2013 The Last of the Chinese Dynasties and Arrival of

Europeans

Weaknesses of the Qing Dynasty and How the Europeans Took

Advantage of Them

• Qianlong continued Ming policy of isolation, restricting foreign trade• Like Chinese, Manchu saw Chinese civilization, products, as

superior, expected foreigners to trade on China’s terms• Accepting terms, Dutch began thriving trade in Chinese goods• Obtained Chinese porcelain, silk, along with tea—which soon

became main Chinese export to Europe

• Other Europeans tried to change China’s trade restrictions

• 1793, British Lord George Macartney came to China to discuss expanding trade

• Chinese found goods he brought inferior to their own products

Trade Restrictions • Chinese demanded Macartney

kowtow to Qianlong; he refused to kneel to emperor, was sent away

• China was one of most advanced civilizations, but isolation prevented Chinese from keeping up with European advances

Isolation Held China Back

Qing Foreign Relations

By the time of the Xian Fong Emperor's death in 1861, his wife Cixi became the first and only Qing Dynasty Empress to rule from "behind the curtains" ( 垂簾聽政 ).

Weakness of the Qing Dynasty (1644 to 1911)

• Sino-centric philosophy, inability of ruling class to modernize to keep up with rival powers

• No access to outside world, population felt no nationalism

• Isolationist policy/lack of trade increased poverty and hurt foreign relations

• Population explosion brought need for recourses, reforms, and modernization, Qing refused to address the needs of the people

http://www.history-of-china.com/qing-dynasty/

Weakness of the Qing Dynasty (1644 to 1911)

• British led opium trade lead to inflation and unease of peasants due to addiction

• Boxer Rebellion reparations paid to foreign powers, who carved up and divided China

• Lost Korea and Taiwan, proving ruling dynasty incapable of protecting territories

• Sun Yat-sen led Republican Revolution in 1911, creating central government, and emphasizing nationalism, democracy, and livelihood

Sun Yat-sen http://globalvoicesonline.org/2011/10/13/china-reflecting-on-100-years-since-the-xinhai-revolution/

Opium Trade

Opium• Opium was seen by the East India Company as the

answer to the trade imbalance. It was a high value item which the company could grow in India.

• Opium had been traded in small quantities since 900. In the 16th Century, trade became significant and by 1782, it was a major import item.

• The Chinese prohibited the importation of opium in 1729, but enforcement was lax. Smuggling was facilitated by bribery.

• By 1805, opium had reversed the trade imbalance. The surplus was 4 ½ million taels of Silver.

Opium• Opium was seen by the East India Company as the

answer to the trade imbalance. It was a high value item which the company could grow in India.

• Opium had been traded in small quantities since 900. In the 16th Century, trade became significant and by 1782, it was a major import item.

• The Chinese prohibited the importation of opium in 1729, but enforcement was lax. Smuggling was facilitated by bribery.

• By 1805, opium had reversed the trade imbalance. The surplus was 4 ½ million taels of Silver.

Growth of Opium Trade

• Europeans bought silk, tea, porcelain, and spices from China

• Chinese would only trade goods for silver• Drain on European finances

Opium Trade

• Opium manufactured in China since 15th century for medical purposes

• Opium then mixed with tobacco so it could be smoked

• Dutch were first to begin trade of opium• English soon followed• Chinese government banned smoking and

trade of opium in 1729 due to health and social issues

English East India Company

• Held monopoly on production and export of opium in India

• Peasant cultivators often coerced and paid in advance for cultivation of poppies

• Sold in Calcutta for a profit of 400%

East India Company

• Buy tea on credit in Canton• Sell opium at auctions in Calcutta, India• Then it was smuggled into China through India

and Bengal• 1797 began direct trade of opium into China• Chinese government had hard time controlling

trade in South

• Foreigners were only allowed to trade at the southern port of Guangzhou.

• Trade balance was in China’s favor.

• European merchants decide to sell the habit-forming drug opium (a narcotic derived from the opium poppy plant) in China to obtain a favorable trade balance.

• By 1835, as many as 12million Chinese were addicted

The Tea-Opium Connection

First Opium War

Background to the Opium War

• China utilized isolationist policy prior to 1830

• British companies bought huge amounts of opium to smuggle into China

• 90% of male population under 40 along the coast was addicted

• 3,540,450 pounds of opium imported to China in 1832

Napier Affair

• Lord Napier tried to circumvent the Canton Trade laws to reinstitute East India’s monopoly

• Governor of Macao closed trade with Britain September 2, 1834

• British resumed trade under old restrictions

Commissioner Lin• Imperial Commissioner Lin

Zexu was appointed in March 1839 to end the opium trade. He did this by terminating all trade until the British surrendered their opium and signed pledges to stop further smuggling.

• The Superintendent of Trade, Capt Elliott, ordered 21,306 chests to be delivered to Lin.

The Lin Zexu Memorial Museum, Macao, China.

Pretext for War• Capt Elliott objected to individual traders signing

pledges to stop the sale of opium as it undermined British jurisdiction over its subjects.

• In November 1839, a clash occurred between 21 war junks and several British warship over the defection of a ship whose captain had signed a bond and was proceeding to Canton under Chinese protection.

• The British stopped all trade and the Governor General of India declared war on January 31, 1840.

The Opium War 1840-1842

Britain paid for its imports of tea, silk and porcelain mainly with silver.But the growth of the opium habit in China created an outflow of silver from China.The Qing banned the import and smoking of opium.

The Opium War 1839-1842

1839: the areas of Canton where British and American merchants were permitted to operate were blockaded20,000 chests of opium seized and publicly destroyed on the Canton beaches.Britain declared war

First Opium War 1834 - 1843

• 1838 Chinese instituted death penalty for native traffickers of opium

• March 1839 – new commissioner to control opium trade – Lin Zexu

• Lin imposed embargo on Britain unless they permanently ended the trade trade

First Opium War

• March 27, 1839 – British Superintendent of Trade – Charles Elliot demanded all British subjects turn over opium to him

• Opium amounting to a year’s worth of trade was given to Commissioner Lin

• Trade resumed with Britain and no drugs were smuggled

First Opium War

• Lin demanded British merchants to sign a bond promising not to deal opium under penalty of death

• Lin disposed of the opium – dissolving it in the ocean

• Did not realize the impact of this action!

First Opium War

• British merchants and government regarded this as destruction of private property

• Responded by sending warships, soldiers, and the British India Army into China June 1840

• Had superior military force – attacked coastal cities, defeated Qing forces easily

Britain declared war. Chinese arms were no match for European technology.

• The Qing emperor was angry about the drug trade coming from the British.

• In 1839 the Emperor’s advisor writes a letter to Queen Victoria demanding the drug trade stop.

• The Opium War breaks out between Britain and China in 1839, but is fought mainly at sea.

• The Chinese are no match for Britain’s steam-powered gun boats.

• The Treaty of Nanjing is signed in 1842.

War Breaks Out

The Opium War (1839-1842)

• Cause, burning of opium, Lin Zexu• Qing’s defeat by British humiliated Qing government and

the Chinese– “Treaty of Nanjing” stipulated China’s war compensation in

twelve articles• one says, “The island of Hong Kong to be possessed in perpetuity” by

Victoria and her successors, and ruled as they “shall see fit”

– British merchants and soldiers entered Canton as a result of its opening as a treaty port were with anti-British attacks by rural militias and urban mobs

– Violent attackers were met by British reprisals and reciprocal atrocities

End of the War

• British took Canton and sailed up the Yangtze River

• Took Tax Barges, cut revenue of imperial court of Beijing

• 1842 Qing sued for peace• Ended with Treaty of Nanjing

Impact of First Opium War: Treaty of Nanjing

The Treaty of Nanjing

The First Opium War ended in a decisive defeat for China.The humiliating Treaty of Nanjing resulted.Five ports were opened to foreign trade.

Treaty of Nanjing

• Referred to as the Unequal Treaties – accepted 1843

• China – Ceded Hong Kong to the British– Opened ports to British – Canton, Amoy, Fuzhou,

Ningbo, Shanghai

The Treaty of NanjingHong Kong island was ceded to the British.The status of “extraterritoriality” given to her merchants (they were not subject to Chinese laws).Huge reparations were imposed for the destroyed opium.

Treaty of Nanjing

• Great Britain received– 21 million ounces of silver– Fixed tariffs– Extraterritoriality for British citizens on Chinese

soil– Most favored nation status– Allowed missionaries into interior of China– Allowed British merchants sphere of influence in

and around British ports

Treaty of Nanjing

• Unresolved Issues– Status of opium trade with China– Equivalent American treaty forbade opium trade

with China– However, both Americans and British were subject

only to the legal trade of their consuls

The Treaty of NanjingThe U.S. and France extracted similar concessions two years later1856: The Second Opium WarRenewal of war with Great Britain (later joined by France).China again defeated.

• British get Hong Kong

Results of Treaty of Nanjing

Effects of the Opium War

• Britain received large spoils (indemnity)• Britain gains control of Hong Kong• China opened 5 ports to foreign trade• British citizens in China received

extraterritoriality meaning they lived under British Laws and could be tried in British courts

• Allowed Christian missionaries to preach in China

Europeans Encroaching More and More on China

More Western Presence

• Many Chinese began to realize that British army and navy are superior to China’s

• More foreign presence/aggression in China coincided with waves of domestic turbulence, such as the Taiping and Nian

Extraterritorial Rights

• The British enjoyed extraterritorial rights, which meant that British citizens were not subject to Chinese laws, but, if accused of a crime in Chinese trading ports, but would only be tried by British courts.

• In 1844 the U.S. signed a the Treaty of Wanghia in which American citizens were given extraterritorial rights as well.

• This arrangement protected Europeans and Americans from prosecution for drug smuggling.

• Population grew to 430 million by 1850, a 30 percent increase in 60 years.

• Food production did not keep up with this increase.

• Discouragement increased opium addiction• Chinese began to rebel against the Qing

Dynasty

Growing Internal Problems

Second Opium War or Arrow War

Second Opium War 1856 - 1860

• Also known as Arrow War• Followed incident when Chinese bordered

British registered, Chinese owned ship – the Arrow

• Crew was accused of piracy and smuggling– Were arrested

Arrow War• The Arrow War or Second Opium War (1856-60) was

prompted by the seizure of the lorcha Arrow.• The Arrow was flying a British flag used for safe

conduct between Canton and Hong Kong. Although released by the Chinese, an appropriate apology was not given.

• The incident, together with the “judicial murder” of a priest, was considered a convenient opportunity for treaty revision.

The advance of foreign intrusion

• “Second Opium War,” or “Arrow War” (1856-1860)– British moved jointly with the Americans

and French to press for treaty revision– Qing search of British ship, “Arrow,” a

smuggler’s ship furnished British pretext for a new series of military action

Second Opium War

• British claimed ship was flying British flag and was protected under the Treaty of Nanjing

• War delayed by Taiping Rebellion and Indian Mutiny

• British attacked Guangzhou one year later• Aided by allies of United States, Russia, and

France

The Conflict• The British attacked Canton,

but had to wait for reinforcements until the end of the Indian Mutiny. They captured Canton in 1857 and ruled it for three years.

• When British and French demands for treaty revision led to unsatisfactory Chinese representation, the British attacked the fort at Taku and sailed up the Peiho River to Tianjin.

The Treaty of Tienjin was negotiated and signed in this room in a Buddhist Temple.

Second Opium War

• Treaty of Tientsin was created in July 1858 – was not ratified by China until 2 years later

• Hostilities broke out in 1859 when China refused the establishment of British Embassy in Beijing

• Fighting erupted in Hong Kong and Beijing– British burned the Summer and Old Summer

Palace and looted the city

Results of the Violent War• Violent war took place

in 1859 before the forts of Dagu, where Qing army was defeated

• Twenty thousand British and French troops entered into Bejing, sacked and burnt the Summer Palace, the famous Yuan-ming-yuan, to the ground

Yuanming yuan ruins

Treaty of Tienjin• The treaty powers were granted the following rights

plus a 6 million tael indemnity.– To maintain resident legations in Beijing.– To travel in all parts of the interior with passport.– To trade in ten additional ports, four of which were on the

Yangtze River..– For missionaries to travel and anywhere in China.

• Additional negotiations in Shanghai legalized the opium trade and revised the tariff schedule.

• To become effective, ratified copies of the treaty were required to be exchanged in Beijing.

Impact of the Second Opium War: Treaty of Tientsin

Treaty of Tientsin 1858Legalized the opium tradeAllowed freedom for Christian

missionariesIncreased ports and trading

privileges to Western merchants

Imposed further war reparations

Treaty of Tientsin• 1860 ratified the treaty at the Convention of Peking

–Britain, France, Russia and the United States would have the right to station legations in Beijing (a closed city at the time)

–Ten more Chinese ports would be opened for foreign trade, including Niuzhuang, Danshui, Hankou and Nanjing

–The right of foreign vessels including warships to navigate freely on the Yangtze River

Treaty of Tientsin–The right of foreigners to travel in the internal

regions of China for the purpose of travel, trade or missionary activities

–China was to pay an indemnity to Britain and France in 2 million taels of silver respectively, and compensation to British merchants in 2 million taels of silver.

–The Chinese are to be banned from referring to Westerners by the character "yi" (barbarian).

–Legalized the import of Opium

China Encircled By Imperialist Powers

China Encircled• In the end of 1850’s,

Qing China was encircled by foreign powers– Russia in the northwest—

invaded Xinjiang– Japan in the east—

occupied the Ryukyu Islands

– France in the southeast Asia and southeast China—took Vietnam, laid seige to Ningpo, occupied the Penghu Islands (Pescadores)

British soldiers slaughtered boxers

Entering Beijing• The British and French

attempted to sail to Tienjin, but found the fort reinforced and the river blocked.

• The fort was stormed after reinforcements arrived in 1860.

• An advanced party of 39 was sent to Beijing only to be captured and held as hostages. Twenty were killed. Lord Elgin burned the Summer Palace in reprisal.

The Manchu Bannermen fought to the death defending the fort at Taku..

Convention of Beijing• The convention was signed in 1860 following the

entry of foreign forces into Beijing. The parties were Britain, France and Russia. The convention:– Ceded part of the Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters

Island to the British.– Ceded parts of outer Manchuria to Russia plus the

Maritime Province east of the Ussuri River which included the warm water port of Vladivostock.

• The convention represented a major achievement of Russian ambitions in the Far East begun with the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 and the Treaty of Aigun in 1858.

Chinese Opium Production• To stem the loss of Silver, China began domestic

production of opium after 1858.– Importation peaked in 1879 at 6,700 tons– By 1906, China was producing 35,000 tons (85%) of the

world’s supply and had 13.5 million addicts (27% of its male population).

• Major production areas were in the S.W.: Szechuan (200,000 piculs), Yunnan (30,000 piculs) and Kweichow (15,000 piculs). This production eventually shifted to N. Burma and Thailand (the Triangle).

• Chinese government has both internal and external pressures.– Internal

• Taiping Rebellion• Other rebellions

– External• Pressure from foreign powers was increasing

• Debates emerged in the Qing court– Some leaders wanted to reform and modernize

according to Western ways.– Some clung to traditional Chinese ways

Foreign Influence Grows

Taiping Rebellion

Taiping Rebellion• A peasant revolt in China

• Lead by school teacher Hong Xiuquan – called for and end to the Qing dynasty

• Rebellion last from 1850-1864 before Chinese government defeated the rebellion

Causes of the Taiping Rebellion

Population ExplosionIrrigation systems and canals poorly

maintained – caused massive flooding

Extravagant courtsRich evading taxesWidespread political corruption

The Founder of the Taiping

• The founder: Hong Xiuquan (1814-1965)

• Originally a school teacher who passed the local preliminary examination but failed provincial examination four times

• Inspired by Inspired by Good Good Words to Exhort the Words to Exhort the Age, Age, he claimed that he claimed that during his illness after during his illness after the failure of the the failure of the third examination, he third examination, he was adopted by the was adopted by the Heavenly father as Heavenly father as the younger brother the younger brother of Jesus Christ and of Jesus Christ and was given a divine was given a divine missionmission

Identify the devils of China and cast Identify the devils of China and cast them out.them out.The devils are idols of ChinaThe devils are idols of China’’s s temples (including ancestral temples (including ancestral temples), the Manchu rulers, opium temples), the Manchu rulers, opium and alcohol, foot-binding and and alcohol, foot-binding and prostitutionprostitution

Jintian where Hong started his “uprising”

Leader: Hong Xiuquan

• A middle class Hakka Chinese

• Failed competitive test to enter the civil service for a 3rd time in 1836

• Had a nervous breakdown accompanied by visions

God’s Chinese Son• After failing the civil service exam for a third time in

1837, Hong Xiuquan became ill and delirious for 40 days. He saw visions to which he later applied a Christian interpretation.

• Hong believed that he had seen God, met Jesus and been given divine mission to save mankind and exterminate demons. Hong also believed that he was the source of new revelation.

• Hong’s beliefs emphasized the Old Testament and the 10 Commandments.

Vision I

• An old man tells Hong that men are worshipping demons instead of him.

• Hong believes this is God the Father

Vision II

• He sees Confucius being tortured for his lack of faith in God.

Vision III

• Hong is carried to Heaven by angels.• A man with a long golden beard in black robe

embroidered with dragons gives him a sword and a magic seal and tells him to purify China of demons.

• He believes this was his older brother Jesus.• His family claims that after this he became

taller and filled with authority.

Vision IV

• An old woman washes the filth of the world from his body.

• A group of old men remove his internal organs and replace them with new heavenly organs.

God’s Chinese Son (cont’d)

• Hong became an itinerant preacher among the Hakka charcoal burners of Guangxi.

• The ranks of his followers quickly grew. He preached strict morality, including monogamy and the prohibition of foot binding.

• His social message included equality of men and women, communalism and the redistribution of land according to the Rites of Zhou.

• His military organization included both male and female units.

Rebels and Rebellions

• Hong Xiuquan, his visions, and the Heavenly Kingdom

• The Heavenly Kingdom and the old capital Nanjing

• The “Peasant Uprising” in the Communist ideology

The Origin of the Taiping

• The Taiping refers to both the Taiping Rebellion and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace). “The Taipings” refers to the constituents of the rebels and kingdom

• The Rebellion was one of many anti-Manchu movements in the middle-Qing period

The Early Phase of the Taiping

• The Taipings turned into a large political entity– Publicly declared their

purposes to overthrow the “devilish Qing”

Hong’s study

Taiping Constituents • Important leading members came from an wide array

of social constituents: failed examinee and village schoolteacher, charcoal-burner and government clerk, female bandit chief, Triad leader and river pirate, wealthy money-lenders and pawnbrokers, merchant, scholar, former account, head of rich clan, poor peasant

• Predominantly Hakka people• Not motivated by peasant discontent, nor by

destitution, but by the God-Worshippers’ faith and ethnic identity

The God Worshippers

• Converts many of the poor Hakka charcoal burners in Guangxi

• He and his growing cult engage in iconoclasm throughout the region

• He translates the Bible and gains more followers

• By 1850 he has over 30,000 followers and war begins.

Goal of Taiping Rebellion

• Its goal was to overturn the Manchu regime, which was regarded as alien, repressive, and corrupt

• The founder and his cohort began their movement by organizing religion called the God-Worshippers (Bai Shangdi jiao) – Based on their understanding of the Catholicism

derived from a pamphlet written by a Christian convert, Liang Afa, entitled Good Words to Exhort the Age (World)

Reforms of the “Heavenly Kingdom”

• Women equal to men (no foot binding; women can serve in govt & army)

• Property held in common• No opium, tobacco, alcohol, polygamy,

gambling, prostitution

The Beginning of the Rebellion

• Hong soon became well-known and respected

• Hong’s organization, the God-Worshippers, became the shelter for the victims of social disorder in Hong’s hometown and its vicinity

• The Hakka people joined them The Hakka people joined them because of being harassed by because of being harassed by bandits--who were originally bandits--who were originally members of the demoralized local members of the demoralized local militia militia • Thirty bandit gangs operated in the Thirty bandit gangs operated in the areaarea• Local landlord and rich clans joined Local landlord and rich clans joined the God-Worshippersthe God-Worshippers

Beginning of the Rebellion

• The God-Worshippers grew rapidly The God-Worshippers grew rapidly and its members rose from 10,000 to and its members rose from 10,000 to 30,00030,000

• Local and central governments Local and central governments found the growing God-Worshippers found the growing God-Worshippers threatening and began to suppress threatening and began to suppress themthem• This resulted in mass killing and This resulted in mass killing and wars between them, which wars between them, which anticipated a large-scale rebellionanticipated a large-scale rebellion

• Hong Xiuquan began recruiting followers to help him build a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.”

• Hong referred to himself as the “brother of Jesus” (fact from AP textbook).

• His movement was called the Taiping Rebellion.• By 1850s, Hong organized a massive peasant army and took

control over large areas of southeastern China.• 1853 Hong captured Nanjing and made it his capital.• Qing imperial troops and British and French forces all

launched attacks against the Taiping government.• By 1864 the rebellion was put down, but at least 20 million

people died in the rebellion.

Taiping Rebellion

The Taiping Rebellion• The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

– The largest and most influential rebellion during the Qing

– The only rebellion that had connection with the Western impact on China

– Communist historians called it “peasant uprising,” which started from Guangxi province in south China

• an area of secret societies, lineage feuds, and conflict between the locals and the Hakka (guest people)

• this area suffered the most disruption from the Opium War, the result of which made the open of new trade ports and huge numbers of porters lost their jobs

Taiping’s Quick Success

• After several major battles with government troops, the Taipings took control of the ancient capital, Nanjing, which became its capital

• They also took control of important cities in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, and Anhui and with this areas as their military bases, continued to launch military and cultural campaigns against the Manchu rulers

• The expansion of the Taiping and its forceful implementation of the Christian faith resulted in the Taipings’ conflict with the people

• At their height Taipings control ¼ China, 600 major cities

• Huge armies threaten to end the Qing Dynasty

Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

• After succeeding in taking control of Nanjing (Nanking), Hong built Taiping’s capital there– Killing all Qing bureaucrats and Confucian scholars

and burnt all Confucian texts, which Hong regarded as “evil”

• He proclaimed himself Heavenly King and five of his closest comrades Eastern, Western, Southern, Northern, and Wing Kings

What Went Wrong?• The Taipings refused to recognize the treaty rights

of the western powers, who ostensibly remained neutral. The claim of new revelation didn’t help.

• Their ideals while anti-Manchu were also anti-Confucian; hence, considered subversive to the social order by the scholar-official/gentry class.

• Their behavior did not conform to their creed.• Severe treatment of conquered people alienated

the masses.• Hong became largely a figurehead. Yang Xiuqing

was purged along with thousands of followers. Hong Rengan came to prominence, but too late.

Fail of the Taipings

• The fratricide among the Taipings resulted in the gradual collapse of the kingdom, even though it might have promise to overthrow the Qing regime

• A 100,000 Taipings died in Nanjing rather than surrender to the Qing.

• Death of Population during the rebellion: 50-70 million

Destruction of Nanjing

Taiping Rebellion 1851-1864

1853: 1 million peasants had joined

the revolt. Controlled large areas of southern China

Internal power struggles led to the demise of Taiping regime

Qing and foreign forces eventually defeat the rebellion. 20 million died

Effects of the Taiping Rebellion

20-30 million Chinese died

Qing government stayed in place but had to share power with regional commanders

Russia seized land in Northern China

• Dowager Empress Cixi held power in China from 1862-1908.

• She was committed to Chinese traditional values.

• She backed some attempts at reform like the “Self-Strengthening Movement” which wanted to update China’s educational system, diplomatic service, and military.

• The movement had mixed results.

Resistance to Change

Self-Strengthening Movement

Self Strengthening Movement

Dowager Empress Cixi resisted reforms but did support “self strengthening”.Sought to update political, educational and military institutions.

Arsenals to manufacture modern weapons set up.

The Self-Strengthening Movement• Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, and

Zuo Zongtang were all actively involved in the Self-Strengthening Movement.

• The goal was to deal with China’s deficiencies by:– Studying science, international law

and foreign languages.– Establishing arsenals and shipyards in

Shanghai, Canton and Fuchou.– Conducting relief projects in the

Yangtze River basin.– Reforming the civil service exam

system and local government. Prince Gong (1833-1898)

Self-Strengthening Philosophy

• Many in Qing government and Chinese society were concerned over the subversive impact of Western science and technology.

• The principal argument for learning from the west was that “barbarian techniques” were appropriate against “barbarians.” Western techniques would be used to protect Chinese civilization.

• The ability to separate “function” from “substance” was understandably doubted by many.

Self Strengthening Movement

Mixed results since arsenals still run by mostly foreigners.Imbalance of trade from import of machinery, raw materials.

Self-strengthening Movement

EFFECTS Produced warships & ammunitionsBoosted Chinese moraleCreated large military arsenals run by

foreigners that led to a trade imbalance and a lack of quality control because foreigners did not like working with Chinese resources.

China Losing More To Imperialist Powers

Sino-Japanese WarOpen Door Policy

Spheres of Influence

• Foreign nations attack China and through treaties gain more control over China’s economy.

• Many of Europe’s major powers and Japan gain spheres of influence—areas in which the foreign nation controlled trade and investment.

• The U.S., having no sphere of influence, declared its Open Door Policy demanding free trade for all nations in China.

• Britain and other European nations agree to this demand.

Other Nations Step In

The Sino-Japanese WarBy 1895, Japan defeated China and gained control of Formosa (Taiwan) and Korea.

This defeat and the failure of the Self-Strengthening Movement highlighted the need for reform.

Chinese conservatives disagreed.

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

• Japan is a major, expanding, and industrializing nation

• China and Japan fight for influence in Korea

• Tonghak rebellion in Korea leads to Chinese troop intervention-war is declared

• Japan successfully invades vital provinces and fortifications

• Treaty of Shimonseeki ends conflict

• China goes through reform movement as a result

http://www.cityofart.net/bship/sino-jap.html

Open Door Policy 1899

• CAUSES– China has a weak military, as well as economic

and political problems.– China is being divided up into more Western

spheres of influence.– U.S. fears that China would be divided into formal

colonies and American traders would be shut out.

Open Door Policy

• 1899 & 1900• All nations allowed equal access

to open trading ports• Only Chinese government

allowed to collect taxes on trade• No great power exempt from

paying harbor dues or railroad charges

• Scramble for spheres of influence after 1st Sino-Japanese Ware (1894-1895)

Open Door Policy

• Proposed by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay (1899)

• Fear that China would be carved up between imperialist powers

• Left China’s independence and territory intact• All nations could trade equally in China• Endorsed internationally

– But not always strictly followed

Open Door Policy

• American interested in Chinese market for cheap cotton goods

• U.S. late to imperialistic growth in China

• All nations except Japan acknowledged the importance of keeping China’s territorial and administrative integrity

• Re-circulated notes again in 1900• Overall led to Manchurian crisis of

1931 and war between China and Japan in 1937

Open Door Policy 1899

• EFFECTS– This policy would protect American trading rights

in China.– Keep China free from colonization– But China was still at the mercy of economic

imperialism by foreign powers.

Spheres of InfluenceForeign nations took advantage of China’s weakness and established colonial footholds.Extraterritoriality applied in these foreign enclaves.U.S. favored an “Open Door Policy” to prevent outright colonization.

New Scramble for China• France

– Kwangchow – 99-year lease• Germany

– Shantung Peninsula – sphere of influence• Great Britain

– Wei-hai-wei – naval base– Yangtze valley – sphere of influence

• Russia– Liaotung Peninsula – lease– Manchuria – economic concessions

Chinese Resistance to Imperialist Threat

Hundred Days Reforms

Empress Dowager Cixi• Cixi’s rule as regent from “behind the

curtain” was symbolic of the problems faced by China.

• She was committed to maintaining power. – She manipulated the succession of three

child emperors.– She and those around her were totally

corrupt,e.g., building the marble pavilion with funds intended for the navy.

• Nevertheless, provincial governors such as Li Hongzhang remained loyal to the dynasty.

Cixi (1835-1908)

• 1898, Emperor Guangxu introduced measures to modernize China’s educational system, economy, military, and government

• Qing officials saw these innovations as a threat and called on the Dowager Empress to act.

• She has Guangxu arrested and reverses his reforms.

An Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism

Emperor Guangxu (center)

The Hundred Days Reforms

June 11 to September 21, 1898: Emperor Guangxu ordered a series of reforms aimed at making sweeping social and institutional changes.

The edicts attempted to modernize China and promote practical studies instead of Neo-Confucian orthodoxy.

The Hundred Days Reforms

Conservative ruling elites opposed the reforms. Proposed moderate change.Empress Dowager Cixi engineered a coup d'etat on September 21, 1898, forcing Guangxu into seclusion.Cixi took over the government as regent.

The Hundred Days Reforms

The Hundred Days' Reform ended with the rescindment of the new edicts and execution of six reformist leaders.

Boxer Rebellion

Before the Boxers: China Crucified

• During 1898 and 1899, foreign powers intensified their pressures and outrages on China– The Germans occupied Qingdao

– The British took over Weihaiwei• Also forced the Qing to lease a large area of fertile

farmland on the Kowloon peninsula north of Hong Kong for 99 years, which the British called “The New Territories”

– The Russians occupied Lüshun

Before the Boxers– The French claimed special rights in China’s

southwestern provinces and on the island of Hainan

– The Japanese, already masters of Taiwan, intensified their economic penetration of central China

– The US wanted China to declare an “open door” policy, under the terms of which all countries agree not to deny others’ access to their spheres of influences

• The Chinese began to fear that their country was about to be “carved up like a melon” (guafen)

www.facebo

“I'll Try, Sir!” http://www.history.army.mil/images/artphoto/pripos/usaia/Sir.jpg

Who were the Boxers?

• Also known as “Righteous fists of fury”• Formed in the Shandong province• Spiritual & ritualistic

Esherick, J. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising p292

Boxers in Tianjin

What they stood for• Wanted westerners and Christians out• They were not permitted to kill non-foreigners• Followed these rules:

Do not covert wealth Do not lust after women Do not disobey your parents Do not violate Imperial laws Eradicate the foreigners Kill corrupt officials When you walk on the streets, keep your head lowered, looking neither left

nor right When you meet a fellow member, greet him with hands clasped together

The Boxer RebellionWhat was the Boxer Rebellion?

Nationalist movement (late 19th century) Boxer war (1900-1901) Contact with Western countries

Img source: http://www.sacu.org/boxers.html

• Early phase of the Boxers—Restore the Han and Destroy the Manchus

The Boxer Uprising (1898-1901)

• “The Boxers United in Righteousness” (Yihequan) appeared as an expression of nationalism– Emerged in northwest

Shandong in 1898

Yellow Dragon Triangular Banner

• A collective force A collective force of a variety of of a variety of secret-society and secret-society and self-defense units self-defense units that had spread in that had spread in southern Shandong southern Shandong previously in previously in response to the response to the provocations of provocations of Western Western missionaries and missionaries and their Chinese their Chinese convertsconverts

What started it?

Christian missionaries - entered China in the early 19th century

Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism - favoured religions

‘The Society of Righteous Fists’, or ‘Boxers’

Pressure from foreign powers

Opium trading

Causes of Boxer Rebellion

Foreign influence – including architecture, industrial machines, technology and religion

Religion – Christian Missionaries threatened Chinese Confucianism

Foreign Troops – foreigners lived under extraterritoriality, did not follow Chinese laws, lived in own communities

• Desperate local farmers and Desperate local farmers and workers plagued by flood and workers plagued by flood and drought joined the force to call drought joined the force to call for the ending of special for the ending of special privileges enjoyed by Christian privileges enjoyed by Christian converts and Christian converts and Christian missionariesmissionaries• By 1898, they had By 1898, they had destroyed/stolen a good deal destroyed/stolen a good deal of property from Chinese of property from Chinese Christians and had killed Christians and had killed several converts in the several converts in the Shandong-Hebei border areaShandong-Hebei border area

• Foreigners, Foreigners, alarmed by the alarmed by the Boxers killing, Boxers killing, demanded that demanded that the Qing suppress the Qing suppress the Boxers and the Boxers and their supporterstheir supporters

Boxers’ Banner

•The Boxers responded with a The Boxers responded with a slogan, slogan, ““Revive the Qing, Revive the Qing, destroy the foreigndestroy the foreign”” •Many boxers believed they Many boxers believed they were invulnerable to swords were invulnerable to swords and bullets in combatand bullets in combat• ““when at last the Foreign when at last the Foreign Devils/Are expelled to the Devils/Are expelled to the very last man/The Great Qing, very last man/The Great Qing, united, together/Will bring united, together/Will bring peace to this our landpeace to this our land”” ––one one catchy jinglecatchy jingle

The Expansion of the Boxers• The Boxers expanded

dramatically– 70 percent were poor peasants,

male and young– The rest were mixture of

itinerants and artisans– Peddlers, rickshaw men, sedan-

chair carriers, canal boatmen, leather workers, knife sharpeners, barbers, dismissed soldiers, salt smugglers

– Joined by female Boxer groups, such as the Red Lanterns Shining (Hongdeng zhao)

– They harassed or killed foreigners and Chinese converts, and sometimes even those possessed foreign objects

In 1900, the Boxer Uprising broke out in northern China.

The Boxers believed that they could perform extraordinary flight and become immune to swords and bullets through training, diet, martial arts and prayer.

They also claimed that millions of spirit soldiers would descend from the heavens and assist them in purifying China from foreign influences.

Boxers recruited local farmers and other workers made desperate by disastrous floods, and focused blame on both Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians.

They wanted to expel all foreigners from China.

The Qing court The Qing court wavered between wavered between punishing the punishing the Boxers who killed Boxers who killed foreigners and foreigners and condoning their condoning their show of anti-foreign show of anti-foreign ““loyaltyloyalty””

Boxer War:

Confrontation b/w 'Eight Nation Alliance' (Russia, Japan, USA, Britain, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and the Boxers.

21st of June 1900 - The Qing government declared war on all Christians and allied foreigners

The 'Siege of Peking'

Img source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/china-postcard/4510532354/sizes/o/in/photostream/

Qing Declaration of War

• Western forces seized the forts at Dagu to provide cover for a troop landing, should full-scale war broke out

• News of battle at the Dagu ports arrived Beijing, which agitated Qing court and Beijing citizens– German minister was shot dead in the street as he went to

an interview with the Zhongli Yamen, which was in charge of foreign affairs

– The Boxers force laid siege to the foreign-legation areas

• Praising the Boxers as a loyal militia, the empress dowager Cixi issued a “declaration of war” against the foreign powers

Boxers’ Propaganda

Full-Scale War

• With the government behind them, the Boxers launched a series attacks on mission compounds and on foreigners

• In August 1900, the colonial troops of the Allied nations, about 20,000, fought they way through Beijing – Soldiers of eight nations sacked the city and burnt imperial palace,

the Forbidden City, and used it as the headquarters for the foreign expeditionary force

– Boxer resistance quickly crumbled, hundreds of thousand were killed

– More than two hundred foreigners were killed

– Empress Dowager and Emperor Guangxu fled to the West, establishing a temporary capital in the city of Xi’an

Allies Army entered the Gate of the Qing

• Resentful of the privileges of foreigners, a secret organization called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists is formed.

• They are called the “Boxers” for short.• The carry out a campaign against foreigners

known as the Boxer Rebellion.• 1900—the Boxers descend on Beijing and

surround the European section of the city.• The Dowager Empress expressed support

for the Boxers, but did not back them militarily.

• The Boxers murder Europeans, missionary, and diplomats, as well as many Chinese Christians, both Protestant and Catholic.

The Boxer Rebellion

The Boxers, by Johannes Koekkoek, circa 1900

• August 1900—a multinational force of 19,000 troops marches on Beijing and defeats the Boxers.

• Though the Boxer Rebellion failed to expel foreign influence, the Chinese have a renewed sense of nationalism and realization they must resist foreign influence.

Results of the Boxer Rebellion

A Boxer during the revolt.

Effects of Boxer RebellionChina had to make concessions to

foreignersChinese conservatives supported

WesternizationAdmitted women to schoolsStressed science and math instead of

Confucian thoughtEconomic expansion – growth of exportsChinese industry developed –

emergence of urban working classSpread Chinese Nationalism

• This is the name given to the 182 Protestant Missionaries (of several denominations) and 500 Chinese Protestants who were murdered during the Boxer Rebellion.

• In 1901, allied nations who helped put down the rebellion demanded compensation for loss of life and property, but China Inland Mission founder James Hudson Taylor refused to accept any such payment for the loss of his missionaries or mission property “in order to show the meekness of Christ to the Chinese.”

The China Martyrs of 1900

Missionaries killed in the Boxer Rebellion who worked for China Inland Mission.

James Hudson Taylor-Founder of China Inland Mission

• Both the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches recognize Chinese citizens killed in the 19th and 20th centuries, most of whom were killed in the Boxer Rebellion.

• These martyrs are formally venerated by those churches.

Chinese Martyrs

Revolution Begins

• 1905 Dowager Empress sends out a delegation to study the operation of different governments.

• 1906 officials recommend China’s government be restructured.

• A constitutional monarchy was suggested.• A national assembly was convened within a year, but change

was slow.• In 1908 the court promised a constitutional government by

1917.• China would continue to have unrest for the next four

decades.

Beginnings of Reform

Revolution

• Qing’s being “carved up like a melon” was a national disgrace, which Han Chinese could not tolerate

• Revolutionaries wanted to overthrow the Manchu state “to avenge the national disgrace”, and “to restore the Chinese”

1. CONTEXT:China before 1839:

5. Why Did European Imperialism expand?

Effects

3. 1841 The Nanjing TreatyWhat happened?

Effects?

4. How did China respondTo imperialism?Govt:

Effects on People?

6. 1911 China becomes aRepublic. How? Why?

Did imperialism lead to progress?

2.1839 The Opium WarsWhat happened?

Effects?

Thinking Skill: Cause & EffectHow did Imperialism affect China?Did Imperialism Lead to Progress?