2011 utah air quality annual report

8/3/2019 2011 Utah Air Quality Annual Report

1/41

Utah Division of Air Quality

2011 Annual Report

Uinta National Forest b Joel Karmaz n


2/41

Division of Air Quality 2011 Annual Report

i

Table of ContentsIntroduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 2

2011 Synopsis ....................................................................................................................................................... 2Air Quality Standards ............................................................................................................................................ 3Ambient Air Quality in Utah ................................................................................................................................... 5

Utahs Air Monitoring Network .......................................................................................................................... 5NAAQS Nonattainment & Maintenance Areas ...................................................................................................... 6Criteria Air Pollutants ............................................................................................................................................. 7

Carbon Monoxide (CO) ..................................................................................................................................... 7Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) ..................................................................................................................................... 8Ozone (O3) ........................................................................................................................................................ 9Particulate Matter ............................................................................................................................................ 12Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) ........................................................................................................................................ 15Lead (Pb) ........................................................................................................................................................ 17

Emissions Inventories ......................................................................................................................................... 17Sources of Air Contaminants .......................................................................................................................... 18

Division Organization .......................................................................................................................................... 21Planning Branch ...................................................................................................................................................... 22

Status of Projects and Initiatives ......................................................................................................................... 22Ancillary Programs .............................................................................................................................................. 31Permitting Branch .................................................................................................................................................... 32New Source Review ............................................................................................................................................ 33Operating Permits ............................................................................................................................................... 34

Compliance Branch ................................................................................................................................................. 34Major and Minor Source Compliance .................................................................................................................. 35

List of TablesTable 1. EPA Designated Criteria Pollutants ............................................................................................................ 4Table 2. Utah Monitoring Network Stations .............................................................................................................. 5Table 3. Nitrogen Dioxide Hourly Averages (PPB) ................................................................................................... 9Table 4. Sulfur Dioxide 99

thPercentile of Daily Max. 1-HR Averages (PPB) ........................................................ 16

Table 5. 2008 Triennial Inventory (tons/year) ......................................................................................................... 19Table 6. Major and Minor Source Compliance Summary ....................................................................................... 35Table 7. ATLAS Activity Summary ......................................................................................................................... 37

List of FiguresFigure 1. Utah Nonattainment Areas ........................................................................................................................ 6Figure 2 Utah Maintenance Areas ........................................................................................................................... 7Figure 3. Carbon Monoxide Second Highest 8-hr. Concentration ........................................................................... 8Figure 4. Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Averages ........................................................................................................... 9Figure 5. Ozone 4th Highest 8-hr Concentration .................................................................................................... 11Figure 6. Ozone 3-year Average 4th Highest 8-hr Concentration .......................................................................... 11Figure 7. PM10 Second Highest 24-hr Concentration ............................................................................................ 13Figure 8. PM10 Highest 24-hr Excluding Exceptional Events ................................................................................ 13Figure 9. PM2.5 3-year Average 98th Percentile 24-hr Concentration .................................................................. 14Figure 10. PM2.5 Annual Mean Concentration ...................................................................................................... 15Figure 11. Sulfur Dioxide 2nd Highest 24-hr Values .............................................................................................. 16Figure 12. 2008 Triennial Emissions Inventory by Source Category ..................................................................... 20Figure 13. PM2.5 Nonattainment Areas ................................................................................................................. 24Figure 14. Total Mercury Wet Deposition, 2009 ...................................................................................................... 25


3/41


ii

Acronyms

AO Approval OrderAHERA Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response ActATLAS Air Toxics, Lead-Based Paint, Asbestos and Small Business

Environmental Assistance SectionAMS Air Monitoring SectionBACT Best Available Control TechnologyCAA Clean Air ActCAP Compliance Advisory PanelCFR Code of Federal RegulationsCO Carbon MonoxideCNG Compressed Natural GasDAQ Division of Air QualityDEQ Department of Environmental QualityEPA Environmental Protection Agency

GHG Green House GasHAPs Hazardous Air PollutantsMACT Maximum Available Control Technologyg/m3 Micrograms Per Cubic MeterMicron One Millionth of a MeterNAAQS National Ambient Air Quality StandardsNESHAP National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air PollutantsNOI Notice of IntentNO2 Nitrogen DioxideNOV Notice of ViolationNOx Nitrogen Oxides

NSPS New Source Performance StandardNSR New Source ReviewO3 OzonePM Particulate MatterPM10 Particulate Matter Smaller Than 10 Microns in DiameterPM2.5 Particulate Matter Smaller Than 2.5 Microns in DiameterPPB Parts Per BillionPPM Parts Per MillionSBEAP Small Business Environmental Assistance ProgramSCAN Source Compliance Action NoticeSIP State Implementation Plan

SO2 Sulfur DioxideSOx Sulfur OxidesTSCA Toxic Substances Control ActTSP Total Suspended ParticlesVOC Volatile Organic CompoundsUAC Utah Administrative Code


4/41


1

NOTE

THIS REPORT IS INDENDED TO PROVDE AN OVERVIEW OF UTAHS AIRQUALITY. THIS REPORT IS PUBLISHED BEFORE END OF YEAR DATA CAN BEAUDITED AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE.


5/41


2

IntroductionThe mission of the Utah Division of Air Quality (DAQ) is to protect public health and theenvironment from the harmful effects of air pollution. It is the responsibility of DAQ to ensurethat the air in Utah meets health and visibility standards established under the federal CleanAir Act (CAA). To fulfill this responsibility, DAQ is required by the federal government to ensurecompliance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) National Ambient AirQuality Standards (NAAQS) statewide and visibility standards at national parks. DAQ enactsrules pertaining to air quality standards, develops plans to meet the federal standards whennecessary, issues preconstruction and operating permits to stationary sources, and ensurescompliance with state and federal air quality rules.

The DAQ allocates a large portion of its resources to implementing the CAA. The Utah AirConservation Act empowers the Utah Air Quality Board to enact rules pertaining to air qualityissues. The DAQ staff supports the Board in its policy-making role. Board membershipprovides representation from industry, local government, environmental groups, and the public,and includes the Executive Director of the Department of Environmental Quality. The elevenboard members have diverse interests, are knowledgeable in air pollution matters, and areappointed by the Governor with consent of the Senate. The Director of DAQ is the BoardsExecutive Secretary.

The Utah Air Quality Rules define the Utah air quality program. Implementation of the rulesrequires DAQ interaction with industry, other government agencies and the public. The stateair quality program is responsible for the implementation of the federal standards under theCAA as well as state rules for pollution sources not regulated by the CAA.

2011 Synopsis

Despite an ever-increasing population and industrial base, Utahs monitored concentrations ofall federal health standards for criteria air pollutants, with the exception of particulates duesolely to natural wind storms, have either stayed the same or continued their decreasingtrends.

On January 22, 2010, EPA finalized a revision to the nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) standard thatincluded new ambient air monitoring requirements for NO2 that must be in place by January2013. In urban areas, monitors are required near major roads as well as in other locationswhere maximum concentrations are expected. Additional monitors are required in large urbanareas to measure the highest concentrations of NO2 that occur more broadly acrosscommunities. DAQ and EPA are reviewing the current Utah monitoring network for compliance

with the new monitoring standard.

On August 12, 2011, EPA issued a final rule retaining the existing standard for carbonmonoxide (CO). The final rule contains revisions to the CO monitoring network, requiring nearroad CO monitoring in metropolitan areas with a population of 2.5 million or more beginning in2015. Near road CO monitoring will be required in metropolitan areas with a population of 1million or more beginning in 2017. The CO near road monitors will likely be co-located with thenear road NO2 monitors.


6/41


3

With approval from EPA Region 8, the state halted monitoring for lead in the ambient air inSeptember 2005 because measured levels of lead were extremely low relative to the formerprimary and secondary lead standards (1.5 g/m3 quarterly average). Subsequently, in 2008,EPA revised the lead standard to 0.15 g/m3 as total suspended particles (TSP) and set a

monitoring requirement that caused DAQ to initiate lead monitoring near one lead specificemission source. On October 12, 2009, the State made a recommendation to EPA that all 29counties in Utah be designated unclassifiable for the primary and secondary lead standards.EPA concurred with the state attainment recommendation on July 15, 2010. On December 27,2010, EPA revised the lead monitoring requirements such that additional monitoring for leadwould have to take place at one additional urban non-source monitoring location. Monitoring atthat location will begin in 2012.

During wintertime episodes of air stagnation and temperature inversion, low-lying valleysroutinely experience elevated concentrations of both particulate matter smaller than 10microns in diameter (PM10) and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter

(PM2.5). Although PM10 concentrations no longer exceed the standard under theseconditions, the lower PM2.5

standard is low enough that it is violated in several areas along the

Wasatch Front and Cache Valley. In June, DAQ began meeting with stakeholders throughoutthe state to identify strategies to bring Utahs PM2.5 non-attainment areas into compliance withthe PM2.5 standard. The information gathered from these meetings will be used to developUtahs new State Implementation Plan (SIP) for PM2.5.

Air Quality Standards

The Clean Air Act (CAA) as last amended in 1990 requires EPA to set National Ambient AirQuality Standards (NAAQS) for pollutants considered harmful to public health and theenvironment. The CAA established two types of air quality standards: primary and secondary

standards. Primary standards are set to protect public health, including the health of sensitivepopulations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. Secondary standards are set toprotect public welfare, including protection against decreased visibility and damage to animals,crops, vegetation, and buildings.

Standards are composed of a numerical value and a form. The form may be a statistical value,such as the 98th percentile calculation or a rolling average over a designated period of timethat is then compared against the numerical value.

The EPA has established health-based NAAQS for six pollutants known as criteria pollutants.These are carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide and.

lead. Each of these pollutants is addressed in greater detail later in this chapter, while Table 1provides a brief description of each. The primary health standards are established by EPAafter considering both the concentration level and the duration of exposure that can causeadverse health effects. Pollutant concentrations that exceed the NAAQS are consideredunhealthy. The DAQ monitors each of these criteria pollutants, as well as several non-criteriapollutants for special studies.


7/41


4

Table 1. EPA Designated Criteria Pollutants

Name Sources Health Effects Welfare Effects

CarbonMonoxide (CO);a clear, colorless,odorless gas

Burning of gasoline, wood, naturalgas, coal, oil, etc.

Reduces the ability of blood totransport oxygen to body cells andtissues. May be particularlyhazardous to people who haveheart or circulatory (blood vessel)problems and people who havedamaged lungs or breathingpassages.

Nitrogen Dioxide(NO2) (onecomponent ofNOx); smog-forming chemical

Burning of gasoline, natural gas, coal,oil, and other fuels; Cars are also animportant source of NO2.

Can cause lung damage, illnessesof breathing passages and lungs(respiratory system).

Ingredient of acid rain(acid aerosols), whichcan damage trees,lakes, flora and fauna.Acid aerosols can alsoreduce visibility.

Ozone (O3)(ground-levelozone is theprincipalcomponent ofsmog)

Chemical reaction of pollutants; VOCsand NOx.

Can cause breathing problems,reduced lung function, asthma,irritated eyes, stuffy noses, andreduced resistance to colds andother infections. It may also speedup aging of lung tissue.

Can damage plantsand trees; smog cancause reducedvisibility.

ParticulateMatter (PM10,PM2.5); dust,smoke, soot

Burning of gasoline, natural gas, coal,oil and other fuels; industrial plants;agriculture (plowing or burning fields);unpaved roads, mining, constructionactivities. Particles are also formedfrom the reaction of VOCs, NOx, SOxand other pollutants in the air.

Can cause nose and throatirritation, lung damage, bronchitis,and early death.

Main source of hazethat reduces visibility.

Sulfur Dioxide

(SO2)

Burning of coal and oil (including

diesel and gasoline); industrialprocesses.

Can cause breathing problems and

may cause permanent damage tolungs.

Ingredient in acid rain

(acid aerosols), whichcan damage trees,lakes, flora and fauna.Acid aerosols can alsoreduce visibility.

Lead (Pb) Paint (houses, cars), smelters (metalrefineries); manufacture of leadstorage batteries; note: burning leadedgasoline was the primary source oflead pollution in the US until unleadedgasoline was mandated by the federalgovernment.

Damages nervous systems,including brains, and causesdigestive system damage.Children are at special risk. Somelead-containing chemicals causecancer in animals.

Can harm wildlife.


8/41


5

Ambient Air Quality in Utah

Utahs Air Monitoring Network

The Air Monitoring Center operates a network of monitoring stations throughout Utah. The

monitors are situated to measure air quality in both neighborhoods and industrial areas. Table2 presents the monitoring station locations and monitored constituents.

Table 2. Utah Monitoring Network Stations

Station City Address CO NO2 Hg O3 PM10 PM2.5 SO2 Pb Met.

Air Monitoringcenter

SLC 2861 W. ParkwayBlvd.

X

AntelopeIsland

None North end ofisland

X

Badger Island None On Island X

Beach Lakepoint 1200 S. 12100 W. X X X

Bountiful Bountiful 200 W. 1380 N. X X X X X X

Brigham City BrighamCity

140 W. FishburnX X X

Fruitland Fruitland 6200 S. 45000 W. X X

Harrisville Harrisville 425 W. 2250 N. X X X

Hawthorne SLC 1675 S. 600 E. X X X X X X

Lindon Lindon 30 N. Main St. X X X

Logan Logan 125 W. Center St. X X X X X

Magna Magna 2935 S. 8560 W. X X X X X

North Provo Provo 1355 N. 200 W. X X X X X X

N. Salt Lake SLC 1795 N. WarmSprings Rd. X X X

Ogden #2 Ogden 228 East 32nd St. X X X X X X

Price #2 Price 351 S. WeaselRun Rd.

X X X

Rose Park SLC 1354 W. GoodwinAve.

X

Saltaire None 6640 W. 1680 N. X

Santa Clara SantaClara

1215 N Lava FlowDr

X X X

Spanish Fork SpanishFork

312 W. 2050 N.X X X

Syracuse Syracuse 4700 W. 1700 S. X

Tooele Tooele 434 N. 50 W. X X X

Vernal Vernal 220 S 1000 E X X X

WashingtonBlvd.

Ogden 2540 S.Washington Blvd.

X

West Jordan WestJordan

4540 W. 8700 S.X


9/41


6

NAAQS Nonattainment & Maintenance Areas

Areas that are not in compliance with the NAAQS are referred to as nonattainment areas.Figure 1 contains maps of the current nonattainment areas within the state. A maintenancearea (also shown in Figure 2) is an area that was once designated as nonattainment, andwhich subsequently demonstrated to EPA statistically that it will attain and maintain a particularstandard for a period of 10 years. EPA must approve the demonstration.

Figure 1. Utah Nonattainment Areas


10/41


7

Figure 2 Utah Maintenance Areas

Criteria Air Pollutants

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas formed by the incomplete combustion ofcarbon-based fuel. Carbon monoxide is primarily produced from on-road motor vehicleemissions. Other significant sources of CO emissions are wood burning stoves and fireplaces.The remaining emissions come from industrial facilities, construction equipment,miscellaneous mobile sources and other types of space heating.

Because motor vehicle emissions are the major source of CO, the highest concentrationsoccur during morning and evening rush hours near high traffic areas. The worst problemsoccur when there are large numbers of slow-moving vehicles in large parking lots, busyintersections, and traffic jams. Carbon monoxide problems are greater in winter due to severalfactors: cold weather makes motor vehicles run less efficiently, wood burning and other spaceheating takes place in the winter, and cold weather temperature inversions trap CO near theground.


11/41


8

Standards

EPA has developed two national standards for CO. They are 35 ppm of CO averaged over a 1-hour period and 9 ppm of CO averaged over an 8-hour period. A violation of the NAAQSoccurs with the second exceedance of either standard at a single location in a calendar year.

Once a location measures a second exceedance of either standard, it is considered to be inviolation and becomes designated as a nonattainment area. Three cities in Utah (Salt LakeCity, Ogden, and Provo) were at one time designated nonattainment areas for CO. Dueprimarily to improvements in motor vehicle technology, Utah has been in compliance with theCO standards since 1994. Salt Lake City, Ogden, and Provo were successfully re-designatedto attainment status in 1999, 2001, and 2006 respectively.

Figure 3. Carbon Monoxide Second Highest 8-hr. Concentration

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

CO

(PPM)

Year

CO 2nd Highest 8-hr ConcentrationStandard ( 9.0 ) Cottonwood

Hawthorne North ProvoOgden #2 State Street

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

During high temperature combustion, nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen to produce variousoxides of nitrogen, or NOx, a reddish-brown gas. One of the oxides of nitrogen, NO2, isconsidered a criteria pollutant.

Oxides of nitrogen react with other air contaminants to form other criteria pollutants. In thesummer, photochemical reactions between NO2 and volatile organic compounds lead to theformation of ground-level ozone. In the winter, NO2 reacts with ammonia to form fineparticulate matter (PM2.5). Both of these seasonal scenarios can result in increased pollution.Utah continues to struggle with both the ozone and particulate matter standards, and becauseof this, DAQ is mindful of the trend in NO2 emissions illustrated in Figure 4.


12/41


9

Standard

EPA has developed two national standards for NO2, an hourly and an annual. The hourlystandard is set at 100 ppb measured as the three-year average of the 98th percentile of theannual distribution of daily maximum one-hour average concentrations. Table 3 presents this

assessment for years 2008-2010 and 2009-2011.

Table 3. Nitrogen Dioxide Hourly Averages (PPB)

MonitoringStation

2008 -2010 2009-20112010

Standard(PPB)

Bountiful 58 54

100

Cottonwood 60 59

Hawthorne 59 57

Logan 47 47

North Provo 54 52

Ogden 63 58

The annual NO2 standard of 0.053 ppm is expressed as an annual arithmetic mean (average).DAQ monitors the concentrations of NO2 at various locations throughout the state, and hasnever observed a violation of the annual standard.

Figure 4. Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Averages

.000

.010

.020

.030

.040

.050

.060

NO2(ppm)

Nitrogen Dioxide Annual AveragesStandard (.053) Bountiful CottonwoodHawthorne Logan #4 North ProvoOgden Salt Lake City Santa Clara

Ozone (O3)


13/41


10

Ozone is a clear, colorless gas composed of molecules of three oxygen atoms. Ground levelozone can be inhaled and is considered a pollutant. Ground-level ozone should not beconfused with the stratospheric ozone layer that is located approximately 15 miles above theearths surface. It is this layer that shields the earth from cancer-causing ultraviolet radiation.Ground level ozone is formed by a complex chemical reaction involving volatile organic carbon

compounds (VOCs) and oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight.

Ozone production is a year-round phenomenon. However, the highest ozone levels generallyoccur during the summer when strong sunlight, high temperatures, and stagnantmeteorological conditions combine to drive chemical reactions and trap the air within a regionfor several days. Some major sources for these pollutants are vehicle engine exhaust,emissions from industrial facilities, gasoline vapors, chemical solvents, and biogenic emissions

from natural sources such as vegetative growth.

Standard

On March 12, 2008, the EPA revised the NAAQS for ozone to 0.075 ppm. The standard isbased on a three-year average of the annual 4th highest daily eight-hour averageconcentration. Several areas along the Wasatch Front have current ambient monitoring datathat met the standard prior to the 2008 revision, but did not meet this new standard. In March2009, the State of Utah submitted a recommendation to EPA that Salt Lake County, DavisCounty, and the western portion of Weber County be designated nonattainment, and the restof the state be designated as attainment/unclassifiable for the new standard. EPA has not yetacted on Utahs designation recommendation. The current monitoring for the years 2008-10

and 2009-11 demonstrate attainment with the standard. On December 8, 2011, EPA madeproposed designations under the 2008 standard. EPA does not intent to designate any areasof the state as nonattainment.

Figure 5 shows the eight-hour ozone concentrations by looking at the 4th highest annualconcentration while Figure 6 presents the NAAQS threshold, which is the three-year averageof the 4th highest eight-hour ozone concentration. The heavy red dashed lines indicate thecurrent standard of 0.075 ppm while the heavy black dashed lines represent the formerstandard of 0.084 ppm.


14/41


11

Figure 5. Ozone 4th Highest 8-hr Concentration

.050

.055

.060

.065

.070

.075

.080

.085

.090

.095

.100

Ozone(ppm)

Ozone 4th Highest 8-hr ConcentrationOld Standard (0.084) New Standard (0.075) Beach BountifulBrigham City Cottonwood N Ogden/Harrisville HawthorneHighland Logan North Provo Ogden #2St George/Santa Clara Spanish Fork Tooele #3

Figure 6. Ozone 3-year Average 4th Highest 8-hr Concentration


15/41


16/41


13

EPA Exceptional Event Rule. There were no high wind exceptional events in 2011. Thefollowing graph includes the values influenced by exceptional events.

Figure 7. PM10 Second Highest 24-hr Concentration

By excluding data impacted by exceptional events, Utah has been in compliance with thePM10 NAAQS, as demonstrated in Figure 8.

Figure 8. PM10 Highest 24-hr Excluding Exceptional Events


17/41


14

Standards PM2.5

EPA first established standards for PM2.5 in 1997 and then revised those standards inDecember of 2006. It lowered the 24-hour PM2.5 standard from 65 g/m3 to 35 g/m3 andretained the current annual PM2.5 standard at 15 g/m3. Both standards are evaluated by

considering monitored data collected during a three-year period. In this way, the effects ofmeteorological variability are minimized.

The 24-hour standard is met when the average of 98th percentile values collected for each ofthe three years is less than or equal to 35 g/m3. The 98th percentile concentration for eachyear is selected from all of the data recorded at a given monitor, such that the values of atleast 98 percent of all that data are of a lower concentration. Figure 9 presents the three-yearaverages of the 98th percentile concentrations at Wasatch Front monitors. The followinggraph shows that Utah was in compliance with the 1997 standard but is not in complianceunder the revised standard.

Figure 9. PM2.5 3-year Average 98th Percentile 24-hr Concentration

Figure 10 shows the annual mean concentrations for discrete years. This illustrates the effectof meteorological variability. In particular, the severities of wintertime temperature inversionshave a dramatic effect on PM2.5 concentrations collected year to year.


18/41


15

Figure 10. PM2.5 Annual Mean Concentration

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a pungent odor. In the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide iseasily converted into sulfates, which are detected as particulates. It is also converted intosulfuric acid, the major acidic component of acid rain. It is emitted primarily from stationarysources that burn fossil fuels (mainly coal and oil) such as power plants and refineries. SO2 isalso a byproduct of copper smelting and steel production. Diesel fuel and, to a lesser extent,gasoline contain sulfur and are considered contributors to sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere.

Standards

In 2010, EPA revoked the 24-hr and annual standards and established a new three-yearaverage of the 99th percentile of the annual distribution of daily maximum one-hour averageconcentrations for SO2 at a level of 75 ppb.

DAQ has situated its monitors near the largest sources of SO2 (Kennecott Utah Copper andthe five refineries along the Wasatch Front). Throughout the 1970s the Magna monitorroutinely measured violations of the 24-hour standard. Consequently, all of Salt Lake Countyand parts of eastern Tooele County above 5600 feet were designated as nonattainment for


19/41


16

SO2. Two significant technological upgrades at the Kennecott smelter have resulted incontinued compliance with the SO2 standard since 1981. In the mid 1990s, Kennecott, GenevaSteel, the five refineries, and several other large sources of SO2 made dramatic reductions inemissions as part of an effort to curb concentrations of secondary particulate (sulfates) thatwere contributing to PM10 violations. Utah submitted an SO2 Maintenance Plan and re-

designation request for Salt Lake and Tooele Counties to EPA in April of 2005. Measurementsof SO2 under the former standards and the new standard indicate that Utahs ambient air was,and continues to be, well within the federal health standards.

Figure 11 shows the historical trend in SO2 concentrations based on the former standard, whileTable 4 presents the most current measurements to compare against the new 75 ppb NAAQS.

Figure 11. Sulfur Dioxide 2nd Highest 24-hr Values

Sulfur Dioxide 2nd Highest 24-hr values

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

SO2(ppm)

Old Standard (0.14) Beach BountifulMagna North Salt Lake #2 Salt Lake City

Table 4. Sulfur Dioxide 99th Percentile of Daily Max. 1-HR Averages (PPB)

MonitoringStation

2008 -2010 2009-2011 New 2010Standard

Beach 43 19

75Bountiful 13 11

Magna 28 22

North Salt Lake 41 27


20/41


17

Lead (Pb)

Lead in the ambient air exists primarily as particulate matter in the respirable size range.Historically, the major source of lead was from gasoline. However, because leaded gasolinefor automobiles was completely phased-out in the US by the end of 1995, lead from this

source is no longer a significant problem. The extraction and processing of metallic ores iscurrently the major source of lead in Utah, followed by exhaust from small aviation aircraft.

Utah had not exceeded the health standard for lead since the late 1970s, and EPA authorizedthe discontinuation of lead monitoring in Utah in 2005; however, in both 2008 and 2010, EPAset new monitoring requirements for lead. DAQ now monitors for lead at one point source siteand in 2012 will monitor at an additional urban non-source monitoring location.

Standard

On November 12, 2008 EPA strengthened the NAAQS for lead. The previous standard forlead was a calendar quarter (three-month) average concentration not to exceed 1.5 g/m3.

The new standard is 0.15 g/m3 as total suspended particles (TSP), measured as a three-month rolling average. The new standard included a monitoring requirement which caused thestate to begin lead monitoring again at the Magna station near a point source. Additionalmonitoring requirements established by EPA in December 2010 require monitoring for leadstarting in 2011 at the Hawthorn monitoring station.

Technical difficulties with the lead monitoring equipment late in 2010 required re-evaluation ofthe data into 2011. The error may have caused an increase of up to 12% in measuredconcentration of lead, bringing the maximum rolling average to 0.067g/m3 or 45% of theNAAQS. DAQ worked with the instrument manufacturer to identify the cause and a solution tothe problem. As a result, DAQ fully expects that the lead data collected in the future will meet

all quality assurance requirements.

Emissions Inventories

Every three years, DAQ collects information about the quantity and characteristics of thevarious air pollutants released by all emission sources in the state. In addition to thesetriennial inventories, emissions information is also collected annually from the larger industrialsources. Finally, more detailed inventories are prepared as needed for special projects toquantify emissions during specific seasonal air pollution episodes.

Once collected, the inventory information is reviewed, quality assured, analyzed, stored in the

DAQ data system, and made available to the public. This emissions information is used byDAQ to review trends over time, as input data for air quality modeling analyses and as anindicator of the effectiveness of existing control strategies. The emissions information is alsocompiled according to source type to provide billing information for the Title V operatingpermits program. Both triennial and annual emissions inventory data is uploaded to EPAsNational Emissions Inventory (NEI) data system.


21/41


18

Sources of Air Contaminants

Emission inventories are typically organized into three types of sources: Point, Area andMobile.

Point sources are large stationary industrial or commercial facilities such as power plants, steelmills, and manufacturing facilities. Air pollutants released from these stationary sources areaccounted for on a facility-by-facility basis.

Area sources are generally much smaller stationary sources, and due to their greater number,are accounted for as a group type. Home heating, agricultural burning and harvesting,construction, residential and commercial energy generation, wildfires, and biogenics(emissions from vegetation) are examples of area source categories.

Mobile sources make up the third category in the inventory, and consist of emissions from non-stationary sources such as cars, trains, and aircraft. Mobile emissions are further broken downinto on-road mobile and off-road mobile categories. On-road mobile sources primarily consistof personal and commercial cars and trucks, and contribute by far the largest part of the mobilesource emissions. Off-Road Mobile sources consist of a diverse group of heavy constructionequipment, small engines (lawnmowers and snow blowers), trains, and aircraft. Estimatingemissions from mobile sources requires an understanding of the various emissioncharacteristics of the many types of vehicles and model years that make up the fleet, as wellas an understanding of how and where they are driven and the distances they travel.

The 2008 triennial inventory is the most recent state-wide inventory available. The triennialinventory covers over 490 individual point sources, 75 area source categories, and 12 non-and on-road source categories. Table 5 shows total emissions, by county, of the criteriapollutants, CO, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, SOX, and VOCs. Figure 12 presents the updated 2008

triennial emissions inventory in six pie charts, displaying the relative portion of emissionsgenerated within source categories. Biogenic and wildfire emissions produced from non-anthropogenic (non-human), natural activity of vegetation and wildfires are usually estimatedas segments within the area source category but have been listed separately due to theirunique nature and impact.

The triennial inventory for 2011 will be collected and compiled in 2012.


22/41


23/41


20

CO

Area Source

6%Non-Road Mobile

19%

On-Road Mobile

56%

Point Source

2%

Biogenics

16%

Wildfires

1%

NOx

On-Road Mobile

34%

Point Source

48%

Biogenics

0%

Wildfires

0%

Area Source

5%Non-Road Mobile

13%

PM10

Area Source

48%

Non-Road Mobile

2%

On-Road Mobile

37%

Point Source

12%

Wildfires

1%

Biogenics

0%

PM2.5

Area Source

60%

Non-Road

Mobile

7%

On-Road

Mobile

13%

Point Source

17%

Biogenics

0%

Wildfires

3%

SOx

Area Source

4%

Point Source

91%Biogenics

0%

Wildfires

0%

On-Road Mobile

1%Non-Road Mobile

4%

VOC

Area Source

7%

Non-Road

Mobile

3%

On-Road

Mobile

4%Biogenics

85%

Wildfires

0%

Point Source

1%

Figure 12. 2008 Triennial Emissions Inventory by Source Category


24/41


25/41


22

Planning Branch

The Planning Branch is responsible fordeveloping State Implementation Plans (SIPs) inorder to ensure that Utahs ambient air meets

the federal health standards, even as ourpopulation and our economy continue to grow.These plans address a variety of air qualityissues but most often focus on areas of thestate where the monitoring found air quality tobe unhealthy for one or more of the criteriapollutants.

In addition, the CAA now requires transportationplanning organizations to prepare informationdetailing the air quality impacts associated with improvements in the transportation

infrastructure. These transportation plans must conform to the mobile source emissionbudgets used by the DAQ to develop the SIPs. Therefore, most of the recent SIP revisionswere undertaken with an additional goal of helping transportation planners adapt to an ever-growing population base and updated air quality health standards.

Status of Projects and Initiatives

Fugitive Dust Plan Application Improvement Project

In late 2010, a committee was formed to identify and implement improvements to the manualsubmission and review process of fugitive dust control plan applications. The committeerecommended automating the fugitive dust control plan process and combining it with the

existing online storm water permit application. The committee also identified work practicecategories that generate fugitive dust, determined how fugitive dust was formed by theseactivities and identified mitigation measures (Best Management Practices or BMPs) to reduceor control fugitive dust generation. The development and implementation of BMPs will assurecontinuity of fugitive dust mitigation measures uniformly applied in Utah.

Funding for this project was secured and the process to automate the fugitive dust control planapplications began in January 2011. The automated program was completed and thenintegrated into existing online storm water permit application. The combined program wastested, modified and tested again prior to being finalized in October 2011. This program wasunveiled to the public on November 14, 2011.

PM2.5

One of the six criteria pollutants identified for regulation in the original CAA of 1970 was totalsuspended particulate (TSP). In 1987, EPA defined a size indicator of the suspendedparticles that were of concern to public health. These were particles with an aerodynamicdiameter of ten microns or less, and this regulated subset of TSP was called PM10. It includesa complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets that can be emitted directly,


26/41


27/41


24

Figure 13. PM2.5 Nonattainment Areas

Mercury Study

The Utah Department of Natural Resources issued a waterfowl consumption advisory in 2005for two duck species due to high levels of mercury found in those species in the southern endof the Great Salt Lake. A Mercury Work Group was established to coordinate and collaborateon mercury studies, including air sampling by DAQ, to determine potential sources of mercury.DAQ received funding to purchase specialized mercury monitoring equipment that has beenset up at the DAQ Air Monitoring Center located in Salt Lake City. Utah mercury data is

entered into the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP), Atmospheric MercuryNetwork (AMNet), whose purpose is to measure atmospheric mercury fractions (reactivegaseous, particulate-bound, and elemental) which contribute to dry deposition of mercury aswell as deposition through precipitation. Researchers use the data to better understand thepathways of mercury contamination in surface waters and wetlands. The ultimate goal ofAMNet will be to create an international archive of mercury concentrations and depositionestimates for use in scientific studies, modeling efforts, and for policy needs.


28/41


25

The following figure from NADP shows the total mercury wet deposition for 2009.

Figure 14. Total Mercury Wet Deposition, 2009

Three-State Pilot Project

The EPA, under the National Environmental Policy Act, is mandated to document current airpollution levels and lessen current and projected adverse impacts through mitigationstrategies. Localized monitoring in the three-state area (western Colorado, eastern Utah, andsouthwestern Wyoming) has revealed degraded air quality in regard to ozone and NOx,leading federal and state agencies to realize more information is needed as energydevelopment in the region is considered. Because of a common need for a comprehensive set

of air quality assessment tools, the stakeholdersEPA Region 8, Bureau of LandManagement, USDA Forest Service, National Park Service and the states of Utah, Colorado,and Wyoming are cooperating on the following activities:

Expanding air quality monitoring in the study area to establish baseline conditions, trackair quality trends and evaluate the performance of air quality modeling systems;


29/41


26

Creating and operating a robust, centralized data warehouse to store, manage andshare data among state and federal agencies and industry to support air qualitymodeling and analyses; and

Performing regional scale baseline air quality modeling of current conditions against

which the impacts from proposed future projects can be evaluated.

The Utah component of the first phase of this project included the deployment of two airmonitoring stations: one at Price and the other at Fruitland. The data from these two sites willbe entered into a data warehouse being developed under the second phase of the project.Work conducted under the ThreeState Pilot Project will be directly applicable to the ozonestudies currently underway in the Uintah Basin.

Uinta Basin Ozone

Since 2005, the National Park Service has been measuring summertime ozone at Dinosaur

National Monument, located near Vernal Utah, and beginning in 2006 at Colorado NationalMonument, located near Grand Junction, CO. In 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) began measuring year-round ozone at two sites on the Ute Indian Reservation, locatednear Redwash and Ouray. The official air quality levels for the Uintah Basin are currently incompliance with the ozone NAAQS. However, data collected from the two tribal sites duringthe winter of 2010 indicated that high ozone levels are occurring in the Basin during the middleof winter. This finding was unexpected since ozone is normally an air pollutant that is formedduring the summertime when high temperatures and bright sunshine are occurring.

In the winter of 2010/11, the Uintah Basin Impact Mitigation Special Services District funded astudy conducted by the Energy Dynamics Lab and Utah State University. Using data collectedfrom 18 temporary and permanent air monitoring stations placed throughout the Basin,researchers found elevated wintertime ozone concentrations throughout the Basin duringtemperature inversion events when snow covered the ground. The highest values were foundin the central basin area with many exceeding the ozone NAAQS.

This winter, an expansive, cooperative study lead by the Department of Environmental Qualityis underway to understand how ozone is formed in the Basin during wintertime inversionconditions. The answer to this question is critical to implementing appropriate and effectivestrategies for mitigating high ozone levels. Researchers from the National OceanicAdministration, several University research groups, EPA, and the Department ofEnvironmental Quality are working together on this unprecedented air quality study.Utah Clean Diesel Program

The Utah Clean Diesel Program is a clean air initiative that started in 2008. The program is acollaboration between state and federal agencies, county and municipal governments,community and non-profit organizations, and industry groups. Over $5.3 million in state andfederal grants have helped 32 small businesses and 30 school districts purchase cleaner andmore fuel efficient equipment for their operations. Each component of the program ispresented below.


30/41


27

Utah Clean School Bus Project

The Utah Clean School Bus project retrofitted 1,204 school buses throughout the state withdevices that are aimed to protect children and operators from harmful air pollutants that emit

from the school buss diesel engine and replaced 27 older buses with new buses that meet amore stringent set of emissions standards.

In 2007, the DAQ started the Utah Clean School Bus Project in conjunction with Utah Office ofEducation, local school districts, county and municipal governments, as well as community andnon-profit organizations. This coalition worked together to secure funding sources for schooldistricts to purchase emission reducing technologies (retrofits) for buses statewide.

Retrofits are aftermarket vehicle additions that help reduce harmful pollutants found in the buscabin and in tailpipe emissions. School buses are the safest way to transport children to andfrom school. However, pollution from diesel vehicles has health implications for everyone,

especially children. By reducing bus pollutants in the bus cabin and exhaust emissions, wecan ensure that school buses are also a clean way for children to get to school and provideclean-air benefits to communities throughout the state.

DAQ received $2.7 million from the Diesel Emission Reduction Act (DERA) and theCongestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement (CMAQ) program to retrofit 1,204 schoolbuses statewide with diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and closed crank ventilation (CCV)systems. It is estimated that these retrofits resulted in lifetime reductions of 310 tons ofparticulate matter, 4,694 tons of carbon monoxide, and 854 tons of volatile organic compounds(also referred to as hydrocarbons).

DAQ also received $1.2 million to partner with Utah State Office of Education and local schooldistricts in non-attainment areas to purchase 27 school buses. DAQ reimbursed schooldistricts $44,000 per school bus through grant money. New school buses were purchased by

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Tons

ParticulateMatter

CarbonMonoxide

VolatileOrganic

Compounds

Lifetime Reductions- Retrofit


31/41


28

Cache, Logan, Box Elder, Weber, Ogden, Davis, Salt Lake City, Granite, Jordan, Canyons,Alpine, Nebo, Provo City, and Murray school districts. It is estimated that this project will resultin lifetime reduction of 844.86 tons of nitrogen oxide (NO2), 33.83 tons of particulate matter(PM), 43.55 tons of volatile organic compounds (VOC), and 285.06 tons of carbon monoxide(CO).

For more information, visit the following website:http://www.cleandiesel.utah.gov/schoolbus/sbintro.html.

Clean Diesel for Agriculture Project

In 2010, DAQ managed the replacement of nine aging agricultural vehicles and equipment,

repowered 22 engines in agricultural vehicles andequipment, and installed 32 auxiliary power units onagricultural vehicles. This project was funded by theAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act. EPA highlightedthis project in 2011 on it website because it was one of thefirst successful clean diesel agricultural projects(http://www.epa.gov/otaq/diesel/projects/utah-ag.htm).

Utahs Clean Diesel Trucking Initiative

Working together with the Utah Trucking Association (UTA),DAQ acquired a $588,235 grant for use in local trucking projects intended to increase fuel

efficiency and improve air quality.The Clean Trucking project installed auxiliary power units on 52 long-haul trucks. These unitsreduce fuel consumption and diesel emissions by providing climate control and electricalpower for the truck's sleeper cab and engine block heater during drivers downtime. Thesedevices use 80-90 percent less fuel than the trucks main engine.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Tons

PM CO VOC NO2

Lifetime Reductions-Replacment Project


32/41


29

Transportation Conformity

Several Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) are responsible for developing,producing, and adopting the Metropolitan Transportation Plan (MTP) and TransportationImprovement Program (TIP) for the state of Utah. These include Cache MPO (CMPO), Dixie

MPO, Mountainland Association of Governments (MAG), and the Wasatch Front RegionalCouncil (WFRC). MPOs located in nonattainment and/or maintenance areas have theresponsibility to ensure that the current MTP and TIP conform to the Utah SIP. The FederalHighway Administration and Federal Transit Administration review the conformitydeterminations along with the MTP and TIP in consultation with EPA to ensure that therelevant planning regulations have been adequately addressed.

CMPO, MAG, and WFRC demonstrated conformity to the SIP.

CMPO established conformity for the 2012-2017 TIP in July and the 2035 MTP in August forthe Cache County, Utah and Franklin County, Idaho PM

2.5nonattainment area.

MAG established conformity for the 2040 MTP in June and the 2012-2017 TIP in July for theProvo\Orem City CO maintenance area and for the Utah County PM10 and PM2.5nonattainment area.

WFRC established conformity for the 2040 MTP in June and the 2012-2017 TIP in July for theSalt Lake City and Ogden City CO maintenance areas, the Salt Lake County and Ogden PM 10nonattainment area, and the PM2.5moderate non-attainment area of Box Elder, Davis, SaltLake, Weber, and Tooele Counties.

Stage I Vapor Recovery

Stage I vapor recovery systems collect vapors resulting from the dispensing of gasoline to bothaboveground and underground storage tanks. Stage I vapor recovery requirements wereimplemented in Salt Lake and Davis Counties in the 1980s and in Utah and Weber Counties in1999. They have proven to be a successful method of controlling both VOCs and HAPsemissions along the Wasatch Front.

In September 2008, the Air Quality Board adopted changes to the Gasoline Transfer andStorage rule (R307-328) which extended Stage I vapor recovery statewide. On April 30, 2011the program was completely implemented statewide.

Regional Haze SIP

Utah's Regional Haze Plan includes regional targets for SO2 emissions, with a backstoptrading program to ensure that the emission reduction goals are achieved. Each year thestates participating in the program compile an inventory of SO2 emissions, and then comparethe emissions to the milestones established in the plan. The regional emissions in 2010 were131,124 tons27% below the milestone. The emissions are far below the milestone due tothe early installation of emission controls at power plants and other emission sources, as well


33/41


30

as the permanent closure of Geneva Steel in Utah and several copper smelters in the region.The 2010 milestone report will be completed in the spring of 2012.

Utah Asthma Task ForceThe Utah Asthma Task Force is a multi-agency task force to address the problem of asthma inUtah. The task force meets quarterly and has a number of projects currently underway inaddition to the programs initiated under the State Asthma Plan. The 2011 accomplishmentsinclude the following:

At the annual meeting of the National Association of Clean Air Agencies (NACAA), theDAQ toxicologist made a presentation outlining Utahs School Recess Guidelinesdeveloped by the Utah Asthma Task Force.

The Utah Department of Health, the National Weather Service, and DAQ collaborated in

2009 through 2010 in an analysis of the association of wintertime temperature inversionswith emergency department visits by asthmatic children and adolescents. The project hasresulted in a better understanding of the effects of inversion days and PM2.5 on Utahshealth care system. DAQ continues to share the results of the analysis through variousmedia outlets and several invited lectures.

A TeleHealth broadcast was aired on the effects of ambient air quality and asthma in Utah.


34/41


31

The Utah Department of Health, using a $50,000 grant from the Center of Disease Control,contracted with a private communications firm to help DAQ and the Asthma Risk FactorsAction Group produce a series of short videos explaining how a person can use the real-time ambient air quality information published on DAQs web page to understand risks andbenefits of outdoor exercise. These videos are located at the following web page:

www.cleanair.utah.gov/resources/multimedia.htm.

Ancillary Programs

Utah Air Quality Public Notifications

DAQ provides air quality forecasting on its webpage for the current and next two days. The AirMonitoring Section (AMS) provides air pollution information based on the daily air qualitystatus. The AMS data is used to determine the relationship of existing pollutant concentrationsto the NAAQS. There is a three tiered air quality alert system of Green, Yellow (alert days),and Red (actions days) that is used to implement winter and summer controls on the use of

wood and coal burning stoves, fire places, and motor vehicles. There are five health advisorycategories: good, moderate, unhealthy advisory A, unhealthy advisory B, and very unhealthy.Each advisory category listed on the webpage is accompanied by a health protection messagethat recommends actions affected groups can take to mitigate the effects of pollution on them.The AMS advisory is calculated for five major pollutants, including ground-level ozone,particulate pollution (particulate matter), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.The outreach program information consolidated in the three day forecast includes the Summerand Winter Control Programs and Choose Clean Air information.

The DEQ is also sponsoring an electronic mail server (Listserv). Subscribers are automaticallynotified by e-mail when unhealthy air pollution levels are forecast for the Wasatch Front.

Choose Clean AirDEQ has developed an interactive source of information about ways individuals can helpimprove air quality by making smart choices in their personal lives.

Winter Control Program (red-burn, yellow and green-burn)

This program originated with the PM10 SIP. The program runs annually from Novemberthrough early March. In addition to the burning restrictions, residents are encouraged to driveless and industry is encouraged to optimize operating conditions.

Summer Control Program (red, yellow and green)

Color codes are announced whenever the probability of exceeding the ozone standard isforecasted to be high. High temperature and stagnant air masses contribute to this probability.Residents are encouraged to minimize driving whenever the ozone or PM standards areapproached.

Vehicle Inspection/Maintenance Programs


35/41


32

Although not run directly by DAQ, the emissions portions of these programs were institutedbecause of past problems in attaining the federal health standards for several pollutantsmostnotably CO and ozone. Implementation of these programs was critical to attaining the federalstandards, and their continued operation is necessary for the Wasatch Front to remain inattainment of these standards. These programs are administered by the county health

departments.

Smoking Vehicles

Vehicles emitting excessive smoke contribute to poor air quality. To promote clean air, severallocal health departments operate smoking vehicle education and notification programs.People who spot a vehicle producing excessive smoke can report it through their respectivecounty health department:

Cache County 435-792-6611Davis County 801-546-8860

Salt Lake County 801-944-SMOG(7664)Utah County 801-851-SMOG(7664)Weber County 801-399-7140

Summer Ozone

In May, DAQ placed temporary ozonemonitoring sites in mountain valleysadjacent to the Wasatch Front, in ruralareas of western Utah, and around theGreat Salt Lake. Ozone was monitoredat these sites through September. The

project goals were to determine theextent of a potential ozone non-attainment area along the Wasatch Front,to understand long range transport ofozone from Nevada and California, todetermine background levels of ozone inrural areas of Utah, and to understandthe role of Great Salt Lake in ozoneformation. These data will be used in theSIP development process.

Permitting BranchThe DAQ Permitting Branch is responsible forimplementing state and federal air permitting programsthat are intended to regulate air emissions from newand modified stationary sources that emit aircontaminants. Permits are legally enforceabledocuments that specify construction limitations,


36/41


33

emission limits, and how the emissions source must be operated. Permit limits can beemission limitations or surrogate limits such as production rates, hours of operation, fuelconsumption or a combination thereof. Opacity, the measure of opaqueness or transparencyof emission plumes, is also a common metric used to both limit and measure sourceemissions.

The branch issues two types of permits. New Source Review (NSR) permits, also known asApproval Orders, are pre-construction type permits for new and modified sources of airemissions. These are issued by the New Source Review Sections and have been required inUtah since 1969. The Operating Permits Section issues the Title V Operating Permits to thelarger major stationary sources in the state, as required in Title V of the Federal Clean AirAct. There are approximately 100 of these sources. Operating permits consolidate all airquality related requirements from numerous state and federal air quality programs into a singleregulatory document. The purpose of an operating permit is to clarify for the permit holder aswell as DAQ compliance inspectors the wide range of requirements applicable to any regulatedsource by placing those requirements into one consolidated document.

In addition, the branch processes a number of smaller actions such as de minimusdeterminations for NSR, name changes, tax exemption certificates for pollution controlequipment purchases, and soil aeration approvals.

New Source Review

Any new or modified source of air pollution in Utah is required to obtain an Approval Order(AO) before it is allowed to begin construction. For nonattainment areas that are not incompliance with the NAAQS, NSR assures that air quality is not further degraded from theexisting levels by new emission sources. In areas that are in compliance with the NAAQS,NSR assures that new emissions do not significantly worsen air quality. These processes are

outlined in our state and federal rules.

The application for an AO, called a notice of intent (NOI), is reviewed to make sure that thesource installs appropriate state-of-the-art emission controls. For nonattainment areas, state-of-the-art technology is known as lowest achievable emissions rate (LAER). For areas inattainment of the NAAQS, state-of-the-art controls are known as the best available controltechnology (BACT). Both LAER and BACT are case-by-case determinations of controltechnology for a specific source. BACT takes into account both the cost and environmentalbenefits of the control equipment while LAER technology takes into account onlyenvironmental benefits.

The general public and EPA are given an opportunity to review the proposed approval orderbefore it is issued. The criteria indicating which sources must obtain an approval order arespecified in the Utah Air Quality Rules. Potential applicants are encouraged to contact DAQprior to submitting the necessary paperwork. In the EPA fiscal year 2011 (7/1/10 to 6/30/11),the NSR section completed or was working on 457 different projects. This included thecompletion of 345 AOs.


37/41


34

Operating Permits

Congress created Title V of the Clean Air Act in 1990. This Title requires States to issue anoperating permit to the larger or major sources of air pollution within the state. Utahdeveloped and submitted a program in 1994 and received approval from the EPA in 1995.

Operating permits are legally enforceable documents issued to air pollution sources after thesource has begun to operate. A primary purpose of the permit is to consolidate the applicablerequirements from the many and varied air quality programs such as NSR, federal New SourcePerformance Standards (NSPS) and National Emission Standards for Hazardous AirPollutants (NESHAP), and Maximum Available Control Technology (MACT). Like the approvalorders, the general public is given an opportunity to review the draft operating permits beforethey are issued. In addition, the EPA has up to 45 days to review the proposed operatingpermit. The criteria indicating which sources must obtain an operating permit are specified inR307-415 of the Utah Administrative Code (UAC). As with the NSR permit or AOs, potentialapplicants are encouraged to contact DAQ prior to submitting the necessary paperwork.

Another significant objective of the Title V program is to shift the compliance liability from theregulating agency to the permitted source. Each year the source must certify that it is incompliance with all permit terms and conditions, or indicate non-compliance issues. Falsereports have criminal implications, beyond the civil liabilities of other violations. In addition,sources must report the results of monitoring at least every six months. Permit provisions formonitoring, record keeping, and reporting are added or enhanced to assure compliance withthe permit conditions and limits.

During the last year, the Operating Permits section issued multiple initial permits and permitmodifications coordinating extensively with the NSR Section. The Operating Permit has a lifeof only five years (as opposed to the AO that does not expire), and during the last year thesection issued a significant number of permit renewals. These renewal permits are complex,and care must be taken to ensure that new federal requirements for the ComplianceAssurance Monitoring Rule (CAM) and any other new requirements (such as new MACTStandards) are included.

Compliance Branch

The Major Source Compliance, Minor Source Compliance,and the Air Toxics, Lead-Based Paint, Asbestos and SmallBusiness Environmental Assistance (ATLAS) Sections areresponsible for ensuring compliance with all air pollutionorders, permits, rules, and standards. This is accomplished

through inspections, audits of stack tests and continuousemission monitoring systems (CEMS), plan and reportreviews, accreditation and certification programs, complianceassistance/outreach activities, and, when necessary,enforcement actions.


38/41


35

Major and Minor Source Compliance

The Major and Minor Source Compliance Sections are responsible for ensuring compliance atmore than 2,000 facilities within the State. The Major Source Compliance Section isresponsible for inspections and report/plan reviews for the large facilities, audits of all stack

tests and CEMS, and any associated enforcement. The Minor Source Compliance Section isresponsible for inspections and report/plan reviews at small to medium-sized facilities, fugitivedust control, abrasive blasting, residential solid fuel burning, gasoline transport/filling stationvapor recovery, open burning, and any associated enforcement.

Table 6. Major and Minor Source Compliance Summary

TASK 2011

Source Inspections 431

On-site Stack Test/CEM Audits 137

Stack Test/CEM Reviews 519Temporary Relocations Accepted 106

Fugitive Dust Control Plans Accepted 15

Miscellaneous Inspections 97

Complaints Received 161

VOC Inspections 64

Warning Letters 8

Notices of Violations 0

Compliance Advisories 29

Settlements 19

Total Inspections 720Penalties Assessed

$46,048.00


39/41


36

Air Toxics, Lead-Based Paint, and Asbestos Section (ATLAS)The ATLAS section determines compliance with specific regulations involving asbestos, lead-based paint, and area sources of air pollutants that are not required to have DAQ ApprovalOrders but are subject to Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT), Title 40 Code ofFederal Regulations (40 CFR) Part 63 [Utah Administrative Code (UAC) R307-214-2]requirements.

The following programs are the responsibility of the ATLAS Section:

National Emission Standards for Area Source CategoriesSources that are required to comply with 40 CFR Part 63 Subpart M NationalPerchloroethylene Air Emission Standards for Dry Cleaning Facilities MACT or the 40 CFRPart 63 Subpart N National Emission Standards for Chromium Emissions from Hard andDecorative Chromium Electroplating and Chromium Anodizing Tanks MACT and are notrequired to have DAQ Approval Orders are inspected by the ATLAS Section.

Lead-Based PaintToxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Title IV, 40 CFR Part 745 (UAC R307-840, 841, and842). Under this program, ATLAS deals with the accreditation of training programs,certification of individuals and firms, work practices for lead-based paint activities, and lead-based paint outreach activities.

Asbestos in SchoolsTSCA Title II Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA), 40 CFR Part 763 (UACR307-801-4). Under this program, ATLAS deals with the approval of training providers,certification of individuals and companies, inspections of school buildings, and inspections ofasbestos abatement in schools.

Asbestos NESHAP and State asbestos work practices40 CFR Part 61, Subpart M (UAC R307-214-1) and UAC R307-801. Under this program,ATLAS deals with the certification of individuals and companies, review of asbestos projectnotification forms, review of demolition notification forms for structures, review of alternatework practices, inspection of asbestos abatement projects, demolition of structures, andasbestos outreach activities.


40/41


37

Table 7. ATLAS Activity Summary

Enforcement Actions

The following enforcement actions may be taken depending on the magnitude of the allegedviolation(s) and prior compliance history and degree of cooperation of an alleged violator:

A. Compliance Advisory a notification describing the alleged violation(s). Therecipient is given opportunity to refute and/or provide further details regarding the

alleged violation(s) prior to any further enforcement action. A Compliance Advisoryis a discovery document and not a declaration of actual violation(s).

B. Warning Letter a notification sent to violators to resolve minor, first-time violations.C. Early Settlement Agreement a less formal resolution of an alleged violation(s) in

which the DAQ and the recipient agree in writing to specific actions taken to correctthe alleged violation(s). Any stipulated penalties are discounted by 20% toencourage quick resolution. Supplemental Environmental Projects may be agreed

TASK 2011

MACT Inspections 12

Other NESHAP Inspections 0

Asbestos Demolition/Renovations Inspections 192

Asbestos in School Inspections 133

Asbestos State Rules (Only) Inspections 5

Asbestos Notifications Accepted 1374

Asbestos Telephone Calls 3505

Asbestos Individual Certifications 718

Asbestos Company Certifications 142

Asbestos Alternate Work Practices 41

Lead Based Paint Inspections 84

Lead Based Paint Notifications 20

Lead Based Paint Telephone Calls 1033

Lead Based Paint Letters Prepared & Mailed 415

Lead Based Paint Courses Reviewed 9

Lead Based Paint Course Audit 26

Lead Based Paint Individual Certifications 249

Lead Based Paint Company Certifications 133

Notices of Violations 0

Compliance Advisories 78

Warning Letters 67

Settlement Agreements 13

Penalties collected $28,916.50Total Inspections 362


41/41


to, to offset a portion of any cash payments for stipulated penalties. All collectedpenalties become part of the State General Fund.

D. Notice of Violation and Order for Compliance a formal, traditional declaration of aviolation(s) which involves the Attorney Generals Office. The cited violation(s)become final after 30-days unless formal appeal procedures are followed.

E. Settlement Agreement - a resolution of a potential violation(s) in which the DAQ andthe recipient agree to specific actions taken to correct the potential violation(s). Nodiscounts of stipulated penalties are offered. DAQ legal costs may also be included.Supplemental Environmental Projects may be agreed to, to offset a portion of anycash payments for stipulated penalties. All collected penalties become part of theState General Fund.

Most enforcement actions are resolved through Warning Letters or Early SettlementAgreements. In rare instances, Notices of Violations and Orders for Compliance are used. Inthe extremely rare instance where the aforementioned enforcement actions fail for resolve acompliance issue, procedures are in place for Air Quality Board hearings/administrate law

judge review or formal judicial action. Environmental criminal cases are referred to theappropriate law enforcement agency.

Small Business Environmental Assistance Program

The Small Business Environmental Assistance Program (SBEAP) helps small businessesunderstand and comply with state air quality rules. The SBEAP provides plain languageeducational information to help small sources learn about the many air quality requirements.The SBEAP also provides on-site assistance with process evaluation, compliance assistance,and pollution prevention techniques. A toll-free telephone hotline number (1-800-270-4440)provides access to SBEAP services 24 hours a day/seven days a week.

2011 utah air quality annual report

Documents