2
8.0e-2
1.0e-1
1.2e-1
1.4e-1
1.6e-1
1.8e-1
2.0e-1
2.2e-1
2.4e-1
2.6e-1
2.8e-1
3.0e-1
3.2e-1
3.4e-1
3.6e-1
3.8e-1
4.0e-1
4.2e-1
4.4e-1
HC Peptide + Drug‐linker
Modification from reduction creates additional peak
LC‐MS (SEC with ESI‐TOF) of deglycosylated ADCs
D2
D4
D6D8
D0
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IgG1, Cysteine‐linked conjugation
IgG1, Site‐specific conjugation
D1
D2
• Valliere‐Douglass, J., et al., Native Intact Mass Determination of Antibodies Conjugated with Monomethyl Auristatin E and F at Interchain Cysteine Residues. Analytical Chemistry, 2012, 84, 2843‐49
Disulfide analysis of mAb intermediate via non‐reduced peptide mapping when conjugated at cysteines involved in interchain disulfides
GEC
GPSVFPLAPCSR
GEC
GPSVFPLAPCSR
• Cumnock, K., et al., Trisulfide modification impacts the reduction step in Antibody‐Drug conjugation process. Bioconjugate Chem, 2013, 24(7), 1154‐60
S
SS
SS
IgG2 mAb
SS
SS
SS
SS
S SS SS SS S
Trisulfide
Disulfide
• LC‐HC or HC‐HC sulfur insertion into the disulfide bond• LC‐HC inter‐disulfide bond sulfur insertion more prevalent in mAbs• High levels of trisulfide may impact reduction step in ADC conjugation and lead to variations in conjugate distribution and DAR
Disulfide analysis via non‐reduced peptide mapping and quantitation by XIC (mAb intermediate only)
Time5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00
AU
0.0
5.0e-2
1.0e-1
1.5e-1
2.0e-1
2.5e-1
3.0e-1
3.5e-1
4.0e-1
4.5e-1
5.0e-1
5.5e-1
5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00 80.00 85.00 90.00 95.00 100.00
AU
0.0
5.0e-2
1.0e-1
1.5e-1
2.0e-1
2.5e-1
3.0e-1
3.5e-1
4.0e-1
4.5e-1
Decrease of LC‐HC disulfide linked peptide
LC‐HC trisulfide linked peptide (minor species)
Forced trisulfide induction with H2S
Native mAb
GEC
GPSVFPLAPCSR
GEC
GPSVFPLAPCSR
S
SS
SS
Conclusions
• Conjugate distribution and conjugation sites are dependent on IgG isotype for ADCs conjugated at cysteines involved in interchain disulfides
• When conjugated at cysteines involved in interchain disulfides, mass spectrometry has confirmed that IgG1 ADCs are conjugated at cysteines involved in the LC‐HC disulfide (average DAR ~4) while IgG2 ADCs are predominately conjugated in the hinge region
• Mass spectrometry can be used to identify the conjugation sites and conjugate distribution, which may have an impact on pharmacokinetics
• Mass spectrometry can be employed in analysis of trisulfides for the mAb intermediate, which will have an impact upon the reduction step in cysteine conjugation and DAR
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Acknowledgements
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Hideto Yamaguchi, Biotechnology Labs, Astellas Pharma
AgensysWolf Noe, VP, Technical Operations
Analytical Development Seattle GeneticsChris Adams
Formulation DevelopmentJihea Park Aileen LaAnanda Seneviratne
Process SciencesIan SchwartzJocelyn MaterieFerd TomasZhala TawfiqJonathan RheubenTae Lee WongChris O’BrienMarie Zhu
Ambrx Inc.