2013 cornell's plant breeding and genetic seminar series
TRANSCRIPT
Current Topics on Cassava Genetics Research and
Future “Omics” Perspective
Becerra Lopez-Lavalle L.A., Duitama J., Perera C., Ovalle T., Castillo K., and J. Tohme
CIAT’s Annual Program Report – Cali14 August 2013
Current ResearchEnhancing Cassava productivity
through more targeted use of global genetic diversity
Functional Genetic for high quality cassava: pVA and Starch
synthase pathways
Whitefly control: a durable solution to cassava-disease pandemics (Africa and Asia)
Bemisia tabaci J N410741
Bemisia tabaci J N410738
Bemisia tabaci biotypeB KF059959 CIAT
Bemisia tabaci biotypeA KF059958 CIAT
Bemisia tabaci AY521259
Aleurolobus marlatti J Q340188
Siphoninus philyreae J Q340199
Aleurocanthus inceratus HM150621
Aleurocanthus spiniferus J Q340176
Crenidorsum micheliae J Q340190
Aleurotrachelus trachoides KF059957 CIAT
Aleurothrachelus socialis KF059953 CIAT
Aleurothrixus floccosus KF059956 CIAT
Aleuroclava sp J Q340187
Dialeuropora J Q340197
Dialeurodes citri J Q340193
Dialeurodes hongkongensis J Q340195
Trialeurodes variabilis KF059962 CIAT
Trialeurodes vaporiariorum KF192508 CIAT
Trialeurodes vaporariorum AY521265
Aleuronudus melzeri KF059955 CIAT
Aleurodicus dugessi AY521251
Lecanoideus floccissimus KF059960 CIAT
Aleurodicus dispersus KF059954 CIAT
Aleurodicus dispersus EU581838
Aleurodicus dispersus EU581837
Drosophila melanogaster ADW61439
Drosophila melanogaster ADW61333
Drosophila melanogaster AGE13862
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0.000.050.100.150.20
Asia / Asia-Minor
New World
Ale
uro
dic
inae
Ale
yro
din
ae
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
New World
G-I
G-I
I
Asia
Asia
G-I
II
G-I
VG
-V
G-V
I
Asia
New World
New World
Asia
CMC-40
MEcu 72
A B
C D
Whitefly resistance
Whitefly molecular identification
Next-generation sequencing
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPPPSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
Metabolomic profiling
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
Starch Synthase Pathway
Carotenoid Synthase Pathway
Our goal
• Undertake world-ranking plant biology and cassava improvement research …
• To support small holder farmers, by expanding and diversifying the use of cassava as renewable sources of …
• High-value food, feed and industrial biomaterials (carbohydrate and fiber)
Global Cassava DiversityEnhancing Cassava productivity
through more targeted use of global genetic diversity
Next-generation sequencing
Metabolomic profiling
5000 to 7000 AC(Piperno and Holst 1998; Rouse 1953
1800 AC to 1532 BCUgent et al. 1986
M. aesculifolia Rogers 1965; Rogers and Fleming 1973; Rogers and Appan 1973)
1,250 AC
NO DATEDAllem et al. 1994 Allem et al. 2001 and Allem 2002
Global Cassava DiversityEnhancing Cassava productivity
through more targeted use of global genetic diversity
Next-generation sequencing
Metabolomic profiling
AfricaAsia
Global Cassava DiversityEnhancing Cassava productivity
through more targeted use of global genetic diversity
Next-generation sequencing
Metabolomic profilingGWAS
1’000,000 bp = 50 to 100 genes
http://www.vasculairegeneeskunde.nl/ivg-2010-presentatie-4
Global Cassava Diversity: GenomicsEnhancing Cassava productivity
through more targeted use of global genetic diversity
Next-generation sequencing
Metabolomic profiling
Strategy
Sampling
RAD-SEQBioinformatic
Pipeline
Pop. GENOMICS
Whole Genome Region/Window
SNP-KIT
Genotype validation/
Identification
•Selection of relevant breeding genotypes
•Geographic distribution
•Mapping to REF-GENOME
•Adequate data filtering
• Variant detection and genotyping (NGSEP)
•Pop. Structure
•Pop. diversity
•Differential and random matting estimates
•Nucleotide diversity
•Tajima’s D
•Kernell smoothed FSTs
• Identification of highly informative SNPs to discriminate among cassava accessions
Global Cassava Diversity: Historical DataEnhancing Cassava productivity
through more targeted use of global genetic diversity
Next-generation sequencing
Metabolomic profiling
• 1,900 Experimental nurseries
• Nearly 15’000,000 data points
Global Cassava Diversity: CIAT’s breedingEnhancing Cassava productivity
through more targeted use of global genetic diversity
Next-generation sequencing
Metabolomic profiling
• Identification of the 139 founders CIAT’s cassava breeding program
• Champion genotypes: MCol22, MCol1505, MCol1684, MBra12.
• Identification of 25 trait-specific genotypes to construct the Cassava-Basic Metabolome Profile
Genotypes
Fo
un
der
fre
q.
X
Global Cassava Diversity: GenomicsEnhancing Cassava productivity
through more targeted use of global genetic diversity
Next-generation sequencing
Metabolomic profiling
Sampling
CASSAVA (N=139)
MEX (7)CUB (6)PTR(5)RDOM (2)GUA (13)CR (10)PAN (5)COL (29)VEN (9)ECU (6)BRA (5)PER (9)BOL (3)PAR (2)ARG (7)CH (2)TAI (3)MAL (4)IND (2)AFR(4)BREED (4)
WILD (N=24)
FLAV (3) - M. flabellifolia ALT- M. alutaceaBLO- M. brachyloba CTH- M. carthaginensis GUT- M. guaranitica PIL- M. pilosa S1WPD - M. walkereae TST - M. tristisPNT - M. PentaphyllaORB - M. orbicularisPEL - M. peltata
Global Cassava Diversity: GenomicsEnhancing Cassava productivity
through more targeted use of global genetic diversity
Next-generation sequencing
Metabolomic profiling
Bioinformatic’s Pipeline
Global Cassava Diversity: Genomics
Bioinformatics' Pipeline
• Align reads to reference
• Sort alignments
• Bowtie2-2.1.0-beta7
• Piccard’s Tools
• Calling SNPs
• Calling Genotypes
• NGSEP – CIAT’s
• Allele and genotypes counts / Frequencies
• Statistics & Annotations using GFF from Phytozome
• Java customized programs
• Comparing genotypes across populations.
• Statistics & Annotations using GFF from Phytozome
• Structure
• Power Marker
• TASSEL
• CIAT costumed programs
Global Cassava Diversity: GenomicsEnhancing Cassava productivity
through more targeted use of global genetic diversity
Next-generation sequencing
Metabolomic profiling
Population Structure
• STRUCTURE v.2.3.4 (Pritchard, Stephens, & Donnelly, 2000).
Admixture model with correlated of allele frequencies.
Number of populations (K) from 1 to 10.
Burn-in period on 10000 and MCMC Reps 20000.
• ΔK method (Evanno 2005) implemented in the software STRUCTURE HARVESTER (Earl et al., 2012) to ascertain the most likely value of K.
• Membership coefficients (Q scores) >= 0.9 used to assign individuals to clusters.
• With and without sampling locations as a prior (Country of origin)
Global Cassava Diversity: GenomicsEnhancing Cassava productivity
through more targeted use of global genetic diversity
Next-generation sequencing
Metabolomic profiling
Population Genomics
• PowerMarker v.3.25 (Liu and Muse 2005)
• Unbiased estimate of gene diversity (He) (Nei’s 1983)
• F-statistics to quantify genetic differentiation and random mating within and between hierarchical levels (Wright 1983)
• Frequency matrix and genetic distance followed by cluster analysis with the weighted neighbor-joining (NJ) algorithm.
• Relationships among groups were visualized in a dendogram edited in MEGA Vs.5.1, and colored by structure clusters.
FST (coancestry coefficient or fixation index) proportion of the total genetic variance contained in a subpopulation.
FIS (Inbreeding coeffficient) proportion of the genetic variance of the subpopulation contained in a individual
FST = 1 - (HS / HT)
FIS = 1 - (HI / HS)
Global Cassava Diversity: Genomics
Sliding Windows approachTEST of departures from Neutral Equilibrium:
• Genes critical to cassava domestication can be identified from their wild relatives.
• Genomic regions with increased or decreased differentiation across populations
• diversifying or stabilizing natural selection
• identify candidate genes, pathways and alleles for targeted functional analysis
Genomic regions can be identified as outliers in a genome scan increasing the power to detect selection in natural populations
Continuous distribution across the genome
• Nucleotide Diversity (π)
• Heterozygosity
• Kernell – Smoothed FST
• Tajima’s D
• ROD= Reduction of diversity
Lev
el o
f P
oly
mo
rph
ism
Chromosomal position
Global Cassava Diversity: Genomics
Sliding Windows approach
Genomic regions can be identified as outliers in a genome scan
increasing the power to detect selection in natural populations
Limited software to perform genome windows analysis across the genome
STACKS ???
• Only accept data organized by chromosomes
• Don’t allow for populations comparison
• Do not calculate divergence estimates: FST
TASSEL
Global Cassava Diversity: Genomics
High Quality SNPs
SNPs shared between WGS and RAD-seq
Filters:Repetitive regions and CNVs
Quality Score: Higher than 40
DEVELOPING A CORE SET OF SNPs FOR VALIDATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CASSAVA ACCESSIONS
Global Cassava Diversity: Genomics
VARIATION IN THE RESTRICTION SITES UNDERESTIMATE HETEROZYGOSITY IN RAD SEQUENCING
IGB vs.7.03
Global Cassava Diversity: Genomics
• Higher diversity in Wild (0.33) than in Cassava (0.12)
• Most wild Cassava relatives highly differentiated for cultivated Cassava (Fst=0,65 W-C and 0,96 K between clusters).
• More similar wild relatives: FLA, ALT, TST
• More distant wild relatives: S1WPD1
• Fis higher in Wild Manihot species (0.98).
Segregating SNPs34 M. tristis1342 M. guaranitica 1700 M. walkereae
Genetic distance and Structure betweenCassava and wild relatives
Global Cassava Diversity: 3rd OutputEnhancing Cassava productivity
through more targeted use of global genetic diversity
Next-generation sequencing
Metabolomic profiling
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• 700 LAC + 300 Africa towards the global goal.
• Designed 180 SNPs for variety identification and pedigree reconstruction (underway).
200 genotypes
Global Cassava Diversity: MetabolomicsEnhancing Cassava productivity
through more targeted use of global genetic diversity
Next-generation sequencing
Metabolomic profiling
Genotype Trait Clones1 BRA488 High Cianide Content 62 DOM2 High Dry Matter Content 63 COL2017 High Sugar Content 64 PAR36 High Amilose Content 65 MPER183 High PPD Tolerance/Frog Skin disease/Low Carotene 66 MCOL2436 High Carotene/Trips Susceptible 67 MECU72 WF Resistance/Bacteriosis Susceptible 68 MCUB74 High Culinary Quality/Z06 adaptation 69 CUB23 Waxi Potential 6
10 PAN139 Trips Resistance 611 TMS604444 Transformacion 612 TME3 CMD 613 TMS305555 CMD 614 BRA1A High carotene 615 MCOL1505 Z01 nd Z04 adaptation 616 MCOL1522 Z05 adaptation 617 GUA35 Low Sugar Content 618 CUB25 Low Amilose Content 619 MVEN25 Low Culinary Quality 620 MCOL22 PPD susceptible 621 MGUA85 Adaptation Z02 622 MVEN77 Drought tolerance 623 MCOL113 Adaptation Z06 624 MCOL638 Bacteriosis resistance 625 MCOL1684 Z03 adaptation 6
150
Materials for Metabolomic profiling
pVA and Starch: WhyFunctional Genetic for high
quality cassava: pVA and Starch synthase pathways
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPPPSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
Starch Synthase Pathway
Carotenoid Synthase Pathway
Amyloplast vs. Chromoplast
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPP
PSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
pVA and Starch: Data integrityFunctional Genetic for high
quality cassava: pVA and Starch synthase pathways
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPPPSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
Carotenoid Synthase Pathway
Three years evaluation 2011, 2012 and 2013
y = 1.0899x - 0.0065R² = 0.8194
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
2012
2011
β-carotene content (HPLC method)
b-carotene content (HPLC method) Linear (b-carotene content (HPLC method))
y = 1.0007x + 1.7402R² = 0.821
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25
2012
2011
Total Carotenoid Content(HPLC method)
Total Carotenoid Content (HPLC method) Linear (Total Carotenoid Content (HPLC method))
pVA and Starch: The potentialFunctional Genetic for high
quality cassava: pVA and Starch synthase pathways
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPPPSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
Carotenoid Synthase Pathway
Three years evaluation 2011, 2012 and 2013
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
GM
3732
-28
GM
3736
-78
GM
3736
-84
GM
3736
-29
GM
3732
-19
GM
3732
-22
GM
3736
-75
GM
3736
-40
GM
3736
-56
GM
3736
-26
GM
3736
-45
GM
3736
-37
GM
3736
-34
GM
3732
-02
GM
3732
-05
GM
3732
-34
GM
3736
-17
GM
3736
-16
GM
3732
-17
GM
905-
57G
M37
36-3
2G
M37
36-1
5G
M37
32-1
8G
M37
36-5
8G
M37
36-5
9G
M37
32-1
1G
M37
32-0
8G
M37
36-7
7G
M37
36-2
0G
M37
36-6
9G
M90
5-60
GM
3732
-29
GM
3732
-30
GM
3736
-66
GM
3736
-38
GM
3736
-36
GM
3732
-01
GM
3736
-76
GM
3732
-21
GM
3736
-51
GM
3736
-43
GM
3732
-16
GM
3736
-18
GM
3736
-85
GM
3736
-12
GM
3736
-44
GM
3732
-37
GM
3732
-13
GM
3736
-13
GM
3736
-02
GM
3736
-06
GM
3736
-48
GM
3736
-53
GM
3736
-54
GM
3736
-74
GM
3732
-23
GM
3732
-36
GM
3736
-72
GM
3732
-31
GM
3736
-57
GM
905-
52G
M37
36-5
2G
M37
36-0
3G
M37
36-0
8G
M37
32-2
5G
M37
36-1
9G
M37
36-1
1G
M37
32-2
7G
M37
36-2
3G
M37
36-8
0G
M37
32-1
2G
M37
32-3
5G
M37
36-0
5G
M37
36-7
9G
M37
32-1
4G
M37
32-0
4G
M37
36-6
3G
M37
32-2
0G
M37
32-3
2G
M37
32-0
9G
M37
36-2
4G
M37
36-2
5G
M37
36-4
1G
M37
32-3
3G
M37
36-7
3G
M37
32-0
3G
M37
36-1
0G
M37
32-0
6G
M37
36-2
2G
M37
36-6
1G
M37
36-3
5G
M37
36-4
7G
M37
36-2
1G
M37
36-3
0G
M37
36-2
7G
M37
36-7
0G
M37
32-0
7G
M37
36-3
9G
M37
32-1
5G
M37
36-4
9G
M37
36-8
1G
M37
32-1
0G
M37
36-0
9G
M37
36-3
3G
M37
36-5
0G
M37
32-2
4G
M37
36-2
8G
M37
36-7
1G
M37
36-6
4G
M37
36-1
4G
M37
36-5
5G
M37
36-8
2G
M37
36-4
2G
M37
36-4
6G
M37
36-6
2G
M37
36-6
7G
M37
36-0
1G
M37
36-8
3
PTFN 2012
PTH 2012
TCH 2012
Car
ote
no
id
Gai
ne
dC
aro
ten
oid
P
ote
nti
al
IPP
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate
Phytoene
Lycopene
-carotene(vitamin A precursor)
Phytoene synthase
Phytoene desaturase
Lycopene-beta-cyclase
ξ-carotene desaturase
pVA and Starch: No Lycopene Functional Genetic for high
quality cassava: pVA and Starch synthase pathways
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPPPSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
Carotenoid Synthase Pathway
Three years evaluation 2011, 2012 and 2013
Car
ote
no
id
Gai
ne
dC
aro
ten
oid
P
ote
nti
al
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
GM
3732
-28
GM
3736
-78
GM
3736
-84
GM
3736
-29
GM
3732
-19
GM
3732
-22
GM
3736
-75
GM
3736
-40
GM
3736
-56
GM
3736
-26
GM
3736
-45
GM
3736
-37
GM
3736
-34
GM
3732
-02
GM
3732
-05
GM
3732
-34
GM
3736
-17
GM
3736
-16
GM
3732
-17
GM
905-
57G
M37
36-3
2G
M37
36-1
5G
M37
32-1
8G
M37
36-5
8G
M37
36-5
9G
M37
32-1
1G
M37
32-0
8G
M37
36-7
7G
M37
36-2
0G
M37
36-6
9G
M90
5-60
GM
3732
-29
GM
3732
-30
GM
3736
-66
GM
3736
-38
GM
3736
-36
GM
3732
-01
GM
3736
-76
GM
3732
-21
GM
3736
-51
GM
3736
-43
GM
3732
-16
GM
3736
-18
GM
3736
-85
GM
3736
-12
GM
3736
-44
GM
3732
-37
GM
3732
-13
GM
3736
-13
GM
3736
-02
GM
3736
-06
GM
3736
-48
GM
3736
-53
GM
3736
-54
GM
3736
-74
GM
3732
-23
GM
3732
-36
GM
3736
-72
GM
3732
-31
GM
3736
-57
GM
905-
52G
M37
36-5
2G
M37
36-0
3G
M37
36-0
8G
M37
32-2
5G
M37
36-1
9G
M37
36-1
1G
M37
32-2
7G
M37
36-2
3G
M37
36-8
0G
M37
32-1
2G
M37
32-3
5G
M37
36-0
5G
M37
36-7
9G
M37
32-1
4G
M37
32-0
4G
M37
36-6
3G
M37
32-2
0G
M37
32-3
2G
M37
32-0
9G
M37
36-2
4G
M37
36-2
5G
M37
36-4
1G
M37
32-3
3G
M37
36-7
3G
M37
32-0
3G
M37
36-1
0G
M37
32-0
6G
M37
36-2
2G
M37
36-6
1G
M37
36-3
5G
M37
36-4
7G
M37
36-2
1G
M37
36-3
0G
M37
36-2
7G
M37
36-7
0G
M37
32-0
7G
M37
36-3
9G
M37
32-1
5G
M37
36-4
9G
M37
36-8
1G
M37
32-1
0G
M37
36-0
9G
M37
36-3
3G
M37
36-5
0G
M37
32-2
4G
M37
36-2
8G
M37
36-7
1G
M37
36-6
4G
M37
36-1
4G
M37
36-5
5G
M37
36-8
2G
M37
36-4
2G
M37
36-4
6G
M37
36-6
2G
M37
36-6
7G
M37
36-0
1G
M37
36-8
3
PTFN 2012
PTH 2012
TCH 2012
IPP
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate
Phytoene
Lycopene
-carotene(vitamin A precursor)
Phytoene synthase
Phytoene desaturase
Lycopene-beta-cyclase
ξ-carotene desaturase
pVA and Starch: Unknown carotenoidsFunctional Genetic for high
quality cassava: pVA and Starch synthase pathways
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPPPSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
Carotenoid Synthase Pathway
Three years evaluation 2011, 2012 and 2013
Car
ote
no
id
Gai
ne
dC
aro
ten
oid
P
ote
nti
al
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
GM
3732
-28
GM
3736
-78
GM
3736
-84
GM
3736
-29
GM
3732
-19
GM
3732
-22
GM
3736
-75
GM
3736
-40
GM
3736
-56
GM
3736
-26
GM
3736
-45
GM
3736
-37
GM
3736
-34
GM
3732
-02
GM
3732
-05
GM
3732
-34
GM
3736
-17
GM
3736
-16
GM
3732
-17
GM
905-
57G
M37
36-3
2G
M37
36-1
5G
M37
32-1
8G
M37
36-5
8G
M37
36-5
9G
M37
32-1
1G
M37
32-0
8G
M37
36-7
7G
M37
36-2
0G
M37
36-6
9G
M90
5-60
GM
3732
-29
GM
3732
-30
GM
3736
-66
GM
3736
-38
GM
3736
-36
GM
3732
-01
GM
3736
-76
GM
3732
-21
GM
3736
-51
GM
3736
-43
GM
3732
-16
GM
3736
-18
GM
3736
-85
GM
3736
-12
GM
3736
-44
GM
3732
-37
GM
3732
-13
GM
3736
-13
GM
3736
-02
GM
3736
-06
GM
3736
-48
GM
3736
-53
GM
3736
-54
GM
3736
-74
GM
3732
-23
GM
3732
-36
GM
3736
-72
GM
3732
-31
GM
3736
-57
GM
905-
52G
M37
36-5
2G
M37
36-0
3G
M37
36-0
8G
M37
32-2
5G
M37
36-1
9G
M37
36-1
1G
M37
32-2
7G
M37
36-2
3G
M37
36-8
0G
M37
32-1
2G
M37
32-3
5G
M37
36-0
5G
M37
36-7
9G
M37
32-1
4G
M37
32-0
4G
M37
36-6
3G
M37
32-2
0G
M37
32-3
2G
M37
32-0
9G
M37
36-2
4G
M37
36-2
5G
M37
36-4
1G
M37
32-3
3G
M37
36-7
3G
M37
32-0
3G
M37
36-1
0G
M37
32-0
6G
M37
36-2
2G
M37
36-6
1G
M37
36-3
5G
M37
36-4
7G
M37
36-2
1G
M37
36-3
0G
M37
36-2
7G
M37
36-7
0G
M37
32-0
7G
M37
36-3
9G
M37
32-1
5G
M37
36-4
9G
M37
36-8
1G
M37
32-1
0G
M37
36-0
9G
M37
36-3
3G
M37
36-5
0G
M37
32-2
4G
M37
36-2
8G
M37
36-7
1G
M37
36-6
4G
M37
36-1
4G
M37
36-5
5G
M37
36-8
2G
M37
36-4
2G
M37
36-4
6G
M37
36-6
2G
M37
36-6
7G
M37
36-0
1G
M37
36-8
3
PTFN 2012
PTH 2012
TCH 2012
IPP
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate
Phytoene
Lycopene
-carotene(vitamin A precursor)
Phytoene synthase
Phytoene desaturase
Lycopene-beta-cyclase
ξ-carotene desaturase
Unknown Carotenoids
pVA and Starch: DMC do not matterFunctional Genetic for high
quality cassava: pVA and Starch synthase pathways
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPPPSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
Carotenoid Synthase Pathway
Carotenoids vs Dry Matter Content (DMC)
Car
ote
no
id
Gai
ne
dC
aro
ten
oid
P
ote
nti
al
IPP
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate
Phytoene
Lycopene
-carotene(vitamin A precursor)
Phytoene synthase
Phytoene desaturase
Lycopene-beta-cyclase
ξ-carotene desaturase
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
GM
3732
-28
GM
3736
-78
GM
3736
-84
GM
3736
-29
GM
3732
-19
GM
3732
-22
GM
3736
-75
GM
3736
-40
GM
3736
-56
GM
3736
-26
GM
3736
-45
GM
3736
-37
GM
3736
-34
GM
3732
-02
GM
3732
-05
GM
3732
-34
GM
3736
-17
GM
3736
-16
GM
3732
-17
GM
905-
57G
M37
36-3
2G
M37
36-1
5G
M37
32-1
8G
M37
36-5
8G
M37
36-5
9G
M37
32-1
1G
M37
32-0
8G
M37
36-7
7G
M37
36-2
0G
M37
36-6
9G
M90
5-60
GM
3732
-29
GM
3732
-30
GM
3736
-66
GM
3736
-38
GM
3736
-36
GM
3732
-01
GM
3736
-76
GM
3732
-21
GM
3736
-51
GM
3736
-43
GM
3732
-16
GM
3736
-18
GM
3736
-85
GM
3736
-12
GM
3736
-44
GM
3732
-37
GM
3732
-13
GM
3736
-13
GM
3736
-02
GM
3736
-06
GM
3736
-48
GM
3736
-53
GM
3736
-54
GM
3736
-74
GM
3732
-23
GM
3732
-36
GM
3736
-72
GM
3732
-31
GM
3736
-57
GM
905-
52G
M37
36-5
2G
M37
36-0
3G
M37
36-0
8G
M37
32-2
5G
M37
36-1
9G
M37
36-1
1G
M37
32-2
7G
M37
36-2
3G
M37
36-8
0G
M37
32-1
2G
M37
32-3
5G
M37
36-0
5G
M37
36-7
9G
M37
32-1
4G
M37
32-0
4G
M37
36-6
3G
M37
32-2
0G
M37
32-3
2G
M37
32-0
9G
M37
36-2
4G
M37
36-2
5G
M37
36-4
1G
M37
32-3
3G
M37
36-7
3G
M37
32-0
3G
M37
36-1
0G
M37
32-0
6G
M37
36-2
2G
M37
36-6
1G
M37
36-3
5G
M37
36-4
7G
M37
36-2
1G
M37
36-3
0G
M37
36-2
7G
M37
36-7
0G
M37
32-0
7G
M37
36-3
9G
M37
32-1
5G
M37
36-4
9G
M37
36-8
1G
M37
32-1
0G
M37
36-0
9G
M37
36-3
3G
M37
36-5
0G
M37
32-2
4G
M37
36-2
8G
M37
36-7
1G
M37
36-6
4G
M37
36-1
4G
M37
36-5
5G
M37
36-8
2G
M37
36-4
2G
M37
36-4
6G
M37
36-6
2G
M37
36-6
7G
M37
36-0
1G
M37
36-8
3
Dry Matter Content (2012)
High β-carotene has no penalty on DMC
Gains from 2010/12 to 2013From 25ug to 29ug in TCCFrom 15ug to 22ug in TBC
pVA and Starch: Novel starchesFunctional Genetic for high
quality cassava: pVA and Starch synthase pathways
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
Starch Synthase Pathway
Waxy and small-granule cassava
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
X
Easy hydrolysis good for bioethanol and bioplastic production
pVA and Starch: Novel starchesFunctional Genetic for high
quality cassava: pVA and Starch synthase pathways
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
Starch Synthase Pathway
Waxy and small-granule cassava
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
X
pVA and Starch: Novel starches WAXYFunctional Genetic for high
quality cassava: pVA and Starch synthase pathways
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
Starch Synthase Pathway
Waxy and small-granule cassava
• GBSSI in cassava is ~3400 bp• 2 to 3 allelic versions• Among 7 different sources of the
mutation span 126 SNPs• 3 are diagnostic of the trait
pVA and Starch: Team and FounderFunctional Genetic for high
quality cassava: pVA and Starch synthase pathways
α-carotene
PDS + Z-ISOZDS + CRTISO
LCYB
Phytoene
15µg
25 µg Total Carotenoid Content
Chromoplast
GGPPPSY
ζ-carotene
Lycopene
β-caroteneLCYB + LCYE
β+ε-OHase
Lutein
β-OHaseZeaxanthin
GBSSI
SSISSII
SSIIISBEI
SBEIIDE
ADP
ADPG
25% Amylose
75% Amylopectin
ATP PPi
G1P
Amyloplast
Starch Synthase Pathway
Carotenoid Synthase Pathway
Whitefly researchWhitefly control: a durable
solution to cassava-disease pandemics (Africa and Asia)
Bemisia tabaci J N410741
Bemisia tabaci J N410738
Bemisia tabaci biotypeB KF059959 CIAT
Bemisia tabaci biotypeA KF059958 CIAT
Bemisia tabaci AY521259
Aleurolobus marlatti J Q340188
Siphoninus philyreae J Q340199
Aleurocanthus inceratus HM150621
Aleurocanthus spiniferus J Q340176
Crenidorsum micheliae J Q340190
Aleurotrachelus trachoides KF059957 CIAT
Aleurothrachelus socialis KF059953 CIAT
Aleurothrixus floccosus KF059956 CIAT
Aleuroclava sp J Q340187
Dialeuropora J Q340197
Dialeurodes citri J Q340193
Dialeurodes hongkongensis J Q340195
Trialeurodes variabilis KF059962 CIAT
Trialeurodes vaporiariorum KF192508 CIAT
Trialeurodes vaporariorum AY521265
Aleuronudus melzeri KF059955 CIAT
Aleurodicus dugessi AY521251
Lecanoideus floccissimus KF059960 CIAT
Aleurodicus dispersus KF059954 CIAT
Aleurodicus dispersus EU581838
Aleurodicus dispersus EU581837
Drosophila melanogaster ADW61439
Drosophila melanogaster ADW61333
Drosophila melanogaster AGE13862
100
100
75
99
46
95
99
99
99
81
100
99
88
99
89
98
93
98
97
96
73
68
45
30
0.000.050.100.150.20
Asia / Asia-Minor
New World
Ale
uro
dic
inae
Ale
yro
din
ae
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
New World
G-I
G-I
I
Asia
Asia
G-I
II
G-I
VG
-V
G-V
I
Asia
New World
New World
Asia
CMC-40
MEcu 72
A B
C D
Whitefly resistance
Whitefly molecular identification
Bemisia tabaci J N410741
Bemisia tabaci J N410738
Bemisia tabaci biotypeB KF059959 CIAT
Bemisia tabaci biotypeA KF059958 CIAT
Bemisia tabaci AY521259
Aleurolobus marlatti J Q340188
Siphoninus philyreae J Q340199
Aleurocanthus inceratus HM150621
Aleurocanthus spiniferus J Q340176
Crenidorsum micheliae J Q340190
Aleurotrachelus trachoides KF059957 CIAT
Aleurothrachelus socialis KF059953 CIAT
Aleurothrixus floccosus KF059956 CIAT
Aleuroclava sp J Q340187
Dialeuropora J Q340197
Dialeurodes citri J Q340193
Dialeurodes hongkongensis J Q340195
Trialeurodes variabilis KF059962 CIAT
Trialeurodes vaporiariorum KF192508 CIAT
Trialeurodes vaporariorum AY521265
Aleuronudus melzeri KF059955 CIAT
Aleurodicus dugessi AY521251
Lecanoideus floccissimus KF059960 CIAT
Aleurodicus dispersus KF059954 CIAT
Aleurodicus dispersus EU581838
Aleurodicus dispersus EU581837
Drosophila melanogaster ADW61439
Drosophila melanogaster ADW61333
Drosophila melanogaster AGE13862
100
100
75
99
46
95
99
99
99
81
100
99
88
99
89
98
93
98
97
96
73
68
45
30
0.000.050.100.150.20
Asia / Asia-Minor
New World
Ale
uro
dic
inae
Ale
yro
din
ae
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
New World
G-I
G-I
I
Asia
Asia
G-I
II
G-I
VG
-V
G-V
I
Asia
New World
New World
Asia
Whitefly DNA barcoding
6 new species molecular identification
Whitefly researchWhitefly control: a durable
solution to cassava-disease pandemics (Africa and Asia)
Bemisia tabaci J N410741
Bemisia tabaci J N410738
Bemisia tabaci biotypeB KF059959 CIAT
Bemisia tabaci biotypeA KF059958 CIAT
Bemisia tabaci AY521259
Aleurolobus marlatti J Q340188
Siphoninus philyreae J Q340199
Aleurocanthus inceratus HM150621
Aleurocanthus spiniferus J Q340176
Crenidorsum micheliae J Q340190
Aleurotrachelus trachoides KF059957 CIAT
Aleurothrachelus socialis KF059953 CIAT
Aleurothrixus floccosus KF059956 CIAT
Aleuroclava sp J Q340187
Dialeuropora J Q340197
Dialeurodes citri J Q340193
Dialeurodes hongkongensis J Q340195
Trialeurodes variabilis KF059962 CIAT
Trialeurodes vaporiariorum KF192508 CIAT
Trialeurodes vaporariorum AY521265
Aleuronudus melzeri KF059955 CIAT
Aleurodicus dugessi AY521251
Lecanoideus floccissimus KF059960 CIAT
Aleurodicus dispersus KF059954 CIAT
Aleurodicus dispersus EU581838
Aleurodicus dispersus EU581837
Drosophila melanogaster ADW61439
Drosophila melanogaster ADW61333
Drosophila melanogaster AGE13862
100
100
75
99
46
95
99
99
99
81
100
99
88
99
89
98
93
98
97
96
73
68
45
30
0.000.050.100.150.20
Asia / Asia-Minor
New World
Ale
uro
dic
inae
Ale
yro
din
ae
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
New World
G-I
G-I
I
Asia
Asia
G-I
II
G-I
VG
-V
G-V
I
Asia
New World
New World
Asia
CMC-40
MEcu 72
A B
C D
Whitefly resistance
Whitefly molecular identification
Whitefly DNA species identification assay
Partner reach
FUTURE
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