2013 india ruc updating

2nd International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology, April12, 13, 2013

College of Engineering, Teerthanker Mahaveer University.

1

Updating Road User Cost and its Implication

Abdullah Ahmad1, Dr. S. S. Jain

2 and Dr. M. Parida

3

For realistic estimation of costs and benefits associated with the road projects during economic evaluation, it is

necessary to update road user cost components. Road user cost is an important consideration in the justification of

highway investments, comparison of alternative designs, projects and programs ordering within limited budget and

analysis of policy and regulation. The determination of road user cost is a key element in evaluating the highway

projects. It is essential to arrive at a mechanism for updating road user cost data on a periodic basis which in turn

can help in assessing the realistic costs and benefits from road projects through economic evaluation. Go for data

collection of all the individual cost components is the ideal method of updating road user cost. However, this

process would be time consuming and awkward. Hence, instead of this, it has been proposed to update road user

cost components using wholesale price index (WPI). Therefore, road user cost data has been updated and obtained

from relevant government publications. By using road user cost, life-cycle cost analysis of the selected sections of

National Highway (NH-58) has been carried out for an analysis period of 10 years. The total budget requirement for

maintenance management of the selected sections of NH-58 has been determined, which comes out to be

Rs.30,530,819 for routine maintenance and Rs.68,998,750 for maintenance and rehabilitation work.

Keywords: Road user cost, Wholesale price index, Routine maintenance

1. Introduction

Basically RUC is composed of the three main

components namely Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC),

Time cost and Accident cost [7]. Amongst the above,

VOC is a major component as given in Eq.(5.1) and

susceptible for quantification with relative ease. The

RUC are calculated by multiplying the quantity of each

type of resource consumed (by the users during the

process of road infrastructure usage) with the unit cost

of consumption of the resource. Amongst the RUC

models, VOC models arc analytically complex in nature.

They are required for highway project appraisals,

particularly for road maintenance, rehabilitation and

upgrading. VOC is an important consideration in the

justification of highway investments, comparison of

alternative designs, projects and programs ordering

within limited budget and analysis of policy and

regulation. The determination of VOC is a key element

in evaluating the highway projects. The vehicle

operating cost increases at rapid rate as the surface

conditions of the pavement starts deteriorating. If the

pavement maintenance is neglected, the surface starts

cracking and subsequently pot holes starts appearing.

1. Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering,

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667

(UK). E-mail: [email protected]

2. Professor of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667 (UK).

3. Professor of Civil Engineering & Head, Centre for Transportation Systems (CTRANS) Indian Institute of

Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667 (UK).

At this level of deterioration, the VOC (vehicle

operating cost) is likely to increase by about 15%. If

there is further neglect of maintenance, the pavement

eventually starts disintegration and VOC increases by

50%. This is approximately twice the cost of

construction of roads as it has been observed that over

the life of road total VOC is typically four times the

initial construction cost where as maintenance cost is

only 1 or 2% of the transportation cost [4].

The total transportation cost comprising the two

basic components: road cost and user cost, as shown in Figure 1. Different research studies [7] on various

aspects of road pavement and transportation have

indicated that the road user cost constitute a major part,

around 80-90% of total transportation cost.

Figure 1 Cost components of life-cycle cost of road project

ROAD COST ROAD USER COST

TOTAL TRANSPORTATION COST

VEHICLE OPERATING

COST

TIME COST

ACCIDENT COST

CONSTRUCTION

COST

MAINTENANCE

COST



2

2. Vehicle operating cost (VOC)

VOC is a major component in RUC and these costs arc

incurred when the vehicle is running on the road. The

components of VOC can be classified into two broad

categories and they are Variable and Fixed Costs. The

parameters include in each of the category are as

follows:

Variable Costs:

Fuel Cost

Tyre Cost

Engine Oil Cost

Other Oil Cost

Grease Cost

Spare Parts Cost

Maintenance Cost

Fixed Costs:

Vehicle Capital Cost

Registration Tax and Insurance

Garaging Charges

Crew Costs

Fines and Toll Charges

Depreciation Cost

Overhead Charges

The variable costs are associated with the running or

operation of the vehicle and fixed costs arc constant

over the time and it is independent of operation of the

vehicle.

3. Road User Cost Studies

For the implementation of any road project, a critical

evaluation of costs and benefits associated with it

becomes essential. Further, to decide the priority of

various projects relating to the road sector, it is

necessary to rank the projects on the basis of quantified

costs and benefits. A number of research studies have

been conducted in India to understand the relationships

between the standards of road design and the road user

cost.

In the year 1982, the Central Road Research Institute

(CRRI) completed first study of its kind under the

sponsorship of Ministry of Surface Transport (MOST),

Govt. of India. In this study, a large number of

commercial and private vehicles were identified and the

data on the operating cost of these vehicles gathered

along with the design parameters of the roads on which

these operated. By analyzing this data relationships

were developed between the road design standards and

vehicle operation costs [1].

From 1990 onwards, the traffic scenario on Indian roads

has undergone a sea change with the entry of new

automobile manufacturers in the field. In order to

incorporate these new vehicles as well, a study was

commissioned again in 1990 by the MOST to

revise/update the relationships between road design

standards and vehicle operation costs [6].

Subsequent to the above study, many more models of

passenger cars and goods vehicles came into Indian

market. Therefore, to further update the relationships

between the road user cost and the design parameters of

the roads, a new study was commissioned at the CRRI

by the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways

(MORT&H), Govt. of India. As a part of this study,

which has just been completed in the year 2001,

measurements of speeds as well as vehicle operating

cost has been accomplished and analysed strategically.

The models that have been validated, to incorporate the

new generation vehicles in terms of their operating

characteristics and design characteristics of the road, are

going to be useful in making decisions of investments in

road projects of the present and the future [7].

4. Updation of RUC Components

It is essential to arrive at a mechanism for updating

RUC data on a periodic basis which in turn can help in

assessing the realistic costs and benefits from road

projects through economic evaluation. As it has been

already mentioned that updation of RUC components

has become necessary for realistic estimation of costs

and benefits associated with the road projects during

economic evaluation. The ideal method of updating is to

go for data collection of all the individual cost

components which are used as input in RUC models.

However, the above process would be quite

cumbersome and time consuming. Hence, instead of this,

it has been proposed to update the RUC components

using Wholesale Price Index (WPI). This method of

updation of VOC components is very simple, quick and

reliable as the updated cost components can be directly

used as inputs in the established VOC equations. The

concept of WPI is described in the subsequent sections

for the better appreciation of their utility

4.1 Wholesale price index and escalation factors

The WPI is an indicator of the average price movement

over time for a fixed basket of goods and services. The

Constitution of the basket of goods and services can be

done taking in to account whether the changes are to be

measured in retail, wholesale, or producer prices. The

basket will also vary for economy-wide, regional, or

sector specific series. At present, separate series of



3

index numbers are compiled to capture the price

movements at retail and wholesale level in India. The

WPI number is a weekly measure of wholesale price

movement for the economy.

It is an established fact that RUC would increase in

accordance with increase in VOC which implies that

RUC depends upon the change in WPI. The WPI data in

India is maintained and published by the Economic

Advisory Board, Ministry of Commerce and Industry,

GOl [2] in weekly, monthly as well as yearly for all

types of commodities. In this study, Wholesale Price

Index for relevant commodities listed under the six

major groups (i.e. Mineral Oils, Tyres, Tubes, Rubber

Products, Automotives and Auto Parts) has been

considered as the base for updating VOC. Relative

weights and WPI for relevant commodities are given in

Table 1. However, the recent studies [5] have

demonstrated that it is possible to develop an Escalation

Factor (EF) from the WPI data.

S

BB S

WPICommodity Weight

WPIEF

Commodity Weight

(1)

Where,

EFB-S = Escalation Factor from base year to stated year

WPIS = WPI for stated year say, April 2012

WPIB = WPI for base year (the base year is taken as

January 2009)

Table 1 Relative weights and WPI for relevant commodities

Commodity Name Commodity

Weight

WPI

January

2009

WPI

April 2012 Ratio =

S

B

WPI

WPI

Ratio*Commodit

y Weight

All Commodities 100.0000 124.4 163.1 1.311

Mineral Oils

LPG 0.9147 119.0 148.9 1.251 1.145

Petrol 1.0902 121.3 177.7 1.465 1.597

Kerosene 0.7362 99.9 160.1 1.603 1.180

Aviation Turbine Fuel 0.2555 113.8 260.4 2.288 0.585

High Speed Diesel 4.6702 132.4 167.8 1.267 5.919

Naphtha 0.7908 148.7 291.9 1.963 1.552

Light Diesel Oil 0.1189 100.0 296.1 2.961 0.352

Bitumen 0.1552 225.8 312.1 1.382 0.214

Furnace Oil 0.4651 121.7 365.7 3.005 1.397

Lubricants 0.1679 174.5 236.6 1.356 0.228

Tyres

Cab/Car Tyre 0.1973 115.9 138.8 1.198 0.236

Bus/truck Tyre 0.1670 122.6 163.7 1.335 0.223

Motor cycle Tyre 0.0442 130.9 185.7 1.419 0.063

Tractor Tyre 0.0444 152.6 213.4 1.398 0.062

Cycle /Rickshaw Tyre 0.0353 145.5 193.0 1.326 0.047

Tubes

Cycle /Rickshaw Tube 0.0182 155.4 210.8 1.356 0.025

Motor Tube 0.0253 128.4 145.4 1.132 0.029

Other Rubber Tubes 0.0097 113.1 128.4 1.135 0.011

Rubber Products

Rubber Seat Assembly 0.1715 126.9 160.6 1.266 0.217

Seamless Tubes & Pipes 0.1179 103.5 104.7 1.012 0.119

Rubber Moulded goods 0.0226 118.6 122.9 1.036 0.023

Rubber Foot wear 0.0969 134.6 154.5 1.148 0.111

Synthetic rubber 0.0222 147.4 207.2 1.406 0.031

Reclaimed Rubber 0.0138 120.9 153.8 1.272 0.018

Rubber Components 0.0165 119.3 139.9 1.173 0.019

Rubber Padding 0.0207 91.1 95.3 1.046 0.022



4

Rubber Brakes 0.0131 120.5 126.8 1.052 0.014

Rubber Transmission belt 0.0098 125.4 166.4 1.327 0.013

Foot Ball 0.0043 113.4 151.2 1.333 0.006

Other Rubber Products 0.0752 122.8 171.3 1.395 0.105

Automotives

Motor Vehicles 1.8976 111.8 119.3 1.067 2.025

Tractors 0.4057 122.0 140.1 1.148 0.466

Bus / Mini bus / Truck 0.7475 122.9 124.5 1.013 0.757

Auto/Tempo / Matador 0.2931 115.0 125.0 1.087 0.319

Motor Cycle / Moped 0.8805 114.5 136.0 1.188 1.046

Trolleys / Tanker 0.0067 123.6 137.4 1.112 0.007

Auto Parts

Gear Boxes & Parts 0.1863 120.8 128.9 1.067 0.199

Steering Gears 0.0248 102.7 106.0 1.032 0.026

Carburetors 0.0169 121.2 131.1 1.082 0.018

Clutch & Clutch Plates 0.0299 106.5 104.2 0.978 0.029

Crankshafts 0.0223 131.4 150.6 1.146 0.026

Suspension 0.0447 102.2 105.8 1.035 0.046

Axle 0.0716 153.3 163.1 1.064 0.076

Wheels & Parts 0.0440 133.3 145.1 1.089 0.048

Fuel Injection Equipments 0.1054 102.0 109.3 1.072 0.113

Silencer & Damper 0.0142 113.1 128.7 1.138 0.016

Wiper/Blade/Arm etc 0.0037 125.2 124.0 0.990 0.004

Piston & Compressor 0.0632 123.7 157.0 1.269 0.080

Coil Assembly (Ignition) 0.0093 159.3 145.0 0.910 0.008

Slider 0.0011 195.5 230.4 1.179 0.001

Engine Assembly, Chassis 0.0858 109.9 106.9 0.973 0.083

Gauges 0.0011 117.5 113.0 0.962 0.001

Geared Motor 0.0060 123.1 133.3 1.083 0.006

Radiator & Coolers 0.0390 101.3 112.3 1.109 0.043

Electric Magnet Brakes 0.0079 112.7 143.4 1.272 0.010

Lamp 0.0214 125.5 114.0 0.908 0.019

Horn 0.0054 102.9 109.0 1.059 0.006

SUM 15.525 21.041

A close observation of the WPI index tables published

in the Economic Advisory Board [2] illustrate that for

quick estimation of VOC for a given year it is prudent

to use the WPI value and thereby arrive at the escalation

factor which in turn can be used for the estimation of

VOC for any given year in the horizon year. From the

available data, it has been found that escalation factor is

1.355. Using this escalation factor, the VOC for 2012-

April can be obtained as follows:

S

BApril,2012 Jan,2009 B S Jan,2009

WPICommodity Weight

WPIVOC VOC *EF VOC *

Commodity Weight

(2)

4.2 Updated RUC Equations

The RUC equations based on the Updated Road User

Cost study (Velmurugan et.al, 2009) are updated based

on the method discussed in earlier section. The VOC

inputs used in the RUC tables are updated to April 2012

price levels based on Eq.(2) and the updated RUC tables

for different vehicle types namely Cars, Two Wheelers,

Buses, LCVs, HCVs and Multi-Axle Commercial

Vehicle (MAV) are presented in Table 2 to Table 4.



5

Table 2 VOC equations for Cars and Two Wheelers

S.N

VOC Equations for Cars VOC Equations for Two Wheelers

1 Free Speed

(km/h)

SL

IL

2 L

4 L

V 59.86 (0.6236 * RF) 0.002589 * (RG 2000)

V 65.91 (0.6575 * RF) 0.002010 * (RG 2000)

V 73.14 (0.7110 * RF) 0.001710 * (RG 2000)

V 78.58 (0.7640 * RF) 0.001830 * (RG 2000)

V 40.70 (0.4305 * RF) 0.00193 * (RG 2000)

V 45.28 (0.4515 * RF) 0.00138 * (RG 2000)

V 45.93 (0.4456 * RF) 0.00107 * (RG 2000)

V 48.65 (0.4729 * RF) 0.00113 * (RG 2000)

SL

IL

2L

4L

2 Fuel Consumption

(lit./1000km)

i i 2

i

where, SL, IL, 2L, 4L

504.15FC 21.85 0.004957 * (V )

V

0.000652 * RG 1.0684 * RS 0.3684 * FL

i

2


549.57FC 3.38 0.00436 * (V )

V

0.000196 * RG 0.4552 * RS 0.3386 * FL

i i

i

i

3 Spare Parts Cost

(Rs./km) 5

SP 0.0018 * (RG 2000) *10 * NP

5

SP ( 55.879 0.024 * RG) *10 * NP

4 Maintenance

Labour (Rs./km) LC 0.5498 * SP

LC 0.5498 * SP

5 Tyre Life

(km)

RGTL 68771 147.9 * RF 26.72 *

W

RGTL 47340 101.8 * RF 18.39 *

W

6 Engine Oil

(lit./10000 km)

RGEOL 1.7048 0.03319 * RF 0.0005241*

W

RGEOL 0.4051 0.007899 * RF 0.000125 *

W

7 Other Oil

(lit./10000 km)

RGOL 1.631 0.05167 * RF 0.001867 *

W

-

8 Grease

(kg/10000 km) G 2.816 0.2007 * RF

-

9 Utilization

(km/day) i

UPD 6.187 * V

UPD 2.119 * Vi

10 Fixed Cost

(Rs./km)

501.52F

UPD

31.12F

UPD

11 Depreciation Cost

(Rs./km)

96.01DC

UPD

7.31DC

UPD

12 Passenger Time

Cost (Rs./km) i

308.69PT

V

61.10PT

Vi

Table 3 VOC equations for Buses and LCVs

S.N

VOC Equations for Buses VOC Equations for LCVs

1 Free Speed

(km/h)

SL

IL

2 L

4 L

V 47.25 (0.3698 * RF) 0.00165 * (RG 2000)

V 52.65 (0.4031* RF) 0.00123 * (RG 2000)

V 54.23 (0.4111* RF) 0.00098 * (RG 2000)

V 60.32 (0.4573 * RF) 0.00109 * (RG 2000)

SL

IL

2 L

4 L

V 49.87 (0.4447 * RF) 0.00088 * (RG 2000)

V 53.70 (0.4788 * RF) 0.00095 * (RG 2000)

V 57.41 (0.5119 * RF) 0.00102 * (RG 2000)

V 62.85 (0.5604 * RF) 0.00111* (RG 2000)



6

2 Fuel Consumption

(lit./1000km)

i i 2

i


3904.64FC 32.97 0.0207 * (V )

V

0.0012 * RG 3.3281* RS 1.7769 * FL

i

i i 2

i


1615.327FC 21.28 0.0245 * (V )

V

0.001524 * RG 5.377 * RS 0.8268 * FL

i

3 Spare Parts Cost

(Rs./km) [ 10.44 0.007373*RF 0.0000723*RG 1.925/ W ]

SP NP * e

[ 10.9278 0.000141*RG 3.493/ W ]

SP NP * e

4

Maintenance

Labour

(Rs./km) LC 0.5498 * SP

LC 0.3692 * SP

5 Tyre Life

(km) TL 38519 389.52 * RF 1.32 * RG 983.829 * W

TL 22382 375.3* RF 1.037 * RG 3817 * W

6 Engine Oil

(lit./10000 km)

RGEOL 1.146 0.00398 * RF 0.0021*

W

RGEOL 1.0635 0.0257 * RF 0.000171*

W

7 Other Oil

(lit./10000 km) OL 3.3201 0.0008217 * RG

OL 2.0415 0.0001058 * RG

8 Grease

(kg/10000 km) G 4.992 0.03376 * RF 0.3634 * W

G 0.3661 0.0283* RF 0.000251* RG

9 Utilization

(km/day) i

UPD 28.07 15.1476 * V

i

UPD 28.773 2.181* V

10 Fixed Cost

(Rs./km)

1230.25F

UPD

780.57F

UPD

11 Depreciation Cost

(Rs./km)

309.24DC

UPD

163.25DC

UPD

12 Wages of Crew

(Rs./km)

1271.88CW

UPD

487.10CW

UPD

13

Passenger Time

Cost

(Rs./km)

19078.13PT

UPD

-

13 Commodity Value

(Rs./km) -

67.13CMV

UPD

Table 4 VOC equations for HCVs and MAVs

S.N

VOC Equations for HCVs VOC Equations for MAVs

1 Free Speed

(km/h)

SL

IL

2 L

4 L

V 45.56 (0.4062 * RF) 0.00081* (RG 2000)

V 50.11 (0.4468 * RF) 0.00089 * (RG 2000)

V 53.32 (0.4755 * RF) 0.00094 * (RG 2000)

V 55.53 (0.4952 * RF) 0.00098 * (RG 2000)

SL

IL

2 L

4 L

V 38.27 (0.3412 * RF) 0.00068 * (RG 2000)

V 42.01 (0.3753 * RF) 0.00074 * (RG 2000)

V 44.79 (0.3994 * RF) 0.00079 * (RG 2000)

V 46.65 (0.4159 * RF) 0.00083 * (RG 2000)

2 Fuel Consumption

(lit./1000km)

i i 2

i

where, SL,IL,2L,4L

3904.64FC 44.08 0.0207 * (V )

V

0.0012 * RG 3.3281* RS 1.7769 * FL

i

i i 2

i


2695.79FC 141.0 0.0517 * (V )

V

0.0035 * RG 17.75 * RS 5.40 * FL

i



7

3 Spare Parts Cost

(Rs./km) [ 10.3677 0.0001413*RG 3.493/ W ]

SP NP * e

[ 10.9278 0.0001413*RG 3.493/ W ]

SP NP * e

4

Maintenance

Labour

(Rs./km) LC 0.3692 * SP

LC 0.3692 * SP

5 Tyre Life

(km) TL 24662 413.6 * RF 1.142 * RG 4205 * W

TL 23726 398 * RF 1.0099 * RG 4046 * W

6 Engine Oil

(lit./10000 km)

RGEOL 1.73 0.042 * RF 0.0003 *

W

RGEOL 2.354 0.05701* RF 0.0038 *

W

7 Other Oil

(lit./10000 km) OL 5.1037 0.0002646 * RG

OL 5.1037 0.0002646 * RG

8 Grease

(kg/10000 km) G 0.9153 0.0707 * RF 0.000627 * RG

G 0.9153 0.0707 * RF 0.000627 * RG

9 Utilization

(km/day) i

UPD 68.12 5.1637 * V

i

UPD 70.38 5.3349 * V

10 Fixed Cost

(Rs./km)

994.42F

UPD

1388.20F

UPD

11 Depreciation

Cost (Rs./km)

241.63DC

UPD

400.70DC

UPD

12 Wages of Crew

(Rs./km)

811.84CW

UPD

974.20CW

UPD

13 Commodity Value

(Rs./km)

205.83CMV

UPD

385.11CMV

UPD

5. Cost Analysis

The life cycle cost analysis requires a comparison to be

made between a Base Case alternative, and one or more Project Case alternatives. For this case study, two alternatives have been defined for each pavement

section, namely; a Base Alternative and a Maintenance and Rehabilitation Alternative. The Base Alternative comprise of routine pavement maintenance activities in terms of crack sealing and

patching. The Maintenance and Rehabilitation

Alternative includes resealing, overlays and

reconstruction work activities. The selected

Maintenance and Rehabilitation strategies and the

corresponding intervention criteria are given in Table 5.

After selection of the alternative Maintenance and

Rehabilitation strategies, the Program Analysis application module of HDM-4 has been used to

compare the total life-cycle costs, including the

highway agency costs and road user costs, predicted

under the Base Alternative of scheduled routine maintenance, against those predicted for the condition

responsive Maintenance and Rehabilitation Alternative[3].

Table 5 Details of strategies for life cycle cost analysis

Strategies Type of Works Intervention Criteria

Base Alternative Crack Sealing and

Patching Scheduled Annually

Maintenance and

Rehabilitation

Alternative

Double Bituminous

Surface Dressing

Total Damage Area

> 5%

Overlay 25 mm

Bituminous Concrete

Roughness

>=3.6, =4.0, =5.0 IRI

and Total Damaged

Area >= 10%



8

The budget requirements under each alternative for the

maintenance management of the NH-58 sections,

throughout the analysis period of 10 years, are given in

Table 6. It has been found that the total budget

requirements for maintaining the NH-58 sections is

almost 137% more than those required for maintaining it

with only routine maintenance type of activities.

Table 6 Budget requirements for maintenance

management of NH-58 sections

Application

Year

Base

Alternative

Maintenance and

Rehabilitation

2012 26,272 0

2013 1,489,443 17,238,117

2014 1,809,994.74 43,110,381

2015 3,424,007.21 8,641,252

2016 3,450,741.13 0

2017 3,728,282.32 0

2018 3,807,124.57 0

2019 4,491,914.34 0

2020 4,460,882.48 0

2021 3,841,551.07 0

Total Cost (Rs.) 30,530,819 68,998,750

6. Conclusions

In this study, a dynamic system for the updation of road

user cost based on WPI has been evolved which can

help to adequately the changed conditions for economic

evaluation of road projects. This has been accomplished

using the proposed methodology of evolving EF based

on WPI to update the RUC models. The life-cycle cost

analysis of the selected sections of NH-58 has been

carried out, and an analysis period of 10 years (i.e. year

20122021). The work strategy and intervention criteria have been proposed along with M&R strategy as shown

in Table 5. The total budget requirement for

maintenance management of the selected sections of

NH-58 has been determined, which comes out to be

Rs.30,530,819 for routine maintenance and

Rs.68,998,750 for M&R work.

References

[1] C.R.R.I., Road user cost study in India, Final Report,

submitted to ministry of Surface Transport, New Delhi,

1982.

[2] E.A.B., Economic Advisory Board, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India (Web site:http://www.eaindustry.nic.inl), 2012.

[3] HMRG, HDM-4 Technical Manual, Highways Management Research Group, University of

Birmingham, Birmingham, 1999.

[4] Jain S.S., Gupta, A.K., and Rastogi, S., Study of Influencing Parameters for Efficient Maintenance

Management of Flexible Pavements, Indian Roads Congress Journal, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp 93-143, 1992.

[5] Jong-Suk Jung, Kamil E. Kaloush and George B., Life Cycle Cost Analysis: Conventional Versus Asphalt-

Rubber Pavements, submitted to Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Arizona State

University, USA, 2003.

[6] Kadiyali, L.R. and Associates, Updated Road User Cost Data, A study sponsored by Ministry of Surface Transport and Asian Development Bank, New Delhi,

1992.

[7] MORT&H, Updation of Road User Cost Data, Final Report prepared by Central Road Research Institute, for

Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of

India, New Delhi, 2001.

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