2013 FORESTRY (B/C)2013 FORESTRY (B/C)

Dan Nichols Dan Nichols

Dnichols@ns.whiting.k12.in.usDnichols@ns.whiting.k12.in.us

Adapted from Adapted from

2012-13 SOSI2012-13 SOSI

Event Parameters (Div Event Parameters (Div B)B) Division B – Division B – Each team may bring Each team may bring

only one published field guide that only one published field guide that they tab and write in AND one 3-they tab and write in AND one 3-ring binder, any size, containing ring binder, any size, containing information in any form from any information in any form from any source. The materials must be 3-source. The materials must be 3-hole punched and inserted into the hole punched and inserted into the rings, (Sheet protectors are rings, (Sheet protectors are allowed). allowed).

Event Parameters (Div Event Parameters (Div C)C) Division C – Division C – Each team may bring Each team may bring

only one published field guide that only one published field guide that they tab and write in AND one 3-they tab and write in AND one 3-ring binder, any size, containing ring binder, any size, containing information in any form from any information in any form from any source. The materials must be 3-source. The materials must be 3-hole punched and inserted into the hole punched and inserted into the rings, (Sheet protectors are rings, (Sheet protectors are allowed). allowed).

TheThe CompetitionCompetition

Content:: Taxonomic Taxonomic SchemeScheme of the of the 20132013 Official National Official National

Science Olympiad Tree List was used to develop Science Olympiad Tree List was used to develop the Indiana Regional and State Tree lists that the Indiana Regional and State Tree lists that will be used in Indiana competitions. will be used in Indiana competitions.

Identification, anatomy & physiology, Identification, anatomy & physiology, reproduction, habitat characteristics, ecology, reproduction, habitat characteristics, ecology, conservation, biogeographyconservation, biogeography

Process Skills: observation, inferences, data and observation, inferences, data and diagram analysisdiagram analysis

Field Guide

Recommended Field GuidesNational Audubon Society Field National Audubon Society Field Guides to Trees (Eastern Region) Guides to Trees (Eastern Region) 101 Trees of Indiana by Marion 101 Trees of Indiana by Marion T. JacksonT. Jackson

Taxonomy

Official National List Family

Genus species (Scientific name) and Common namePage numbers for Audubon Field Guides and 101 Trees are on the Indiana Official Lists

FAMILIES OF TREES

Learn the Family characteristics and then Learn the Family characteristics and then species. species. General arrangement of guidesGeneral arrangement of guides

Tree lists are arranged by families. The families have general

characteristics for all of the species within the family.

Pay attention to these characteristics!!

TREE SHAPES

Overall tree shapes include:

pyramidal conicalcolumnarspreading vase-shapedbroadrounded.

LEAVES

leaves can be needle-shaped, scale-shaped, or broad and flat

LEAVES Broad leaves

can be simple or compound and are arranged along the branch in an opposite, alternate, or whorled pattern.

LEAF MORPHOLOGY

Leaf shape

Leaf Margins

Leaf venation

Review

Shape Margin Twig Types of

Buds

Leaf & Flower Parts

Flowers sepals which are usually

green and leaf-like petals with are brightly

colored stamens (the male

reproductive structures) pistals (the female

reproductive structures) Most tree flowers are

bisexual some are only one sex two sexes can appear on

separate trees or on different locations on the same tree.

Cones & Fruit

Simple fruit can be dry or fleshy

If the fruit develops from several pistals, it is an aggregate

Major types of forests

Northern Forests – spruces, firs, pines, tamarack, paper birch, quaking aspen

Pacific Coast Forest – western hemlock, redwood, Douglas fir, western red cedar

Western Mountain Forests – ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, Engleman spruce, Douglas fir.

Northeastern Deciduous Forests – eastern hemlock, American beech, red oak, basswood, sugar maple beech, maples

Central Forests – tuliptree, sycamore, shagbark hickory, white oak, Ohio buckeye

Southeastern Forest – Loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, longleaf pine, mockernut hickory, live oak.

Subtropical Forest – red mangrove, black mangrove, cabbage palmetto Unforested Areas – desert, grassland, tundra

Tree Ecology

Growth requirements Environmental impacts of trees Interspecies relationships Role within their ecosystems Economic impact Uses for the various parts of a

tree Mode of dispersal of their seeds

Benefits to the Environment

Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water and sun energy to produce oxygen and carbohydrates Prevent erosion Improve Air Quality – absorb harmful pollutants Remove CO2, ozone, small particulate matter Help with global warming Keep us cool Trap rainwater Help keep water quality high

Challenges to Forest Populations

Fragmented Forests Harvesting Issues Exotic Species Atmospheric Threats

Preparing for Competition

Field Guide Study Binder Power Point Slides Flash Cards Actual Specimens Timer – practice timed stations

GENERAL TIPS – FIELD GUIDES

General tips on arrangement are: 1. The Audubon Field Guide is arranged according to the

family arrangement within the Orders of Trees and Shrubs.

2. Gymnosperms are followed by angiosperms with dicots first and then monocots.

3. Species are arranged alphabetically within the family by scientific name.

4. Color plates are arranged by leaf color key, flower color key, fruit and cone key, and autumn leaf key.

5. Each species listing has plate numbers for photos within the color plates and a text section explaining description, habitat, and range of the species.

Field Guide Study the organization of the field guide Note that the page numbers of the Audubon

Field Guides are on the Official Tree List Tab the field guide with very small useful tabs so

it is not cluttered and can be easily used Notice how the Family characteristics come first

and then the species arrangement is alphabetical Practice using the Field Guide to identify

specimens or photos Practice under timed conditions to prepare for

competition

Study Binder The most effective resources are the ones produced by the

students. The process of producing the resources is a major learning tool. Have a copy of the rules in your binder Have a copy of the lists (birds, fossils if applicable) in your binder Prepare and organize materials by major topic divisions. Place materials from many different sources into your topic

divisions Reduce the size of pictures where possible to get more

information on a page. Color code information to help you locate or emphasize key

items. Put pages in sheet protectors – two per protector to save space. Use tabs to separate sections. Label tabs so items can be located with ease.

Power Point Slides

Make power point slides for each species

Make them so information can they can be used for practice

Prepare them so they can be reorganized to make practice competitions for study

Flash Cards

Make flash cards with pictures on one side and information on the back

Use the flash cards to make up sample competitions

Use the flash cards to learn the trees

Actual Specimens

Collect and preserve leaves and tree parts as stems and flowers

Note that preserved specimens may not look exactly like live specimens – texture and color changes may occur

Use specimens to learn the trees Note that leaves from different trees

or parts of a tree may vary

Collecting Leaves

Only collect leaves on a sunny day and after dew has dried. Collect good leaves, leaves that have not been damaged by

insects, diseases or the sun. Always collect more than one leaf. Collect a small branch full.

That way, you will be sure to get a good representative of the tree.

When removing specimens from the tree, it is best to use pruning shears so that you minimize your impact on the tree.

If you are working with a compound leaf, try to get the whole leaf.

When removing a specimen from a tree that has opposite arrangement, try to remove two or four leaves with their position on the stem intact.

Press the leaves within an hour after collecting or before they dry out.

Pressing Leaves It is important to remove as much moisture from the

leaves as quickly as possible Do not fold the leaf. Place each leaf, or several leaves between 2 layers of

absorbent paper as paper towel or newspaper. Press the leaf or leaves between absorbent papers in a

large book or leaf press. Place extra weight on the large book or tighten the leaf

press strap to squeeze out the moisture. Allow several days for pressing. If time permits, change the paper towels on the leaves

after the first couple days of pressing.

Mounting Leaves Mount the leaves and place in sheet

protector of a photo album or between acetate or cellophane sheets. Another option is to laminate the leaves.

Label the specimens with scientific name, common name, date of collection, name of collector, location, notes about identification.

Arrange leaves by species within families.

Timer

Use your training materials to prepare sample stations for study

Use the timer to do the practice stations

Use your team work skills to improve your efficiency

Learn the trees so you will limit your dependence on resources

Preparing Competition Resources

Learn the trees so resources will be used as little as possible. The most successful teams use very few resources in competition.

Use notes for material you want to use that is not in the Field Guide or on the Tree List

Check the event parameter so you know what is allowed in the competition.

Since the events are timed, organization of materials is essential for the most effective use of the materials during the competition.

Organize materials on each page to maximize available space Cut and paste items to organize materials more effectively on a

page. Write notes in margins or with pictures. Color code information to help you locate or emphasize key items. Use front and back of the page. Place the page in a protective sleeve or laminate it so it won’t get

wet or damaged.

Competition Success Dried leaves may look different from live leaf or

a photo of the leaf - it’s texture may change with drying

Try to identify the specimen to the family and then decide what species it is

Use common sense when answering not identification questions

Be careful to spell Scientific names and common names correctly

Work as a team and use your teamwork skills to finish the requested tasks