Exploration &Colonization(1215-1763)

Magna Carta - 1215

-Limited power of the king- Said parliament decides tax- Gave citizens right to a fair speedy trial

English Bill of Rights -

Lords and elected representatives

Parliament

Citizens’ Rights

British Documents/Gov’t that influenced us:

ColumbusDiscovers

Americas in 1492

Columbian ExchangeEffect of the exchange:

Good: New crops and farming methods to EuropeBad: Diseases spread through the Americas

Columbian ExchangeEffect of the exchange:

Good: New crops and farming methods to EuropeBad: Diseases spread through the Americas

Names for England- England- Great Britain- Britain- British- English

1. Reasons for English Colonization

• Social-

• Economic-

• Religious-

(Glory)

(Gold)

(God)

8. Mercantilism• Economic system where colony can

only trade with Mother Country (England). Hurt the colony’s economy

2. Jamestown, Virginia- 1607• First permanent English

settlement in North America.Hardships- Undrinkable Water- Disease- Swampy Land- Indian Attacks- Starvation (FAMINE)

3. Virginia House of Burgesses• First representative assembly

in the colonies.

Representative = Someone who is selected to speak for the people

5. Representative Government• Power is held by the people who

elect representatives to look out for their interests.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

• Wrote by Thomas Hooker• The first CONSTITUTION written

in the Colonies

Constitution= a plan for how your

government works

4. 1620• Founding of Plymouth Bay Colony• Pilgrims escape religious persecution• They signed the Mayflower Compact-

Early example of self government.

Persecution= being treated badly because of your beliefs

Religion in the Colonies

Massachusetts – The Pilgrims were PURITANS and did not allow any other beliefs.

Rhode Island – Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson created a colony of RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. (Est. future principle)

Pennsylvania – The Quakers lead by William Penn believed in PEACE no matter what

Maryland – CATHOLICS came here so they could practice there beliefs.

Triangular Trade• Buying and selling of

humans for forced labor.

Middle Passage

The terrible journey for slaves from Africa to America. Packed, dirty ships with little food.

10. Colonial Economies• Northern (New England)-

Industrial, ship building, fishing.

• Southern- Agricultural.Economy: crops like cotton, indigo, corn, tobacco, grain, rice

WHY? Rich soil and flat lands

Economy: Factories Textiles, Lumber, Merchants (trading)

WHY? Rocky soil and hills

6. Plantations• Large farms that

usually grow one kind of cash crop.

• Like small cities with a Church, butcher, and everything you need

• Used slaves as main labor

7. Cash Crops• Grown in large fields to make

money. Harvested by slaves.

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Revolution(1763 to 1783)

Causes of War:1. Colonist wanted to

move west into French land.

2. Made France mad. 3. War started

French and Indians

VSBritish and Colonists

French and Indian War

- Wrote by Benjamin Franklin

- Colonies unite to Fight French

Albany Plan of Union

Effect of the French and Indian War• England Wins

• Doubles size of Colonial Land

• England has HUGE debt

Problems from French & Indian WarProclamation of 1763

Proclamation Line

=

England’s war debt means higher taxes for colonies.

“Taxation Without Representation”

Colonies were most angry about not having a representative in Parliament.

Parliament= England’s representatives. They decide taxes and laws.

13. King George III

• King of England during the American Revolution.

1.Navigation Acts

2.Proclamation of 1763

3.Sugar Act (Tax)

4.Stamp Act (Tax on paper)

6.Boston Massacre

5.Townshend Acts(Group of Taxes)

7. Tea Act

8.Boston Tea Party

9.Intolerable Acts (Blockade

on Massachusetts)“Taxation without

representation!”

Causes of American Revolution

Boston MassacreBloody Massacre

• Violence in Boston killed Crispus Attucks and fueled the fire for revolution.

Two types of Colonists

Loyalist PatriotStay with

ENGLAND!!

REVOLUTION!

Revolution=A major change

15. Samuel Adams• Opposed British

taxation.

• Helped form the Sons of Liberty.

Sons of Liberty= a group who wantedREVOLUTION.Responsible for theBoston Tea Party

16. Patrick Henry

Known for his“Give Me LibertyOr Give Me Death”speech.

17. Thomas Paine

• Wrote “Common Sense” which gave reasons to fight for independence.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

- Letter to the King from the Colonies

- A break up letter

Listed the Grievances:1. Tax w/out Reps2. King has all power3. Protesting Illegal4. Search w/no warrant5. Quartering of troops6. No trial by jury

18. Thomas Jefferson• Wrote the Declaration

of Independence in 1776.

• Believed all humans had Unailienable Rights: Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Unalienable Rights• Rights that cannot be taken

away.

• All people’s God given rights when they are born.

• In the Declaration of Independence they are- “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness”

20. George Washington• Commander

of the Continental Army.

Battle of Lexington and Concord• Opening battles of the American Revolution.• Looking for Samuel Adams, John Hancock and

Weapons• “Shot heard around the world”

Start of the REVOLUTIONARY WAR(1775)

Battle of Saratoga• Battle which was the turning

point of the revolution.

• France began to help the colonies after this victory.

Victory

23. Benjamin Franklin• Helped

convince France to help the colonists fight the British.

Winter at Valley Forge• Where Washington’s army spent a difficult

winter but emerged a stronger force.• Training = Stronger Army

Battle of Yorktown• Ended the American Revolution.• Cornwallis (British General) surrenders

Treaty of Paris (1781)• British recognized American independence.• Mississippi River became the western

border of the U.S.

United StatesFranceSpain

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the Constitution(1783 to 1787)

Articles of Confederation• 1st U.S. Constitution• Weak National government.

Enforce laws

Power to tax

National Courts

National Army

Remember: Constitution means a plan for how the government works

Northwest Ordinance• Set up an orderly system to

bring in new states.

Shays’ RebellionEvents:

1. Farmers rebel because of taxes

2. Federal Government cannot stop them

3. Congress realizes Articles of Confederation sucks.

Convention of 1787Philadelphia Convention

• Called to revise the Articles of Confederation• Trashed the Articles of Confederation• New Constitution was written.

-Wrote the Virginia Plan

-Father of the Constitution

James Madison

-Studied for a whole year about history and politics

Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan

- 3 Branches

- # of Reps based on population

- 3 Branches

- Equal #of reps for all

states

Two different plans for New Constitution

Great Compromise: 1787(Mixed the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan)

This is bi-cameral: Two houses of Congress

Article 1Article 2 Article 3

Makes LawsMakes Taxes

CongressLegislative Branch:Job:

Enforce Laws/Command ArmyPresidentExecutive Branch:

Job:

Interpret (explain) the lawsAll courtsJudicial Branch:

Job:

Highest Court: Supreme CourtHighest Judge: Chief Justice

Three-Fifths Compromise• Settled how slaves would be counted

for taxation and representation purposes.

• Every 5 slaves would be counted as 3 people in population

1787 2 Groups fought over the ratification of the

ConstitutionFederalist Anti-Federalist

• Liked the Constitution as it was written

• Believed in a stronger Federal government

• Against the Constitution.

• Feared a loss of states rights

• Wanted a Bill of Rights

Federalist PapersWritten by these guys to

convince anti-federalist to ratify the Constitution

James Madison

Alexander Hamilton

John Jay

Patrick Henry

-Gave speeches against RATIFICATION

-Did not go to the Constitutional Convention because he “smelled a rat”

George Mason

-Leader of the Anti-Federalist

-Believed in restricting the federal governments power

-Wanted a Bill of Rights for peoples protection

-Virginia Delegate

Anti-Federalist

Bill of Rights• First 10 Amendments to the Constitution.• Protects Unalienable rights.

1. Freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, petition

2. Right to bear arms

3. No quartering of soldiers

4. No search and seizure w/out warrant

5. Right to due process / remain silent

6. Right to a speedy trial

7. Right to a trial by jury

8. No cruel and unusual punishment

9. You have more rights then these

10. Rights not given to the Federal government is given to the states

7 principles of the Constitution

1. Limited Government

• All authority figures must obey the law.

40. Republicanism• People hold the power through

the election of representatives.

People Elect Representatives

41. Checks and Balances• Prevents one branch of the

government from becoming too powerful.

EXAMPLES:

42. Federalism• The sharing of power between a

national government and states.

43. Separation of Powers• Each branch of the government is

assigned specific powers.

LMake Laws

ECarries

out Laws

JCourt

System

44. Popular Sovereignty• Political power rests with the

people.• Exercised through voting.

Power of Power of the Peoplethe People

2/3 of States-OR-

Ratified by ¾ States

Amendment Process2/3 of

Congress

Early Nation(1787- 1845)

1789George Washington-Sets Precedents-Creates cabinet-Neutrality-Farewell Adress

First president-

Hamilton’s - 4 part Financial planPart 1: Pay off War Debt

Part 2: Whisky Tax

Part 3: Protective Tariffs

Part 4: Create a National Bank

48. Bank of the United States• Bank chartered by the National government to

provide bank notes to be used as money and to regulate state banks.

• A big fight between Jefferson and Hamilton

Whisky Rebellion• Americans near Pennsylvania angered by

the tax on Whisky• Stopped by the Federal Government

(Different then Shay’s Rebellion)

A Fight Started

V.S.

America says,

“Neutrality!”

Washington’s Farewell Address• Warned against political parties, foreign entanglements,

regional differences, and having a debt.

1. Alliances that will drag us to war

2. Political parties that will tear us a part

3. Sectionalism or Geographical differences

4. Getting into Debt

John Adams-2nd President- XYZ Affair

- Sedition Acts

XYZ Affair

3. -American’s want war

- Adam’s wants peace

1. France stealing US ship cargo

2. Adams sends reps to France

4. Adams signs treaty

5.Americans write bad stuff about Adams

Alien and Sedition

ActsAdams has congress make a law

that makes it illegal to speak against the government.

Against 1st Amendment right.

Thomas Jefferson-3rd President

-Louisiana Purchase-Louis and Clark

- Embargo act of 1807-Believed in Neutrality

• Thomas Jefferson buys the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million.

• Doubled the size of the U.S.

Louisiana Purchase - 1803

Lewis and Clark

Sacagawea

British ships started to stop American ships to look for

soldiers who ran away from Britain.

They also started to kidnap US sailors and force them to fight with

them.

Impressments

Embargo Act

To stop this from happening Jefferson

made the....

This act said that ships could not trade with

anybody from Europe. This act did not work and really hurt the Economy

Marbury v Madison• Chief Justice John

Marshall-Supreme Court case which est. Judicial Review.

( Constitutionality of the Law)

• Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional.

M & M’s = Jolly Ranchers

Marbury vs. Madison = Judicial Review

James Madison-4th President-War of 1812

1st to declare war

Causes of the War of 18121. Impressments

2. England encouraging Indian attacks

3. England blocking trade with France

4. Warhawks – Like Calhoun

U.S. win the War of 1812

This starts the Era of Good Feelings

James Monroe-5th President

-Monroe Doctrine-Missouri Compromise

53. James Monroe• His doctrine

stated European countries were to stay out of the Western Hemisphere.

Missouri Compromise (1820)• Missouri- slave state. Maine free state. • First sectional issue between the North and

South.• More states mean more power in Congress.

Henry Clay-Congressman-Nicknamed the “great compromiser”-Wrote the Missouri Compromise

Westward Expansion

Industrial Revolution

Reforms(1845-1861)

11. Free Enterprise• Economic system where there

is competition between businesses with little governmental control.

56. Industrial Revolution• Production of goods and products

in factories by machines. • Led to more goods being produced

at lower prices.

57. Urbanization• Major movement of people from

rural (Countryside) to cities (urban).

58. Interchangeable Parts• Eli Whitney.• Parts are made exactly the same to make

it easier to replace parts and produce faster.

59. Agricultural Inventions• Cotton Gin- Eli

Whitney- Created a demand for slaves.

• Steel Plow- John Deere- Increased agricultural production.

• Mechanical Reaper- Cyrus McCormick- Increased grain production.

59. Bessemer Steel Process• A cheap way to

make a massive amount of steel.

• Encouraged the railroad and making buildings out of steel

60. Transportation• Steamboat- Robert Fulton.

Decreased travel time on water.

• Canals- Man made waterways found mainly in the Northeast. Connected cities by water.

• Railroads- Fastest form of transportation on land. Led to growth of cities and westward expansion.

62. Improvement in Communication

• Telegraph- Samuel Morse. Allowed people to communicate over long distances.

63. Manifest Destiny• Belief that the U.S. was destined to

run from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans.

64. U.S.-Mexican War• Occurred over the annexation

(addition) of Texas because of a BOARDER DISPUTE (President Polk)

• After the U.S. victory they acquired most of the present day American Southwest (Mexican Cession).

President James K. Polk- 11th President

- Big believer of Manifest Destiny

- Promised to get the Oregon territory and Annex Texas.

106

US Territorial Expansion When?

From Where?Why?

•1776

•Great Britain

•US declared independence from Great Britain

I - 13 Original Colonies

1

107

US Territorial Expansion When?

From Where?Why?

•1783

•Great Britain

•Result of the Treaty of Paris

2

2 – Northwest Territory

108

US Territorial Expansion When?

From Where?Why?

•1803

•France

•Napoleon needed $•Jefferson wanted land for agriculture

3 - Louisiana Purchase

3

109

US Territorial Expansion When?

From Where?Why?

•1819

•Spain

•Andrew Jackson invaded it.•Spain then sold it to us for $5 million

4 - Florida

4

110

US Territorial Expansion When?

From Where?

Why?

•1845

•Republic of Texas (Independent Country)

•Texas independent from Mexico in 1836•Northerners feared it would become a slave state •Angered Mexico

5 – Texas Annexation

5

111

US Territorial Expansion When?

From Where?Why?

•1846

•Great Britain

•Claimed by England and U.S•Americans demanded “54° 40’ or fight!”•Britain compromised 49° & US accepted

6 - Oregon Territory6

112

US Territorial Expansion When?

From Where?Why?

•1848

•Mexico

•Mexico is angry over the Texas Annexation AND boarder dispute•Caused Mexican-American War!•US wins•Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo awards the land to U.S.

7 - Mexican Cession

7

113

US Territorial Expansion When?

From Where?Why?

•1853

•Mexico

•U.S. needed the land to build a rail road around the Rocky Mountains•Purchased from Mexico.

8 – Gadsen Purchase

8

Age of Jackson and Reform Movements

65. Andrew Jackson• He was the Common

man’s president• Believed in a strong

national government.• Hero of the Battle of New

Orleans.• Changed the way people

Campaigned(Parties, Speeches, Mudslinging, BBQ’s, Buttons)

Suffrage Requirements in the Early 1800’s

Age of Jackson and Reform Movements

Vote=Own land Vote=Pay taxes

66. Democratic Party• Revolved around the beliefs of

Jackson.• Strong Federal Government.• Supported by Southerners and slave

owners.

Spoils System:• Jackson would

give government jobs to people who did not deserve it if they supported him.

67. Daniel Webster• Represented the viewpoint of the North.• Believed in preserving the Union was

most important.Remember what George Washington said about

what geographical differences will do to our

country.

68. Henry Clay• “Great Compromiser”.• Worried how the spread of slavery would

affect Western Territories.

Lets make a deal.

69. John C. Calhoun• Represented the South.• From South Carolina.• Believed in slavery and states’ rights.• Lead South Carolina in Nullification Crisis

Long live slavery and

states’ rights!

70. Protective Tariff• Tax on imports

meant to protect U.S. industries.

• Made imports more expensive and encouraged people to buy products made in the U.S.

• Good for = North• Bad for = South

71. States’ Rights• Belief that

states don’t have to follow Federal law if that state feels that law violates the Constitution.

72. Nullification Crisis• Occurred when South

Carolina refused to enforce the Protective Tariff of 1828.

• President Jackson threatened to enforce the tariff with military

• South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union.

73. Indian Removal Act of 1830• All Indians East

of the Mississippi would be moved to Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

• The Indian’s land was wanted for farming.

• Andrew Jackson ignored the Supreme Court decision of “Cherokee Nation VS. Georgia” – Supreme Court said no to moving them

74. Trail of Tears• The Cherokee Indians were forced to

march to Indian Territory. • One fourth of them died on the trip

because Jackson ignored Supreme Court

Jackson’s War on the Bank• Jackson did not

renew the Charter (License) to the bank

• Jackson took out all of the Federal Government $ and put it in State banks

75. Reform Movements• Women’s Rights-

Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The “Declaration of Sentiments” from the Seneca Falls, NY (NEW YORK) Convention called for equal rights for women.

Stanton Susan Anthony

75 Reform Movements

• Public (Common) School- Led by Horace Mann. Called for education for all students regardless of background.

75. Reform Movements• Temperance-

Against the abuse of alcohol. Believed it caused problems like family violence and poverty.

75. Reform Movements• Abolitionist-

Wanted to do away with slavery. Found in the North.

75. Reform Movements• Mental Illness and

Prison Reform- Dorothea Dix. Wanted to improved conditions for the mentally ill and better treatment of prisoners.

The Civil War(1861-1865)

55. Sectionalism• When one part of the country

looks out for its own interests.

76. Frederick Douglass • Former slave who

spoke against slavery and for human rights.

• Abolitionist who started anti-slavery paper “the North Star”

77. Compromise of 1850• California admitted as a free state.• Strengthened Fugitive Slave Law.• Compromise by Henry Clay –

NorthCalifornia admitted as a free

state SouthFugitive Slave Law

78. Uncle Tom’s Cabin• Written by Harriet Beecher

Stowe.

• Antislavery novel which caused many Northerners to oppose slavery.

• Gave proof to terrible treatment of slaves in the South

79. Kansas-Nebraska Act• Allowed Popular Sovereignty to

determine Slave state or Free state• Led to violence = Bleeding Kansas

80. Dred Scott v Sanford• Supreme Court case which stated

slaves were not citizens and that they were property

81. Election of 1860• Abraham Lincoln elected president.• Caused Southern states to secede from

the Union.

Lincoln’s Inaugural Addresses• First Inaugural Address-

North would leave slavery alone but would act to preserve the Union.

• Second Inaugural Address- Did not want to treat the South poorly after the Civil War. The war was now about abolishing slavery

1861-1865Years of the Civil War.

Confederate States of America• Formed by former Southern states.

Jefferson Davis• President of the

Confederate States.

Ulysses S. Grant• Commander of

Union (North) forces during the Civil War.

Robert E. Lee Commander

of the Confederate (South) forces during the Civil War.

88. Fort Sumter• Opening battle of the Civil War.

Battle of AntietamLincoln Claims victory for Union and

gives Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation ProclamationLincoln

proclaims all the slaves in the Rebelling (Confederate) states FREE!

89. Battle of Gettysburg• Northern victory which was the

turning point of the war in the East.• Southern troops withdrew.

90. Gettysburg Address• Motivational Speech by Lincoln which

reaffirmed the North’s commitment to winning the war.

91. Battle of Vicksburg• Northern victory• North controlled the Mississippi River.

93. Appomattox Court House• Civil War ended with a Union victory

when Lee surrendered to Grant.

Reconstruction(1865-1877)

94. Reconstruction Amendments• 13th- Ended slavery

and made it illegal.• 14th- Defined

citizenship and gave equal protect under the law.

• 15th- Granted Black men the right to vote.

Lincoln Shot – 1865Lincoln Shot – 1865by John Wilkes Boothby John Wilkes Booth

95. Andrew Johnson• Became

President after Lincoln’s assassination. Wanted to treat the South kindly.

Black Codes/Slave Codes • Passed by Southern

states to limit the civil rights and freedom of the freedmen.

To all Freedmen:

Any Freedman found without a job will be fined

and possibly jailed!

• Freedmen = was the name for any person freed from slavery

Jim Crow Laws• Laws that

segregated or separated whites and African Americans (Freedmen)

Reconstruction Act of 1867Union forces stayed in the South to make sure Slavery was ABOLISHED

97. Freedman’s Bureau • Created to help

freedmen adjust and to set up schools to educate them. They were given food, clothing and medical care.

98. Homestead Act • Allowed any

citizen to own 160 acres of land if they lived on it for 5 years and improved it. Contributed to people moving westward.

99. Morrill Act • Gave each state

30,000 acres of federal land times the number of its members of Congress. States could sell land to fund public colleges.

Colleges Established Under the Morrill Act

•Iowa State•Kansas State•Michigan State•Rutgers University•Penn State University•University of Vermont•University of Minnesota•University of Missouri•University of Wisconsin

100. Dawes Act• Broke up Indian

tribes and promoted the assimilation of Native Americans into American society. Caused Indians to lose most of their lands.

Maps To Know

Maps To Know

Important Court Cases

Marbury v Madison• John Marshall-Supreme

Court case which est. Judicial Review.

( Constitutionality of the Law)

• Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional.

M & M’s = Jolly Ranchers

Marbury vs. Madison = Judicial Review

Native American Treatment• Cherokee V. Georgia-

Supreme Court favors Cherokee and says they do not have to move. Pres. Jackson ignores = Trail of Tears

• Worcester V. Georgia- Supreme Court decided that Georgia could not make any laws on Indian land because they were like their own country

61. Commerce• McCulloch v. Maryland-

Supreme Court case which stated Congress had the power to carry out its power stated in the Constitution.

• Gibbons v. Ogden- Supreme Court case which stated Congress could regulate interstate (State to State) commerce.

Maryland, you can’t tax the

Bank of the U.S.

Important People

Benjamin Franklin

Samuel Adams

King George III

Thomas Jefferson

Ambassador to France

Sons of Liberty

Ruler of Great Britain

Declaration of Independence

Important People (Revolution)

Thomas Paine

George Washington

Abigail Adams

John Adams

Wrote “Common Sense”

Continental Army

“Remember the Ladies!”

Argued for independence

Important People (Revolution)

Wentworth Cheswell

Mercy Otis Warren

James Armistead

Midnight rider to warn colonists/ Battle of Saratoga

Propagandist for the Patriots

Spy for Lafayette

Important People (Revolution)

Bernardo de Galvez

Crispus Attucks

Haym Solomon

Led Spanish armies against the British

Fist killed in the Boston Massacre

Jewish financier of the American Revolution

Important People (Revolution)