2015 broken hill resources investment symposium - university of adelaide - john foden

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Page 1: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden
Page 2: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Delamerian  Orogeny  John  Foden  

 (plus  acknowledgements  to  Anthony  Reid,  Pete  Be<s,  Chris  Clark,  Alan  Collins,  Frank  Robinson,  David  Tassone  

and  others)        1.  Geology  and  Geophysics,  School  of  Physical  Sciences,  Department  of  Earth  

Science,  University  of  Adelaide,  Adelaide,  SA  5005,  Australia    

 

Page 3: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Collins,  2002;  Cawood  et  al.  2009   Aitchison  and  Buckman,  2012  

DisPncPve  West  Pacific  –Style  Orogenesis  Opposing  Models  

Though  in  fact  the  truth  may  include  elements  of  both  models  

Page 4: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Li  and  Evans  (2011)  

The  “Palaeo-­‐Pacific”  east  Gondwanan    Passive  Margin  

Palaeo  Pacific  

Page 5: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Delamerian  Orogen:    The  Mid-­‐  to  Cambrian    Orogenic  Inversion  of  the  Late  Neoproterozoic    to  Early  Cambrian  passive  margin  of  the  Australian  secPon  of  the  Pacific  Margin  of  Gondwana    

Tasmania  

Page 6: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Delamerian  Foreland  Fold-­‐Thrust  Belt,  N.  Kangaroo  Island  

Page 7: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Lower  Ordovician  Owen  Conglomerate  

Delamerian  Unconformity  

Burnie  FormaPon  (Late  Neoproterozoic)  

The  Delamerian  in  Tasmania  

Page 8: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Tasmania..  “Tyennan”  =  Delamerian  

Page 9: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

The  “Delamerian”  =  the  Ross  Orogen  in  the  TransantarcRc  Mountains  

~550  Ma  

Page 10: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

The post “Delamerian” Unconformity in Cape Town, South Africa.. Saldania/ Cape Orogen

Ordovician Siliciclastics

Malmesbury Shale

Cape Granite (S-type, 550 Ma)

The  “Delamerian”  in  South  Africa  from  555Ma  

Page 11: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Pampeanas(555Ma-515 Ma)

Saldania (Cape)(555Ma-510 Ma)

The Gondwanan Pacific Margin: TerraAustralis Orogen (Cawood, 2005)

Ross (540Ma-490 Ma)

Delamerian(515Ma- 490

Grenville & Pan-African Foldbelts

PalaeozoicAdditions 555-­‐515Ma  

Progressive  decrease  in  age  S  to  N:  =  assembly  of  east  and  west  Gondwana  fragments      

Page 12: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Progressive On-set of Subduction on Gondwanan Pacific Margin ?

Australia

Australia

West Gondwana

West Gondwana

Tasmania?

Tasmania?Pacific

Pacific

Passive  Margins  

Mawson  Craton/  Ant.  

Ross  Orogen  

Leeuwin  Orogen  522  Ma   525  Ma  

565  Ma  

Page 13: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

585  Ma  Passive  margin  Ri`  

King  Island    Ri`  Tholeiites  and  Picrites    

Mt  Arrowsmith  585  Ma  ri`  basalts  

f.  f  ?  

Sinistral  Transcurrent  MoPon  of  Australian    wrt  AntarcPca  (Mawson  Craton)  ??  

Neoproterozoic  RiXed  Margin    

Page 14: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

The  Earliest  Stages  of  Delamerian  in  South  

Australia  :  The  IniPaPon  of  SubducPon  

Page 15: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

PAD32    Quartz  Diorite  

LD3  

Cambrian  Basement  Thinly  Covered  by  Young  Sediments  Below  Murray  

Basin  

Quartz  Diorite  

517  Ma  

513  Ma  

Page 16: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

LD3    deformed  quartz  diorite    517.9±  2  Ma  

KTH12  foliated  Boninite      ~517  Ma?  

Page 17: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Boninites  

•  The  magmas  that  are  most  unequivocally  of  subducPon  origin    

•  Very  high  MgO  parent  magmas  •  Quite  SiO2-­‐rich  (for  “basalts”)  •  Very  depleted  LREE,HFSE,LIL..  eg  v.  low  TiO2  ,  Nb  etc  

•  Product  of  hot,  shallow  melPng  of  depleted  mantle  at  the  INCEPTION  of  SUBDUCTION  

Page 18: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Murray  Basin  Boninite  Lava  (Drill  holes  near  Keith)  

Page 19: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Harzburgite- Orthopyroxenite Layering towards the base of the Heazelwood complex.. Boninitic Ophiolite complex in NW Tasmania

Page 20: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Boninite and the initiation of subduction

•  (Modern) Boninite magmatism is typically associated with high T, shallow, mantle upwelling in the forearc of oceanic arcs and often ascribed to subduction initiation

•  If boninite complexes are in the margin of continents, then they are often (logically) considered to be thrust into place during arc collision and associated with subduction reversal… see Tony Crawford and Ron Berry’s model for the Tasmanian boninitic ophiolite

Page 21: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Issue of boninite origin. Allocthonous or Autochthonous? boninite

allocthonous boninite

Ultra-depleted mantle.. origin?

Page 22: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

515 Ma

1350 oC

BS

B

Boninite

Deformation

BS  -­‐    Boninite  source  mantle  

South  Aust.   Victoria  

OR…  Perhaps  emplaced  directly  in  the  conRnental  margin  generated  by  subducRon  iniRaRon  beneath  thinned  passive  margins  ?  

515  ±  5Ma  SubducRon  IniRaRon  and  Boninite  MagmaRsm  ..  

Pre-­‐Delamerian  Ri`  

Page 23: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Harvey’s  Return,  W.  Kangaroo  Island  Deformed  and  metamorphosed  Kanmantoo  Sediment  

The  Compressional  Stage  of  the  Delamerian  Orogen    

Page 24: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

502.42 ± 4.37 Ma

350

380

410

440

470

500

530

560

590

620

650

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Age

(Ma)

Cumulative 39Ar Released (%)

MSWD = 0.34, probability = 0.997

504.65 ± 5.50 Ma

250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Age

(Ma)

Cumulative 39Ar Released (%)

MSWD = 0.15, probability = 0.99

 Delamerian  Compression  515-­‐490  Ma    Ar-­‐Ar  daPng  of  muscovite  forming  axial-­‐planar  fabrics  to  North  (craton-­‐ward)  –verging,  recumbent  folding  of  Kanmantoo  group  metased.  (lowest  amphibolite  facies).    

Harvey’s  Return,  Western  Kangaroo  Island    

 Lower  amphibolite  metamorphism  and  folding    These  age  may  have  some  element  of  cooling  (ie  the  event  may  be  a  li<le  older)    

Page 25: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Tasmania  

IniPal  Cambrian  Arc    (SA)  517-­‐~510  

E.  Cambrian  Sinistral  Shear  Australia  wrt  Mawson  Craton/  AntarcPca    

Mt  Wright  –  Bancannia  Arc  510-­‐508  Ma  

Stavely  –”Minga”  Arc    504  Ma  

Mt  Read  Arc  (505-­‐495  Ma)  

Stavely  Volcanic  Arc      Felsic  Volcanics  Age  ~503Ma  

Fore-­‐Arc  boninite  (DDH    Keith  K-­‐12)  

Eastwards  Arc  retreat  due  to  slab  Roll-­‐Back  

Page 26: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

So  if  we  think  we  have  subducPon  and  arcs,    do  we  have  magmaPc  rocks  with  arc-­‐like  chemistry?  

Page 27: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

0.00  

1.00  

2.00  

3.00  

4.00  

5.00  

40.00   50.00   60.00   70.00   80.00  

The  SubducPon  Phase  (515Ma  -­‐  ~495  Ma)  

Wt%  SiO2  

Wt%  TiO2  

Modern  Calc-­‐alkaline  suite  (Rindjani  Volcano,  Lombok  Indonesia)  

Page 28: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

0.00  

1.00  

2.00  

3.00  

4.00  

5.00  

40.00   50.00   60.00   70.00   80.00  

Stavely  Arc  

The  SubducPon  Phase  (515Ma  -­‐  ~495  Ma)  

Wt%  SiO2  

Wt%  TiO2  

Page 29: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

0.00  

1.00  

2.00  

3.00  

4.00  

5.00  

40.00   50.00   60.00   70.00   80.00  

The  SubducPon  Phase  (515Ma  -­‐  ~495  Ma)  

Wt%  SiO2  

Wt%  TiO2  

Mt  Wright  Arc  (NSW)  

Page 30: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

0.00  

1.00  

2.00  

3.00  

4.00  

5.00  

40.00   50.00   60.00   70.00   80.00  

The  SubducPon  Phase  (515Ma  -­‐  ~495  Ma)  

Wt%  SiO2  

Wt%  TiO2  

Mt  Read  Arc  ,  Tasmania  

Page 31: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

0.00  

1.00  

2.00  

3.00  

4.00  

5.00  

40.00   50.00   60.00   70.00   80.00  

The  SubducPon  Phase  (515Ma  -­‐  ~495  Ma)  

Wt%  SiO2  

Wt%  TiO2  

South  Australia  (Murray  Basin  Basement)  

Page 32: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

0.00  

1.00  

2.00  

3.00  

4.00  

5.00  

40.00   50.00   60.00   70.00   80.00  

The  SubducPon  Phase  (515Ma  -­‐  ~495  Ma)  

Wt%  SiO2  

Wt%  TiO2  

South  Australia,  Late  Tectonic  (post  ~  504  Ma?)  

So  the  late  to  post  compressional  magmas  in  the  Murray  Basin  and  Adelaide  Hills  

don’t  look  very  arc-­‐like.  

Page 33: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

RhyoliPc  Ash  flow  tuff  

PADD28:  Undeformed  andesite  478  ±  5  Ma    

Page 34: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

•  Cambrian  magma4c  sequences  in  the  Murray  Basin  record    

 1.  pre-­‐subducPon  ri`ing  :  anorogenic  alkalic  

basalts  (>  517  Ma)    2.  Late  Early  Cambrian  to  upper  Middle  

Cambrian  subducPon-­‐related  magmaPsm  (517  -­‐  ~  505  ma)  

3.  Post  Delamerian  mafic  and  felsic  (A-­‐type  granite)  magmaPsm  (  <490  Ma)    

Page 35: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

0  

100  

200  

300  

400  

500  

0   1   2   3   4   5  

Zr  ppm)  

TiO2  Wt%  

Global  Back  arc  data  set  

Page 36: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

0  

100  

200  

300  

400  

500  

0   1   2   3   4   5  

Zr  ppm)  

TiO2  Wt%  

MORB  

Global  Back  arc  data  set  

Page 37: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

0  

100  

200  

300  

400  

500  

0   1   2   3   4   5  

Zr  ppm)  

TiO2  Wt%  

MORB  

Rindjani  (Calc  Alk)  

Page 38: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

0  

100  

200  

300  

400  

500  

0   1   2   3   4   5  

MORB  

Zr  ppm)  

TiO2  Wt%  

Mt  Stavely,  Mt  Read,  Mt  Wright  

Page 39: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

0  

100  

200  

300  

400  

500  

0   1   2   3   4   5  

More  arc-­‐like  (earlier?)  South  Australian  

Page 40: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

0  

100  

200  

300  

400  

500  

0   1   2   3   4   5  

More  alkalic/  later(?)  South  Australian  

It  looks  like  much  of  the  (later?)  Murray  Basin  suite  is  more  ri`-­‐  /  back  arc  like  than  axial  arc-­‐like  

Page 41: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Tasmania  

IniPal  Cambrian  Arc    (SA)  517-­‐~510  

E.  Cambrian  Sinistral  Shear  Australia  wrt  Mawson  Craton/  AntarcPca    

Mt  Wright  –  Bancannia  Arc  510-­‐508  Ma  

Stavely  –”Minga”  Arc    504  Ma  

Mt  Read  Arc  (505-­‐495  Ma)  

Fore-­‐Arc  boninite  (DDH    Keith  K-­‐12)  

Eastwards  Arc  retreat  due  to  slab  Roll-­‐Back  

Page 42: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Extensional  TerminaPon  of  the  Delamerian  from  490  Ma  

Slab  roll  back    and  outboard  stepping  to  be  re  –established  under  the  Macquarie  Arc  

Page 43: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

“Padthaway  Ridge”  Post    Tectonic  A-­‐type  Granites  (and  Post-­‐tectonic  Mafic  Magmas)    Hot,  dry,  F-­‐rich  with  relaPvely  mantle-­‐like  isotopic  signatures.        

Page 44: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

PAD  28  

Page 45: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Padthaway  Ridge  A-­‐type  Granites  :  Late  Cambrian  –  Early  Ordovician:  Post  Delamerian  Slab  Tear/  Roll  Back/  Out-­‐Stepping  ..~485-­‐475  Ma  

+/-­‐  

Page 46: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden
Page 47: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden
Page 48: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

South  Coast  of  Kangaroo  Island  

Evidence  for  transiRon  to  extension  at  ~490  Ma  

Page 49: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

                               

                           

     

                       

238U/ 206Pb Age (Ma)

206 P

b/ 2

38U

207Pb/  235U

 

     

                 

238U/ 206Pb Age (Ma)

206 P

b/ 2

38U

207Pb/ 235U      

                             

 

     

     

                     

206 P

b/ 2

38U

207Pb/ 235U

238U/ 206Pb Age (Ma)

238U/ 206Pb Age (Ma)

206 P

b/ 2

38U

207Pb/ 235U

206 P

b/ 2

38U

207Pb/ 235U

238U/ 206Pb Age (Ma) 238U/ 206Pb

Age (Ma)

206 P

b/ 2

38U

207Pb/  235U

South Coast KI Migmatites: Age of Deformation and Melting

Leucosomes crystallised at ~490 ± 4.0 Ma on the south coast

•  structural relationships? •  timing of convergence? •  crystallisation of melt? •  age comparisons… •  tectonic interpretation…

498.9±3.4 Ma MSWD=0.93

494.7±4.5 Ma MSWD=1.7

490.4±4.9 Ma MSWD=1.4

496.1±4.5 Ma MSWD=1.1

492.8±3.5 Ma MSWD=1.16

488.5±3.1 Ma MSWD=0.43

Page 50: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

The Transition to ENE -WSW extension at around 490Ma

•  tectonic interpretation…

tectonic interpretation…

@  516-­‐500  Ma

@  493  Ma

σ1

σ1 σ3

σ2 σ3

σ2

σ3

σ  1

σ  1

σ2  ≈σ3

σ1 σ1

σ2

σ2 σ  1/σ2

σ  1/σ2

σ2  /σ1

σ2  /σ1

σ1 σ1

@  491  Ma σ2

σ2

σ3

σ1

σ1

σ2  ≈σ3

σ2  ≈σ3

σ2  ≈σ3

Page 51: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

S-type granite generation Kangaroo Island : Partial Melting of E. Cambrian Kanmantoo Grp Sediment

490  Ma  extensional  collapse  of  the  Delamerian  Orogen  -­‐>  Core  complex  exposure  on  South  Coast  of  Kangaroo  Island  

Page 52: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

A-­‐type  magmaRsm  due  to  asthenospheric  influx  due  to…Slab  Break-­‐off  and  roll-­‐back  at  490-­‐485  Ma  ?  

Asthenospheric  up-­‐welling  

N

Page 53: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

The  Delamerian:  the  transiPon  from  passive  to  acPve  subducPon  margin  

•   Cryogenian  to  Early  Cambrian  Ri`s  with  developing  mantle  deplePon  (lithospheric)    and  mafic  underplaPng  (now  present  as  eclogite  in  the  upper  lithospheric  mantle)    • Mid  Cambrian  iniPaPon  of  subducPon  (with  boninite)  and  marginal  deformaPon  • TransiPon  to  arc  tholeiite  and  calc-­‐alkaline  magmaPsm  • EvoluPon  of  back-­‐arc  extension  from  the  end  of  the  middle  Cambrian  (back-­‐arc  basalts  in  S.  Australia  and  W.  NSW)  • Catastrophic  rollback/  slab  tearing  at  ~490Ma    yielding  asthenosphere  influx  and  A-­‐type  magmas  

Page 54: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Passive Margin Extension:Neoproterozoic - Early Cambrian Sedimentation

East Gondwana

800- 515 Ma

Buoyant Highly Depleted MantleMantle Flow?

Plate Motion?

A

Page 55: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

515 Ma

1350 oC

BS

B

Boninite

Deformation

BS  -­‐    Boninite  source  mantle  

515  ±  5Ma  SubducRon  IniRaRon  and  Boninite  MagmaRsm  ..  

South  Aust.   Victoria  

Page 56: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

~30 Ma

C

TS

Deformation

TS  -­‐    Arc  tholeiite  source  mantle  

515  -­‐500  Ma  SubducRon  MagmaRsm  and  Delamerian  Shortening    

South  Aust.   Victoria  Gawler  Craton  

Page 57: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Slab  Roll-­‐back  

Back  Arc  Extensional  Basin  

~505-­‐  490  Ma  Back  Arc  Extension  ,  Slab  Roll-­‐Back  

Stavely  Arc    

Victoria  South  Aust.  

Page 58: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Slab  steps  back  outboard  –  Macquarie  Arc  

490-­‐470  Ma  Post  Tectonic    Extension,  UpliX,  ExhumaRon  Erosion  

Victoria  South  Aust.  

A-­‐type  Granite  MagmaRsm  

DelaminaPon  

Slab  Tear/  Break-­‐off  

Page 59: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Collins,  2002;  Cawood  et  al.  2009   Aitchison  and  Buckman,  2012  

DisPncPve  West  Pacific  –Style  Orogenesis  

Page 60: 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - University of Adelaide - John Foden

Conclusion:  At  least  the  Delamerian  is  an  “Accordian”  style  orogenic  

event  :    

• Extension  • Compression  • Extension