2013 年 12月新题型大学英语四级考试

翻译题型

新改革后翻译题型 :段落翻译（汉译英）测试学生把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出来的能力。

分值比例： 15% 考试时间： 30 分钟。 内容：中国历史、文化、经济、社会发展

长度： 140-160个汉字；

大学英语四级考试新题型评分标准档次 评 分 标 准

13-15分

译文准确表达了原文的意思。用词贴切，行文流畅，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。

10-12分

译文基本上表达了原文的意思。文字通顺、连贯，无重大语言错误。

7-9 分 译文勉强表达了原文的意思。用词欠准确，语言错误相当多，其中有些是严重语言错误。

4-6 分 译文仅表达了一小部分原文的意思。用词不准确，有相当多的严重语言错误。

1-3 分 译文支离破碎。除个别词语或句子，绝大部分文字没有表达原文意思。

0分 未作答，或只有几个孤立的词，或译文与原文毫不相关。

样卷

Part IV Translation (30 minutes)  Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.  

样题

           剪纸（ paper cutting ）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（ the Ming and Qing Dynasties ）特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。

   注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。

答案 Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.

汉译英解题方法1. 阅读原文，理解原文，获得总体印象。2. 处理原文句子，正确断句，合句，找准主语。理解原文中的语言现象和逻辑关系，注意汉英两种语言的不同表达习惯，综合翻译技巧进行翻译。3.修改，对译文修正、加工、润饰。第一步：对照原文一句一句修改，看原文内容、思想是否准确表达出来；有无漏译、错译、曲解的地方；译文语言是否通顺。 第二步：脱离原文， 反复阅读后进行修改。看上下文有无不连接的地方，前后有无矛盾、重复的地方，有无逻辑不通的地方。

汉语 VS 英语 不同表达习惯

一、英语重结构，汉语重语义 二、英语多长句，汉语多短句 三、英语多从句，汉语多分句 四、主语，宾语等名词成分“英语多代词，汉语多名词” 五、英语多被动，汉语多主动 六、英语多变化，汉语多重复 七、英语多抽象，汉语多具体 八、英语多引申，汉语多推理

英汉结构差异

连接方式：• 汉语隐形，即连接词很少出现或不出现，这体现为意

合 (parataxis);• 英语显性，即连接词出现，体现为形合 (hypotaxis)

组句方式：• 汉语：动词多，短句多，常按时间顺序或前因后果的

逻辑关系排列，呈链状；• 英语：常按句内主次从属关系排列，在句子主体上添

加修饰语以及限定语，形成严谨的树状结构。

1. 正确判断句子之间的关系，补充连接手段，实现显性连接。e.g. …… 在这一年半中，她抄写、背写英语单词的纸，累起来可达桌子高。……思路： SVO= 纸 + 达到 + 桌子高。问题：累起来怎么处理？

In that year and a half, the paper on which she had copied English words or written them down from memory, if stacked up, could reach the table from the floor.

结构差异带来的启示

2. 掌握内在联系正确断句

我们的班主任姓王，五十开外，方脸，一脸的胡子。Mr. Wang, the head teacher responsible for our class, was over fifty. He had a square-shaped face with a full beard.

结构差异带来的启示

3. 正确安排句子基本框架，主次清楚，符合原意。

原文：大家都记得 1979年秋天，当这个总共只念过八年书、连英文字母也认不全，而且已有三个孩子的女工，竟然报名上电大英语班时，招来了多少惊讶的目光。They remember how many astonished looks were cast at her in the autumn of 1979, when this woman worker with only 8 year’s schooling, little acquaintance with the English alphabet and three children to look after, actually enrolled in the English class offered by the local TV university.

结构差异带来的启示

汉译英的基本技巧

一、翻译的基本方法：　直译　＆　意译

直译：保持原文内容、又保持原文形式，基本保留原有句子结构，不是死译。意译：只保持原文内容、不保持原文形式，更多考虑英语的特点。

如： 我们的朋友遍天下。Our friends are all over the world. ( 直译 )We have friends all over the world. （意译）

直译与意译相互关联，互为补充，两种译法可以并用

二、 汉译英的基本技巧

1. 增词为了充分传达原文含义，必须增补词语，以求达意 .

北京是中国的政治、文化中心。这里你可以游览万里长城、故宫、颐和园等。 Beijing is a political and cultural center that offers some scenic attractions: the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace etc.

1. 我不觉得用英语与外国人交谈有什么困难。 I don’t think it difficult to speak to a foreigner in English.

2. 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes on lag behind.

Practice Please.

2. 减词 :汉语喜欢重复，英语崇尚简洁。汉语的重复作为一种修辞手段有两种作用。一是为了强调，重复表达一个意思，或增添修饰语，加强语气。二是为了便于词语搭配，或平衡节奏，增加可读性。这些在汉语里习以为常的重复词语或句式，到了英语里要么不合逻辑，要么累赘冗长。所以翻译时都要有所删减省略。

这是革命的春天，这是人民的春天，这是科学的春天！让我们张开双臂，热烈拥抱这个春天吧！Let us stretch out our arms to embrace the spring, which is one of the revolution, of the people, and of science.

见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。The sight of his native place called back his childhood.

他连续讲了两小时的法语，没有出现任何错误。He has been speaking in French for two hours without any mistakes. 长嗟短叹 －－ sighing deeply 发号施令－－ issue orders 土崩瓦解－－ fall apart 两面三刀－－ two-faced tactics

Practice Please.

情景

没有出现

省名词省名词

(省动词 )(省动词 )

3. 词类转换

词类变形和转换，是英语语言的一个很重要的特点，尤其是名词、动词、形容词这三种最主要的词类。

eg. 他的演讲给我们的印象很深。His speech impressed us deeply.(名词变动词 )eg. 你说他傻不傻？Don’t you think he is an idiot? ( 形容词变名词 )

4. 语态转换

在英汉两种语言当中都有主动和被动两种语态。在英语中被动语态的使用频率要远远高于汉语。如果一味按照汉语原句的语态来翻译，会使译文显得十分别扭。

这个小男孩在放学回家的路上受了伤 。The little boy was hurt on his way home from school.门锁好了。The door has been locked up.新教材在印刷中。New textbooks are being printed.

5. 分译 & 合译分译： 需要分译的句子多数是长句，或者是结构复杂的复句。这种句子如果译成一个长句，就会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚，也不符合英文习惯。如果采用分译，则会使译文简洁、易懂、层次分明。 (按内容层次分译 )

少年是一去不复返的，等到精力衰竭时，要做学问也来不及了。Youth will soon be gone ， never to return. And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.

她隔窗望去，突然发现有只小船停泊在河边，船里有位船夫睡得正香。Looking through the window, she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the bank. In it there was a boatman fast asleep.

( 按内容层次分译 )

( 从主语变换处分译 )

合译：相较于汉语而言，英语长句多，因此在翻译中，要把汉语的两个或多个句子合译为英语的一句，使译文紧凑、简练。

对我来说，我的水族箱就像我自己的一个小王国。我就是里面的国王。To me my aquarium is like my own little kingdom where I am king.

第二天，我又接到一个电报。这个电报有 34 个字，比前一个电报说得更详细。The following day I received another telegram consisting of 34 ciphers, giving more details.

从主语变换处合译

按内容连贯合译

6. 正、反表达翻译I. 汉语从反面表达，译文从正面表达他提出的论据相当不充实。The argument he put forward is pretty thin. 他七十岁了，可是并不显老。He was 70, but he carried his years lightly.

II. 汉语从正面表达，译文从反面表达她来得正是时候。She couldn’t have come at a better time.对于汉译英，你越细心越好。You can never be too careful about Chinese-English translation.

7. 变序

从译文的行文上考虑，有时需要对原文的词序作一番调整，以适应英文的修辞习惯，或者为了避免因结构而产生的歧义。

例：到西安你可以买兵马俑、唐三彩。Unique local creations are available in Xi’an, such as the three colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty and terra-cotta figures.

(“兵马俑”和“唐三彩”在译文中变换了位置，是为了避免” of the Tang Dynasty”在结构上产生歧义。 )

练习  1

中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对海外企业（ enterprises ）意味着更多的商机。改革开放以来， 中国企业与海外企业一直积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成就。海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长，而且也在合作中获得了收益。中国政府将继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企业与国外企业进一步开展合作。

key 1China will develop its economy further and open itself wider to the outside world, which offers more business opportunities to overseas enterprises. Since China’s reform and opening up, Chinese enterprises have been cooperating with overseas enterprises in terms of economy and technology, and have scored great achievement. Overseas enterprises have not only helped Chinese enterprises with their growth, but also benefited from the cooperation. Chinese government will continue to offer favorable policies and conditions to promote the further cooperation between Chinese and overseas enterprises.

练习  2

狮舞（ Lion Dance ）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（ mascot ）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了 2,000 多年的历史。在唐代（ the Tang Dynasty ），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（ the Lantern Festival ）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。

Key 2

The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China. The lion is the king of animals. In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck. Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.

练习 3

假日经济的现象表明：中国消费者的消费观正在发生巨大变化。根据统计数据，中国消费者的消费需求正在从基本生活必需品转向对休闲、舒适和个人发展的需求。同时，中国人的消费观在蓬勃发展的假日经济中正变得成熟。因此产品结构应做相应调整，来适应社会的发展。另一方面，服务质量要改善，以满足人们提高生活质量的要求。

Key 3

The phenomenon of holiday economy shows that Chinese people’s consumption concept is undertaking great changes. According to statistics, the demands of Chinese consumers are shifting from the basic necessities of life to leisure, comfort and personal development. Therefore, the structure of products should be adjusted accordingly to adapt to social development. On the other hand, services should be improved to satisfy people’s demand for an improved quality of life.

练习 4

端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（ minister ） , 他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（ vilify ）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（ glutinous dumplings ）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。

Key 4

The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified. People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.

练习  5

2013 年 6 月 20日在中国各地，剧估计 60万儿童和他们的老师观看了有宇航员（ astronaut ）王亚平在距离地球 300公里的上空所讲授的科学课。王亚平与两个同事乘坐天宫一号实验舱 (the Tiangon-1 laboratory module) 执行为期两周的任务。她在课上进行了一系列太空的物理演示。在有些演示中还对比了在地球上重力（ one-gravity）环境下同样的实验。这堂物理课不仅让孩子们享受了一堂知识与乐趣兼具的物理课，也显示了我国通信科技的前进。

Key 5

On June 20, 2013, an estimated 600 thousand school children and their teachers across China watched a science lesson taught from 300km above the Earth by astronaut Wang Yaping. Wang is aboard the Tiangong-1 laboratory module with two crewmates, for a two-week mission. Her lessons were a series of physics demonstrations in the space. In some demonstrations, she compared with the same experiment under the one-gravity environment on Earth. The lesson has not only offered children a physics lesson with knowledge and interest, but also shows the advance in communication technology of China.

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