©2013 children's mercy. all rights reserved. 09/13 the drug exposed neonate; now what?...
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©2013 Children's Mercy. All Rights Reserved. 09/13©2013 Children's Mercy. All Rights Reserved. 09/13
The Drug Exposed Neonate; Now What?
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)
Betsy Knappen APRN, BSN, Jodi Jackson MD
©2013 Children's Mercy. All Rights Reserved. 09/13
NAS
ProtocolNursing
Education
Competencies to Monitor Education
Parent Education
Pharmacological Interventions
Ongoing Community
Support
Breast Feeding Policy
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Is NAS a Real Problem?
Over the last decade, there has been increasing public health, medical, and political attention paid to the parallel rise in two trends
– Increase in the prevalence of prescription opioid abuse
– Increase in the incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)
Increase in the prevalence of NAS
– 1.20 per 1,000 U.S. hospital births in 2000
– 3.39 per 1,000 U.S. hospital births in 2009
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Finnegan ScaleAre you familiar with the scale?
A. Yes
B. No
Yes No
50%50%
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Finnegan ScaleWhat is your comfort level with
using the scale?1. Not at all
2. Somewhat
3. Neutral
4. Comfortable
5. Very Comfortable
20% 20% 20%20%20%
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Use o
f too
l
Assign
ing o
f Sco
res
Discer
ning
Elevat
ion
Timing
of S
corin
g
Use o
f Com
fort
Mea
sure
s
Differ
entia
tion
of E
lemen
ts
Qua
ntify
With
draw
al
Inte
rven
tion
Needs
Family
Sup
port
& Edu
catio
n 0
102030405060708090
100
0 0 0 0
20
0 010 10
BeforeAfter
Percentage of Mother-Baby Nurses Reporting Discomfort with Elements of NAS Scoring Before and
After Education
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Elements of the Finnegan Scale
Opioid receptors are concentrated in the CNS and the gastrointestinal tract, the predominant signs and symptoms of pure opioid withdrawal reflect:
– CNS irritability
– Autonomic over-reactivity
– Gastrointestinal tract dysfunction
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Finnegan CNS No CNS disturbance 0 Excessive high pitched cry 2 Continuous high pitched cry 3
Sleeps less than 1 hr after feeding 3 Sleeps less than 2 hr after feeding 2 Sleeps less than 3 hours after feeding 1
Hyperactive moro reflex 2 Markedly hyperactive moro reflex 3
Mild tremors disturbed 1 Moderate-severe tremors disturbed 2 Mild tremors undisturbed 3 Moderate-severe tremors undisturbed 4
Increased muscle tone 2
Excoriation 1
Myoclonic jerks 3 Generalized convulsions 5
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Finnegan Metabolic/Vasomotor/Resp
No Disturbance 0 Sweating 1 Fever less than 101° F (99-100.8, 37.2-38.2 C) 1 Fever greater than 101° F (38.4C) 2
Frequent yawning (3-4x/exam period) 1
Mottling 1
Nasal stuffiness 1 Sneezing (3-4x/exam period) 1
Nasal flaring 2 RR > 60/min 1 RR > 60/min with retractions 2
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Finnegan GI
No GI disturbance 0
Excessive sucking 1
Poor feeding 2
Regurgitation 2
Projectile vomiting 3
Loose stools 2
Watery stools 3
Adapted from L.P. Finnegan (1986)
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Which is the First Line Treatment for NAS?
A. Morphine
B. Phenobarb
C. Fentanyl
D. Low Lights
E. Skin to Skin Holding
F. SwaddlingM
orphine
Phenobarb
Fentanyl
Low Li
ghts
Skin to
Skin Holding
Swaddlin
g
17% 17% 17%17%17%17%
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Comfort Measures Initial treatment
– Minimizing environmental stimulation Light Sound
– Decreasing Auto-stimulation Swaddling Positioning responding to infant’s cues frequent feedings non-nutritive suck clustering of cares (Hudak & Tan, 2012; Jansson & Velez, 2012)
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When to use Pharmacologic Treatment
The Rule of 24:
– When 2-3 consecutive scores = 24
3 Consecutive scores of 8-11
2 Consecutive scores 12 or higher
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Opioid/Unknown/Poly
Morphine When pharmacologic treatment begins, patient will be started on scheduled dosing, no prns will be used
- Start morphine if Score of 24 Rule is met. - Start course based on highest score in the last 24 hours.
Initial Dose Score Frequency/Route: Every 3 hours PO
8-10 0.05 mg/kg/dose
11-13 0.08 mg/kg/dose
14-16 0.11 mg/kg/dose
>16 0.17 mg/kg/dose
Morphine Dose Escalation
If Score of 24 Rule is met after initiation, increase dose by 20%. Dose may continue to be increased by 20% every 12 hours (3-4 doses) if Score of 24 Rule is met.
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Pharmacologic Treatment
Allow infant to stabilize 24 hours on a dose that controls symptoms prior to initiation of weaning.
If symptoms are not controlled on a total daily dose > 1 mg/kg/day, consider adding a second line medication (clonidine).
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• If patient requires more than 1 mg/kg/day of morphine, add second line medication
• After starting second line medication, allow infant to stabilize for 24 hours. If Score of 24 Rule is met, continue to gradually increase morphine dose as outlined in titration schedule.
Second Line Medication
Initial Dose Route Maintenance Dosing
Comments
Clonidine 1 mcg/kg/dose every 6 hours
PO Max dose 1 mcg/kg/dose every 3 hours
Clonidine suspension = 100 mcg/mL = 0.1 mg/mL Typical dose range: 0.5 to 1 mcg/kg/dose every 3 to 6 hours
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Weaning Pharmacologic Treatment
“Stable NAS score” is defined as all NAS scores < 8 in the preceding 24 hours
Allow 24-48 hours between medication weans
After discontinuing tx continue NAS scoring
Discharge infant when scores < 8 for at least 48 hours
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Morphine Only When NAS scores are stable, IF doses are: < 0.1 mg/kg/dose then wean dose by 20%** ≥ 0.1 mg/kg/dose then wean dose by 10%** -Allow 24 hours between morphine weans; Consult pharmacist after 2 dose changes When morphine dose reaches 0.02 mg/kg/dose every 3 hours, change frequency to every 6 hours Discontinue morphine when infant has tolerated a dose of 0.02 mg/kg/dose every 6 hours for 24-48 hours.
Morphine and Clonidine
When NAS scores are stable, IF doses are: < 0.1 mg/kg/dose then wean dose by 20% ≥ 0.1 mg/kg/dose then wean dose by 10% -Allow 24-48 hours between morphine weans; Consult pharmacist after 2 dose changes When morphine has reached ~ 0.05 mg/kg/dose, hold morphine wean and decrease clonidine by 25% daily until discontinued Resume decreasing morphine dose per pharmacist weaning schedule and discontinue morphine when infant has tolerated 0.02 mg/kg/dose for 24-48 hours.
** Percent is calculated from the original morphine dose at the start of weaning
This part of the wean has been most difficult, it is still being revised
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Betsy Knappen APRN, BSN, Kim Mason RN, BSN, Andrea Vance RN, BSN,
Jodi Jackson MD
Improving Care of the Infant at Risk for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
through a Standardized Family Centered Protocol and Nursing
Education
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METHOD
Oct 1, 2013: NAS Protocol Trialed – Mandatory NICU admit for high risk infant stopped– Infants admitted to Mother-Baby unit– NAS scoring per NICU RN
Dec 1, 2013: Mother-Baby education completed – Infants scored and cared by Mother-Baby RN– Transferred to NICU when Tx needed
Jan, 2014: Joined the iNICQ Collaborative – PDSA QI process utilized for ongoing projects– Begun standardized education program for NICU nurses– NAS Scoring competency/reliability for NICU/Mother-Baby
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MEASURES Outcome Measure:
– Infants at risk for NAS avoiding NICU admit and Tx
Initial: month blocks pre/post protocol for NICU admission/ Tx
Ongoing: Quarterly review admission/ Tx ; run chart
Process Measures:
– Nurses attending education, impact on competency/comfort
Initial: comfort with NAS; Likert scale self report before/after
Ongoing: measure of reliably with competency evaluation
Validation of all scores > 8 by second observer
©2013 Children's Mercy. All Rights Reserved. 09/13Before Protocol After Protocol 0
1020304050607080
NICUMother-Baby Unit
Per
cen
t
Location of Care During Hospitalization
Before Protocol After Protocol0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Per
cen
tInfants Requiring Pharmacological Treatment
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NAS scoring indicated after delivery
Morphine Codeine Hydrocodone (Lortab, Vicodin) Oxycodone (Percocet, Oxycontin) Methadone Suboxone Heroin Tramadol Benzodiazepines: Ativan, Xanax, Valium, Clonaxepam (Klonopin) Polysubstance use- combination of medications (ie: mood
stabilizer with an antidepressant or antipsychotic)
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NAS scoring not indicated after delivery (warrants close observation)
CNS depressant: – Alcohol, Marijuana, K2
Hallucinogens: – Cocaine, LSD, Methamphetamines, PCP, Phenylisopropylamines
(Esctasy)
SSRI: – Celexa, Lexapro, Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Luvox
SSRI/Norepiphrine Reuptake Inhibitor:– Cymbalta
Mood Stabilizer:– Lithium, Lamictal ?
Antipsychotics: – Seroquel, Abilify, Latuda, Risperdal, Invega, Zyprexa, Geodon,
Saphris, Fanapt, Haldol
Anxiety: – Vistaril, Buspar
Kim Mason RN, BSN; Betsy Knappen, APRN, BSN; Dawn Caspers, BS
Pharm, Jodi Jackson, MD
Standardized Approach to Educating Families at
Risk for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
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Measures Outcome Measure
– Number of families at-risk for NAS who were provided education and material prior to admission
Secondary outcome: – Number of families at-risk for NAS who are provided
education and material after admission, but prior to giving birth, or after delivery (but within 24 hours)
Process Measures – Completion of consult checklist
Balancing Measures – Number of “urgent” unscheduled consultations required
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Lessons Learned
A key barrier in disseminating information to families prior to delivery is identification of at-risk families.
– Need for improved identification of at-risk patients
– Communication with primary care doctors regarding institutional program
– Improved collaboration with community programs
– Need to develop a mechanism to measure and quantify
– Parent-reported satisfaction with the process
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Breast Feeding Policy
Circumstance to encourage, discourage and equivocal The encouragement and support of BF depends on:
– Maternal drug use
– Maternal alcohol use
– Substance abuse treatment history
– Any medical and psychiatric issues
– Any medication needs
– Infants health status, in utero or post-partum
– The presence or absence and adequacy of maternal family and community support, post-partum follow up, treatment for substance abuse as needed
(Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine (ABM) Clinical Protocol #21)