2014 bgri dieseth presentation
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Wheat Rusts as a Potential Problem in
Norwegian Wheat Cultivation
Jon Arne Dieseth Graminor AS
Important wheat diseases in Norway n Leaf blotch diseases
n Stagonospora nodorun most important n Severity depends on amount and pattern of rainfall
n Fusarium head blight n Fusarium graminearum most important n Severe effects on yield and quality in seasons with
rainfall at the time of heading and flowering n Powdery mildew
n Most severe in relatively dry seasons
Wheat rusts in Norway n Stripe rust
n Occasionally local outbreak n Last epidemic in 1987
n Leaf rust n Often seen in southern areas
late in the season
n Stem rust n Rare n Last epidemic in 1951
Wheat rusts in Norway n Winter wheat varieties with relatively good
resistance leave little inoculum in the field after the winter
n It appears like the rust inoculums do not survive the cold Norwegian winter on the winter wheat crop.
n Alternative host (wild barberry) is very rare.
Observed climatic changes in Southeast Norway (Oslo)
Monthly mean temperature in the two coldest months
y = 0,050x-103 R² = 0,0668
y = 0,053x-109 R² = 0,066
-12.0
-10.0
-8.0
-6.0
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
January
February
Observed climatic changes in Southeast Norway (Oslo)
Monthly mean temperature in the two hottest months
y = 0,036x - 53 R² = 0,1586
y = 0,030x - 43 R² = 0,0801
10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 21.0 22.0
July August
Expected increase in mean temperature by year 2100
Norwegian Environment Agency DN-utredning 2006-2
Monthly mean temperature in Oslo compared to some other European capitals
January -‐4,3 4,9 10,2 4,9 9,0February -‐4,0 4,5 10,0 5,4 9,5March -‐0,2 2,7 8,2 5,0 8,6April 4,5 1,6 5,4 4,4 6,3May 10,8 0,3 2,5 3,5 4,0June 15,2 -‐0,4 1,0 1,9 2,3July 16,4 0,5 2,2 2,8 3,6August 15,2 1,5 3,4 3,7 4,8September 10,8 2,3 5,1 3,7 5,8October 6,3 2,8 6,1 3,4 6,2November 0,7 4,2 8,0 4,0 7,2December -‐3,1 5,2 10,0 5,1 8,8
Month
Monthly mean
temp. (°C) in Oslo
Differences in monthly mean temperature compared to Oslo
Copen-‐hagen London Berlin Paris
(Met. data from yr.no)
Clima&c changes
Effects on
the wheat rust
Higher mean winter tempereature More inoculum
Few very cold days More inoculum
Shorter period with snow cover ?
Mild and wet autumn and spring ?
Warmer summer months Faster development
More summer rain in periods ?
Expected effects of climatic changes on the rust situation in Norway
n “Better” conditions for winter survival of inoculums
n Diseased fields closer to Norway
n Faster and more severe disease development in the growth season
n Higher risk for rust epidemic n Stripe rust
Effects of climatic changes on the rust situation in Norway
Strategies to avoid future wheat rust epidemics in Norway n Winter wheat varieties with good rust resistance
n Reduce the amount of spring inoculums n Fungicide application in the autumn to eradicate
rust inoculums n Rust resistant spring wheat varieties
n Difficult to breed for resistance to diseases that are not present
n Marker assisted selection
Marker assisted selection for horizontal resistance to powdery mildew (and rust) in Norway QTL %
Powdery mildew
% Leaf rust
% Stripe rust
None 79 91 77 Lr34/Yr18/Pm38 39 10 39 Lr46/Yr29/Pm39 39 26 49 3A-QTL 58 83 51 Lr34+Lr46 36 4 29 Lr34+Lr46+3A 14 2 24 Avocet 83 100 97 Saar 5 1 8
Lillemo 2008
Summary n Rust diseases on wheat do, for the time being, not
create serious damage in Norwegian wheat fields. n Wheat rusts, especially stripe rust, is a potential treat. n Forecasted climatic changes might enhance winter
survival and summer development of wheat rusts. n Problems with rust diseases are likely to increase. n Resistant winter wheat varieties will be important to
reduce spring inoculums. n Breeding for horizontal resistance to powdery mildew,
introducing genes with effect also on rust development, will be important for rust control
Thank you for your attention !