way 2013...29 grand parade, cork 14 ferryquay street, derry 33 winetavern street, belfast 1 3...

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owadays smoking is considered socially unacceptable. Smokers are marcrinalised, if not stigmatised, by a series of bans, health warning and barely di guised sufferance. TIlis was not always

the case, however. ~fost moker today 1I e ready-made cigarettes but up until the late

nineteenth century the pipe was the principal method of takin tobacco and the majority of pipes were made of clay.

~(ore years ago than I care to remember, David Sweetman presented me \\ith a box of clay pipes from King John s Castle Limerick, and asked whether 1 could do something with them. Thu began a lifetime's fascination with the e rather innocuous ceramic objects.

Through trial and error, and some generous help from the late Adrian Oswald, the doyen of English pipe studies, ,,-ho e recently published Clay pip {or tll archaeologist 19 5 happened to be in our library I began to oet som feel for and appreciation of the humble clay pipe. Other researchers were equally generous \\1tl1 ad,-jce: Reg ]ackson in Bristol and Dr Peter Davey of the niversity of Liverpool.

The day pipe as an archaeological artefact worthy of tudy had not been much considered up to this point (the 1970s . Its appreciation a n item desen-ing of more detailed attention matched the 2towth in

post -medieval exca\-ation and publication- mostly, it must be said, by the aforementioned Da\'id weetman and his colleagues in the then :"ational ~fonl1ments Sen'ice of the Office of Public "orks, the late Tom Fanning and later AtUl Lynch and Con \-fanning.

It soon became ob,ious that just dating the pipes was not enough; more needed to be learned about their manufacture. point of origin, the names of the people im'olved, the ource of the raw materiat wa cs ost of tI .e finished product, ete.

I decided that first of all we needed as complete a list as possible, from the sources a"ailablc, of all pipe-maker at work in Lreland in the

that way and four decade later I'm still cOm111 up with new makers from tlH? most unlikely sources. ~e\'ertheless. one has to call a halt at some point. and that point is now.

The lists pre ented here, though not entirely exhaustive, represent the vast majority of those engaged in the trade_ The e are compiled from trade directories, census lists and other documentation, but of course fall victim to the destmction of Irish public records in the 1920 , a doe all re earch of this period.

The first list is of the few kno\ n se,-enteenth/eighteenth-century pipe-maker previously published in ~orton and Lane 2007, with some slight additions ). The second list is of all currently known pipemaker of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. \ "hat might surprise some is the late sun'i\-al of the industry well into the twentieth century. The last Dubl"n family at work were the De,'lin 1

\\'ho only ceased shortly after the death in 193 . of Patrick Devlin.

nineteenth and twentieth centuries. I thought that it would be easy to Top: Nineteenth-century pipes from North King Str£:et, Dublin_

~ompne such a list by using all a\'ailable directories; it didn 't work out Ab v : Decorated bowl from I orth King Stree , Dublin_

Archaeology Ireland Spring 2013 31

A.bo e: Nineteenth

century maker's marks

from Dublin and

Drogheda .

l eft: Earty bowl ba se with maker's initials.

Se IO'N: Reproduction of

highlj' decora ted

nineteenth-century pipe"

The last fac ory to cease work in the Republic was Hanley's of

\\"aterford, who finally closed in the late '50s, probably c. 1958 or so.

What is also obvious from the lists is that there are strong family associations \\ithin the industry. Jt Belfast the Ilamiltons were

major pla}ers throughout the nineteenth century. In Dublin the

Cwminghams and McLoughlins were pre-eminent. There was intermarriage between them, as mio-ht be expected; the

Cunmnghams of Dublin, for instance, '\'ere married into the

Hamiltons of Belfast. Census returns show that family members

were drafted into the business from a young age. Joume)men

moulders mO"ed from to\\>,11 to town: workers from Galway turn up in \ '\"exford and Waterford, and Scottish pipe-maker worked for

yarious employers from Belfast to Dublin. While there was some

export of pipes abroad. mainly by Hanley's for the most part the

Irish makers were content to supply the hOllle market in spite oj dumping of product on the Irish market, usually by the Scottish

manufacturers; they had the home ad\'antage, plus a strong drh'e on the consumers' part to buy Irish.

Finally, it is noticeable that the makers were often clu tered

together in particular streets or areas, such as Francis Street in

Dublin and the Smithfield area of Belfast. Though servicing a part of

everyday life in the community, they were 'artisan' tradesmen working by and large in poorer areas in ",'hat was little more than a family-run cottaae industry . •

32

Irish pipe-makers, 17th-18th century

(Dublin Oty) Alien James

fen Luke Saly Thomas Blake Robert BoyJe P. Bransoni<

Jones Johnson Johnson

Jacob** Knight Longer Parker Parks Steele 'AfJison

Alexander John Dennis

Thomas Nicholas Geofge Thomas Thomas John Christopher

(Other areas) Abbott Edward Buddey· ... Thomas Dyer Thomas Ounbar Michael Edwards fohn Quinn Emmanuel

Turner Wi Ilia m

Francis Street Son of lames, b. 1 700 St Michan1s Parish St Catherine's Parish Pipe finds only Pipe finds only Oxmantowne St Michan's Parish St john's Parish St Michan's Parish Francis Street

St Michan's Parish Francis Street Francis Street St Michants Parish St Michan's Parish

Waterford Galway City Wa erford City

ewry Bridge End, Belfast WiIHam St., e ry (also Glass Works) ]0 n St., limerick City

From 1695

1671 1697 c. 1700+ c. 1700-30 1667 1673 1664 1670 bur. 1703/8 1686 1684

1714

1671 1670

Co 1640 1727 1656

1678

To 1717 1731

d. 1714

1676

1689

d.1713

1672

1664 1794 1789 1792

"On 5 June 1726 a daughter, lsabella, to Thomas and lane Branston of Frands Street. This mig t be Bramon the pipe-maker?

**A Thomas Jacob was buried in St icholas Without Parish on 26 July 1703, and a · other of the same name on 12 December 1 708.

ic-See also Tho as Bucldey in Knockcroghery in 1766.

Clay tobacco pipe-makers in Ireland, 19th-20th century [except Dublin and Knockcroghery]

Agar Thomas Ahern Richard Ahern ichael Anderson James Austin John Bailey &: Co. David Bailey Denis Brown ichael Browne 1rsl· Stack Daniel

Black Rose Belfast Pipe Mfy Boyd Thomas Breslin Patrick Campbell, M'Cool &: Co. Clune John Ca hill Thomas Connor Matthew Connor Connor Michael

100 orth Main Street, Cork City 18 Broad Street, limerick City 18 Broad Street, Limerick City Ratcliff Street, Sligo Town John Street, aterford City 106 orth ain Street, Cork City 86 Shandon SLreet, Cork City King Street, exford Town King Street, Wexford To n 1 7 flliam Street, Belfast City 21 William Street, Belfast City 14 Kent Street, Belfast City 1 8 Frederick S reet, Belfast City

orth Street, Belfast City 6 Water Street, ewry 14 Ferryquay Street, Derry Diamond, Derry 59 William Street, limerick City 22 Bolton Street, Drogheda Potato Market Sq., Drogheda 28 Trinity Street, Belfast 1 itchell Street. Belfast

From To 1852 1856 1881 1893 1879 1880 1824 1824 1886 1889 1883 1884

1885 1882

1854 1856 1865

1870 1868

1820 1822 1881

1894 191 1 t872

1877 1881 1894 1911

1881 1913 1949

1854

"Archaeology Ireland Spring 2013

Clay tobacco pipe-makers in Ireland, 19th-20th century [except Dublin and Knockcroghery] (con t. )

Connor Cummings

Conway

Con nor

Cunning ham

Cunningham

Casey

Casey & Co.

Casey

Cusack

Culbert

Creig ton

Duress

Downey

Dorney

James Peter

John

John

John E. Charles

John Hugh

John

John

Henry

John Thomas

mj.

Doherty & Co. Michael

Doherty E. Duffy Thomas

Farrell

Fitzgerald

Gorman

Garvey

Pat ick

John

Samuel

David

Garvey ary

Grainger John Hallisy Ellen

Hynes Mary J. Hynes Michael

Hartney Michael

Hanley &. Sons A.

Hanley &. Co.

Hamilton Thomas

Hamilton lames

Hamilton lames

Hamilton lames

Hamilton Jane

Hamilton John

Hamilton &. Co.

Hamilton

Hamilton

Hamilton

Haley

Hart

Harper Bros

Kennelly

Thomas

Francis

E.

Frands

Ed lIIard

Daniel

60 Carrick ill, Belfast

John Street, Waterford

110 William Street, Derry

3 Raphael Street, Belfast

1 36 Cromac Stree I Beffas

142 orth Street, Belfast

1 2 Garfield Street, Belfast

Bishop Street, Derry 58 St Columb's ell, Derry

Sl Columb's lell, Derry

Fahan Street, Derry

15 \ est Street, Belfast

Gore Street, Sligo

4 Adelaide Street, Cork 10 Bolton Street, Drogheda

93 George's Street, Cork 29 Grand Parade, Cork 14 Ferryquay Street, Derry

33 Winetavern Street, Belfast

1 3 Charles Street, Belfast

7 Bar ack Street V aterford

2 Adelaide Street, Cork (See under' 1')

IlIiam Street West, Galway

Broad Street, Umerick

36 Curry's lane, Limerick

37 Curry s Lane, Umerick

37 Kent Street, Belfast

51 Shandon Street, Cork

6 Prospect Hill, Galway City

6 Prospect Hill, Gal ay

1 3 Broad Street, limerick

French's Quay, Cork

From To

18521854 1820 1822

1856 1870 1913

1881 1887

1913

1886 1891 1881 1901

1901 1911

1872 1886

1854

1820 1822

1836

1856

1894

1867 1865 1891

1887

1868

1839 1856 1852 1929

1856

1846 1856

1850 1872

1872 1877

1877

1844 1846

1881 1908

1908 1911

1879 1881

(St Finbar's Pipe orks) 1889

Phillips Lane, North Main Stree , Cork

4 John's Lane, Waterford 1866

39 &. 41 Inetavern Streetl Belfast 1852 5 Winelavern Street, Belfast 1819

orth Street, Belfast 1820

1890

1958

1866

1822 63 Great Patrick Street, Belfast

21 Charles Street, Belfast



1852 1854

1868

1877 1880 1881

16 Winetavem Street, Belfast 1894 1905 41 &: 43 Winetavern Street, Belfast 1877 1892

39 Winetavern Street, Belfast 1894

8 \t\ftnetavern Street, Belfast 1894 1899

43 Winetavern Street, Belfast 1892 1894

9, 11 Bathurst Court, Belfast (Works)

14 Greggs lane, Belfast 1870 47 Winetavern Street, Belfast 1870

14 Winetavern Street, Belfast 1884

19 Samuel Street, Belfast 1884

24 Samuel S reet, Belfast 1899

Market Square, ewry 1819

9 Kent Street, Belfast 1877

74 &. 76 Union Street, Belfast 1881

Sandholes, Tullyhogue, Tyrone 1905

Meatmarke lane, Umerick City 1825

Archaeology Ireland Spring 2013

Kennelly

Kennelly

Kelly Bros

Kavanagh

Leahy

Leahy

Lannary

Lannary

Daniel Francis Abbey, Limerick 30 Mungret Street, limerick

Michael 28 Mungret Street limerick

32 Fair Street, Drogheda

James 1 7 Coates Street, Belfast 7 ail Street, Belfast

TImothy Cattie Lane, Cor Philip 25 Cattle Lane, Cork

John Abbey, Limerick

Thomas Mungret Street, Limerick & 3 Benson's Lane

Laurence, Quincy

&: M c amara

John Street, Limerick

Lyons Merritt

Merritt

Morris

Murphy

Michael

John Williarn George William

75 Kent Street, Be ast 16 Broad Street, Limerick

Curry's Lane, limerick

John Street, aterford 81 Main Street, exford

(The Wexford Pipe Factory)

From To

1856 1886 1894

1866 1881

1905 1921

1901 1939

1902 1905

1846

1845 1846

1B56

1846

1870

1894 1911

1879 1880

1820 1822

1882 1930

Mcloughlin

cUllough c amara

joseph

T. Potato Market Square, Drogheda

Sandholes, Dungannon, Co. Tyrone

1886

1925

1932 John 2 Adelaide 5 tree , Cork 1930

McAvoy

McAvoy

Dennis

John

Patrick

Patrick

(See Fitzgerald 's Pipe Factory) Fahan Street, Derry

Fox's Corner, Derry

Cow Bog, Derry

19 Bridge Street, Derry

orth Stree~ Belfast

1cAvoy

McAvoy

McAvoy

M cAvoy

McAvoy

McDowell

Bernard 45 \ metavern Street, Belfast

Michael 142 orth Street, Belfast

Rosanna (Mrs)142 orth Street, Belfast

Charles 29 Upton Street, Belfast

48 Upton Street, Belfast

25 Sidney Street, Belfast

Gee james

McKernan John 1cMahon '\ John

M 'Anally Richard

Mc evin

Maginnis

eagle O'Corman

Power

Power

Power

Russell

Reddy

Reid

Michael

L. Patrick Laurence

lames Eliza

Francis

Thomas

Thomas

James Reid Robert

Ryan Andrew

Stokes &: Son Patrick

Spillane

Templeton

Whelan Whelan

Williams

William

John EW.

Denis

Daniel

lames

37, 39 Carri<:k Hill, Belfast

Cow Bog, Derry

11 & 1 3 Fahan Street, Derry

leek)! Road, Derry

11 Charles Street, Belfast

30 Castle Street, Sligo

83 arket Street, Belfast

2 Cornwallis Street, Limerick

Presentation Road, Galway

(Factory in 1ill Street)

John Street, '" aterford 23 John Street, aterford

38 Grattan's Hill, Cork

18 Shandon Street, Cork

Barrack Street, Waterford

62 Church Street, ewry

64 Church Street, ewry

Edward Street, e vry

The Square, Tralee, Co. Kerry

34 IlIiam Street" Limerick

4 Foyle Street, Derry

4 Wickham Street, Limerick

29 Wickham Street, Limerick

11 Pound Street, Sligo

1846 1866

1856

1854

1887 1908

1841

1837

1856

1852

1854 1866

1908 1913

1905 1907

1896 1894

1890 1895

1856

1887 1911

1905 1908

1870

1839

1906 1916

1846 1856

1881 1890

1820 1822

1824 1839

1845

1844 1846

1858

1881 1901 1881

1881 1894

1894

1866

1866 1881

1886 1905

1846

33

34

History In the Elizabethan era of the late sixteenth ce tury tobacco was first introduced into Europe from the Americas. With it came the pipe, adopted from the na ive American practice of using pipes on ritual and social occasions. Tobacco as an expensive rarity at this period and the pipes had minute be Is to hold the precious commodity. Smoking initially met with some hos ility and King james I even had tobacco crops destroyed.

As tobacco became more plentiful, the size of the pipe bowls became larger. By the mid-seventeenth century almost every large town and city had a pipe-making industry. After a slight dip in consumption in the eighteen h century owing to Continental wars and the American Mar of Indepe denc€, clay pipe smoking saw a resurgence in the nineteenth century, with large boy Is decorated with all sorts of symbols and inscriptions. Tt es€ included patriotic designs, slogans, advertisements and even records of current celebrity events such as military campaigns.

Sadly, use of the clay pipe was on the decline. By the late nineteenth century the briar and even the expensive meersc aum had replaced it, hile the fragile and easily broken short Scottish 'cutty' and Irish 'duidin' ere seen as a sign of po erty. leir f.inal death-knell was to sound in the early years of he last century, wi h two orld Wars and the rise of the cheap and convenient cigarette being the principal factors in their demise.

Pipes and archaeology Clay pipes~ . ere very easily broken and were immediately discarded, to be replaced by another pipe. This means that they are among the most ubiquitous fi ds from the post-medieval levels on

'.

archaeological excavatio s. By studying the changing style of he bowls and their angle to the stem of the pipe, i is possible to date even the most fragmentary of clay pipe bowls to within a tight c ron%gical framework. This makes clay pipes second only to coins as a dating to()l for the archaeologist on post-medieval sites.

Pipe-makers also indulg.ed in marketing by putting their names on their products. In the earlier pe iods, \' ith smaller pipes, these

ere usual! just initials, sometimes on the rear of the bowl of the pipe facing the smoker, or on the foot of the bowl. By he nineteenth century, however, full names and even addresses were displayed. This is useful for the archaeologist and for economic and social historians because it allows the stUdy of the distribution of a particular maker and even trading links to and from Ireland.

Clay pipes-the industry As previously mentioned, there as a boom in clay pipe production in nineteenth-century Ireland. T e distribution of makers and their familial links, coupled with the locations of the pipe 'factories', makes for interesting social comment.

I is obvious from these lists that the indus ry in the nineteenth century as concentrated in the principal urban centres. Dublin had the most clay pipe manufactories (63), followed by Belfast (34), limerick (19), Derry (1 5), Cork (14) and Wa erford (8).

Provincial centres such as " exford, Drogheda, ewry and Gal\Nay

had four or five makers each, vith a few ope ators in Tralee a d County Tyrone. TI e exception to this is Knockcroghery, a village in Rosco mon hose principal industry was clay pipe-making until it was burnt to the ground by the 'Black and Tans'. Knockcrogherj will be examined in a future article.

;J-; _ ...... (:'I,. ., . ~

~

'~

\1.. . ~. >.,

-';-. ' ..

.... l!. .. i'~, ... .,

.. . --..... -r ' ·

~~ ~I

.-. ,. ; .: .•. ;. /_.,.. ..... -,.... . ~

'\ \~. ,~

r1 . .",.;':'-&:~~

/1 ~ -;;;O:f,._ r.j

Archaeology Ireland Spring 2013 .,.

Dubli.n City clay pipe-makers, 19th-20th century

From To

Alien Peter 63 Bridgefoot Street 1833 1834 Downey lames

kCormicks Court 1835 1836 Evans Charles

Bath &: Co. 17 Francis Street 1815 1816

Bath Michael 136 Francis S eet 1824 1830

Bushel! Samuel 136 Francis Street 1847 1851

Brow George 1 Thomas Court Sawn 1865 1871 Evans tlliamG.

27 Merchants Quay 1872 1873 Eurelle John

3 Multinahack 1871 1886 Fay Thomas

Byrne lohn 144 Francis Street 1865 1871 Guy James

Syrne Thomas 12 Engine Alley 1843 1873 Guy John joseph

Ba es M. 23 Meath Street Heaty Francis

(Pipe only) 19th c. Halliday & Co. George

Carey Paul 133 Frands Street 1848 1855 Keville Edward

Carey William 127 Francis Street 1875 1877 Morgan John

Carey Charles 127 Francis Street 1878 1888 McLoughlin Philip

Carey Mrs Charles 127 Francis Street 1889 1899

Cullimore & Co. 17 Francis Street 1836 Mcloughlin Patrick

Corcoran T. 18 Crampton Court 1908 1915 McLoughlin lane

Cunningham M. Francis Street d.1829

Cunningham Patrick 136 Francis Street 1818 1822 Mcloughlin Catherine

1 35 Francis Street 1823 1830 Mcloughlin James

Cunningham Patrick 136 Francis Street 1849 1850

Cunningham Thomas 135 Francis Street 1831 1845 Mcloughlin I. 127 Francis Street 1846 1874 Mcloughlin Robert

1 35 Francis Street 1856 1871 McLoughlin Robert

Cunningham Michael 146 Francis Street 1866 1871 &. Sons

Cunningham John 139 Francis Street 1860 1867 McDowell John

Cunningham lames 139 francis Street 1868 1872

Curwen William 4 'assau Street 1882 1885 lcDowell Patrick

Dale John 10 Binns Court 1850 McDowell Michael

Daly James 17 Francis Street 1860 1864 1cDowell james

Oaly Joseph 17 Francis Street 1865 1885 McDowell Thomas

137 Francis Street 1873 1885 O'Connor P.

Oaly Mrs Joseph 1 7 Francis Street 1886 1903 O'Connor Joseph

137 franc.is Street 1886 1901*'

Daly William 1 36 Francis Street 1870 1872 Spratt Richard

1 39 Francis Street 1873 1877

137 Francis Street 1871 1872 Vose James

Oevlin Patrick 46 Francis Street 1934 1941

From To

8 Brunswick Street 1855 1881

152 Francis Street 1813 1814




143 Frands Street 1857 1868

4 assau Street 1887 1888

1 36 Frands Street 1836 1840


138 Francis Street 1867

2 Srabazon Row 1835 1839

4 Abbey Street Upper 1864 1882

27 Merchants Quay 1861 1868









122 Frands Street 1846 1861

20 Poole Street 1859 1865

20 Poole Street 1866 1870

8 ew Row West 1870 1873





8 Patrick Street 1882 1890


frands Street 1908



1 Marrowbone Lane 1864

{corner of Taylor's Lane]



eft: Pipe-makers house and workshop, Bolton Square, Drogheda.

35

..,.

Knockcroghery clay pipe-makers, 18th-20th century Preliminary Ust Buckley Thomas Curley Andrew b. 1841 Curley Michael Pipe manufacturer in V.O. House Book Curley Patrick John b. 1881 Curley William Cunnane artin b. 1859 (Father of Patrick, b. 1886) Cunnane Mary b.1884 (Daughter of M artin, a pipe-finisher) Cunnane Patrick b. 1886 Cunnane Elizabeth b. 1872 A pipe-finisher Cunnane Bridget b. 1874 A pipe-fin isher

(their mother's name ary, b. 1838) Dowd Patrick b. c. 1865 Wrfe's name ary, b. c. 1875

Uncle's name lames Dowd, b. 1841 (See Devlin, Francis St., Dublin)

f itzgerald John b. c. 1871 Fitzgerald Bridget b. c. 1882 A pipe-finisher, sister of John Fitzgerald Bemard b. c. 1836 In 1901 married 30 years to Maria? Fitzgerald Patrick Pipe-manufacturer in V.O. House Book Gavin Peter b. 1841 Pipe-maker Glennon Patrick b. 1858 Brother to John, sons of Bridget, b.1821 Glennon Joh b. 1861 Lyons Patrick b. c. 1843 Lyons John b. c. 1821 Wife's name Mary, born c. 1823 Murr(a)y Martin b. 1754 Died 2 Feb. 1814 aged 60

Sons John, died 18(12)?, aged 24, and sons Bernard and Michael

O'Brien B. on medal for his pipes at Dublin Exhibition of 1 882

Quigley Michael b. 28/ 9/ 1873 Pipe-maker and carter

Son of Patrick and Kathleen (Killeen) Tracey Henry b. c. 1873 Tracey Patrick b. c. 1881 Brother of Henry Tracey John b. c. 1859 Wife's name Kale, b. c. 1861

Sons: Patrick, b. 1883, a pipe-maker

Wi/liam, b. 1885, a pipe-finisher Tracey Michael b. c. 1872 Mother's name Mary, b. c. 1837

36

From To 1766

1854

1921

1854

1901

1814

1882 1901

Sources used in the compilation of the lists Dub/ill:

Wilson's Dublin Directory 1 00-3 \ atson 's Al manac, 1800-44

Pettigrew and Oulton Dublin Almanac, 183~9

Shaw's Pictorial Directory (Dublin) 18 -0 Post Office , .. \nnual Directory, 1832-47 Thorn 's Directory, 18·H-194 -

COlllltr}'l\lid :

Slater's Commerdal Directory of Ireland 18-i6-9-i [occasional \"01 J

Guy's Directory of \ funster, 1886, 1889 L890

Guy's Cork Almanac 18 5- 6, 1889- 1910, 1915-32

Henry and Coghlan's General Directory of Cork, 1867

Purcell s Cork Almanac, 1928

Post Office General Directory, Cork City and County, 1844-5

James A. Henderson, The Belfast and Province of 'lster Directory, 1 -2- 1900 [various years]

R.\ .\\ ynne, Business Directory of Belfast and Principal To\\"ns of ~lster, 186 --6

:\1atthew \ {artin , Belfast Directory 18-i 1-2

Gah,-ay Yearbook and Directory, 190i

G.H. Bassett. Limerick City Directory and Gazetteer, 1879-80

CI.H. Bassett, \\"'exford Co. Guide &. Directory, 1 85

T. Shearman, The '\ew Commercial Directory for the Cities of '\"aterford and Kilkenny, 1839

The Derry Almanac, ~\\- Directory and General Ad"ertiser, 1 8 , 1872 1891

Further reading Lane, S. 1980 Clay tobacco pip s from

the Cork City exca\"ations: a study. Unpublished \ f:\ thesis, :\'ur Cork.

?\orton, ]. and Lanel S. 200 Clay tobacco-pipes in Ireland, c. 1600- 1850. In A. Homing R. 6 Baoill, C. Donnelly and P. Logue (eds) nle post-11lediel 'al archa ologyor

freland 1550-1 50, -i35- -2. \ \'ordwelI, Bray.

Pender, S. 194 Studies in Waterford History IV. JOllmai or the Cork

Historial1 and Archa 0100'; (I f 0 iet}' 52, 149- 7.

Walton, j. 1982 The Subsidy Roll of County \\aterford, 1662. A17alecta

Hibemim 30, 4 -96.

Archaeology Ireland Spring 2013

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