2011-pengoperasian sistem tenaga listrik

7/28/2019 2011-Pengoperasian SIstem Tenaga Listrik

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2/84

CAPACITY FACTOR


3/84

LOAD FACTOR &

DEMAND FACTOR


4/84

KONTRIBUSI SEKTOR ESDM TERHADAPPENERIMAAN NASIONAL

Kontribusi

Sektor Lain

63,7%

Kontribusi

Sektor ESDM

36,3%

T5,962.Rp+

Migas

31,6%

Pertambangan Umum 4,4%

Lain-lain 0,3%

1. PENERIMAAN MIGAS 108.205,64 137.675,75 191.681,82 186.639,57 304.378,68

2. PENERIMAAN PERTAMBANGAN UMUM 8.993,28 17.567,49 29.819,97 37.340,23 42.655,46a.Pajak Pertambangan Umum 6.419,62 12.875,24 23.155,16 28.636,95 30.080,26

b.PNBP Pertambangan Umum 2.573,66 4.692,25 6.664,81 8.703,28 12.575,20

3. PENERIMAAN LAIN-LAIN 178,01 304,10 617,95 1.233,12 2.443,16

PENERIMAAN TOTAL ESDM 117.376,93 155.547,34 222.119,74 225.212,92 349.477,30

PENERIMAAN TOTAL NON-ESDM 285.727,67 339.652,66 436.980,26 483.281,48 613.004,80

PENERIMAAN NEGARA TOTAL 403.104,60 495.200,00 659.100,00 708.494,40 962.482,10% KONTRIBUSI SEKTOR ESDM 29,1% 31,4% 33,7% 31,8% 36,3%

Kurs (Rupiah/US$) 8.884 9.657 9.119 9.093 9.691ICP (US$/barel) 37,17 51,84 63,86 69,69 101,31Lifting (ribu bph) 1.036 1.003 957 899 931

URAIAN 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Nilai %Ekspor 1.475 485 32,92%

Impor 1.418 312 21,98%

Pengeluaran Pemerintah 807 349 43,31%

Investasi 1.377 181 13,11%

Konsumsi 3.019 241 7,98%

PDB 5.349 945 17,66%

NasionalSektor ESDM

Catatan:Diolah dari laporan BPS dan Bank Indonesia

(Triliun)

2008

Miliar Rp.

4


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KONTRIBUSI SEKTOR ESDM

DALAM PEMBANGUNAN DAERAH

LISTRIK PEDESAANBIMBINGAN MASYARAKAT DALAM

PENGELOLAAN SUMUR TUA

KEAGAMAAN

KESEHATANPENDIDIKAN

COMDEV/CSR

DANA BAGI HASIL

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Triliun

Rp.

Minyak bumi Gas bumi Pertambangan umum

16,3

26,531,1 30,2

40,5

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

TAHUN

MiliarRp.

615

9181.149

1.734

2.166

5


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DME Berbasis Energi non BBN

Berbasis Mikro Hydro Berbasis Tenaga Angin

Berbasis Tenaga Surya

Berbasis Biogas

Berbasis Biomassa

Berbasis jarak pagar

Berbasis kelapa

Berbasis sawit

Berbasis singkong

Berbasis tebu

DME Berbasis BBN

DESA MANDIRI ENERGI (KUMULATIF)

Program 2007 2008

Berbasis Energi SetempatNon BBN (Unit)

103 286

Berbasis BBN (Unit) 127 138

TOTAL 230 424

6


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PENGGERAK UTAMA PEMBANGUNAN

(EFEK BERANTAI)

SEKTO

R

ESDM

PROPOOR

PROJOB

PRO

GROWTH

Pembangunan daerah

Pembukaan lapangan

kerja

Meningkatkan nilaitambah

Comm uni ty Development

Meningkatkan kegiatan

ekonomi

FORWARDLINKAGE

BACKWARD

LINKAGE

INDUSTRIESDM

contoh: pabrik pupuk,petrokimia, dll

contoh: industri material& industri peralatan diBatam

7


8/84

PROD.7.883 BSCFD

PERTAM

INA

0.9

26BS

CFD

DOMESTIK47.8 %

EKSPOR52.2 %

PRODUKSI DAN PEMANFAATAN GAS BUMIPRODUKSI DAN PEMANFAATAN GAS BUMITAHUN 2008

KPS6.957 BSCFD

MMSCFD (%)

PEMAKAIAN DOMESTIK

PUPUK 473.2 6.0KILANG 81.2 1.0

PET. KIMIA 140.3 1.8

KONDENSASI 10.5 0.1

LPG 36.1 0.5

PGN 1,098.5 13.9

PLN 604.5 7.7KRAKATAU STEEL 65.7 0.8

INDUSTRI LAIN 133.9 1.7

PEMAKAIAN SENDIRI 814.6 10.3

SUSUT + FLARE 310.7 3.9

SUB TOTAL DOMESTIK 3,769.2 47.8

LNG 3,472.3 44.0

LPG 0.0 0.0

GAS PIPA 642.0 8.1

SUB TOTAL EKSPOR 4,114.3 52.2

T O T A L 7,883.4 100

PRODUKSI DAN PEMANFAATAN GAS BUMI

TAHUN 2008

8


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DME Berbasis Energi non BBN

Berbasis Mikro Hydro Berbasis Tenaga Angin

Berbasis Tenaga Surya

Berbasis Biogas

Berbasis Biomassa

Berbasis jarak pagar

Berbasis kelapa

Berbasis sawit

Berbasis singkong

Berbasis tebu

DME Berbasis BBN

DESA MANDIRI ENERGI (KUMULATIF)

Program 2007 2008

Berbasis Energi SetempatNon BBN (Unit)

103 286

Berbasis BBN (Unit) 127 138

TOTAL 230 424

9


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PENGGERAK UTAMA PEMBANGUNAN

(EFEK BERANTAI)

SEKTO

R

ESDM

PROPOOR

PROJOB

PRO

GROWTH

Pembangunan daerah

Pembukaan lapangan

kerja

Meningkatkan nilaitambah

Comm uni ty Development

Meningkatkan kegiatan

ekonomi

FORWARDLINKAGE

BACKWARD

LINKAGE

INDUSTRIESDM

contoh: pabrik pupuk,petrokimia, dll

contoh: industri material& industri peralatan diBatam

10


11/84

PROD.7.883 BSCFD

PERTAM

INA

0.9

26BS

CFD

DOMESTIK47.8 %

EKSPOR52.2 %

PRODUKSI DAN PEMANFAATAN GAS BUMIPRODUKSI DAN PEMANFAATAN GAS BUMITAHUN 2008

KPS6.957 BSCFD

MMSCFD (%)

PEMAKAIAN DOMESTIK

PUPUK 473.2 6.0KILANG 81.2 1.0

PET. KIMIA 140.3 1.8

KONDENSASI 10.5 0.1

LPG 36.1 0.5

PGN 1,098.5 13.9

PLN 604.5 7.7KRAKATAU STEEL 65.7 0.8

INDUSTRI LAIN 133.9 1.7

PEMAKAIAN SENDIRI 814.6 10.3

SUSUT + FLARE 310.7 3.9

SUB TOTAL DOMESTIK 3,769.2 47.8

LNG 3,472.3 44.0

LPG 0.0 0.0

GAS PIPA 642.0 8.1

SUB TOTAL EKSPOR 4,114.3 52.2

T O T A L 7,883.4 100

PRODUKSI DAN PEMANFAATAN GAS BUMI

TAHUN 2008

11


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II. POTENSI ENERGI DAN MINERAL

12


13/84

113.34

852.48

596.81

414.03

765.75

60.83

913.09

PAPUA

CADANGAN MINYAK BUMI (MMSTB)

NATUNA

MALUKU

TERBUKTI = 3,747.50 MMSTB

POTENSIAL = 4,471.72 MMSTB

TOTAL = 8,219.22 MMSTB

136.71

58.02

144.42

NAD

SUMATERA UTARA

SUMATERA TENGAH

SUMATERA SELATAN

JAWA TIMUR

JAWA BARATSULAWESI

KALIMANTAN

4,163.75

CADANGAN MINYAK BUMI INDONESIA

(2008)

13


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-10

100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140

5

0

-5

CEKUNGAN MIGAS INDONESIA

5

Cekungan telah dibor, belum ditemukanhidrokarbon (14)

Cekungan belum dieksplorasi (22)

Cekungan sudah berporduksi (16)

Cekungan telah ditemukan hidrokarbon,

belum berproduksi (8)

17

8

6

318

21

510

4

14

3

5

Wilayah eksplorasi (119)

20 dilaporkan menemukan cadanganmigas

14


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CADANGAN GAS BUMI DAN CBM INDONESIA(2008)

CADANGAN GAS (TSCF)

1.27

3.18

8.15

4.16

52.59

24.96

24.21

NATUNA

5.72NORTH

SUMATRA

13.65

28.00

CENTRALSUMATRA

ACEH(NAD)

SOUTHSUMATRA

WEST JAVA

5.08

EAST JAVA

EAST BORNEO

CELEBES

MOLUCCAS

PAPUA

(Advan ce Resourc es Interation al, Inc., 2003

processed)

TERBUKTI = 112.47 TSCF

POTENSIAL = 57.60 TSCF

TOTAL = 170.07 TSCF

CBM RESOURCES (TCF)

TOTAL = 453,3 TSCF

15


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OMBILINBASIN

CENTRAL

SUMATRA BASIN

(52.50 TCF)

OMBILIN BASIN

(0.50 TCF)

SOUTHSUMATRA BASIN

(183.00 TCF)

BENGKULU

BASIN

(3.60 TCF)

JATIBARANG

BASIN(0.80 TCF)

PASIR AND ASEMASEM BASINS

(3.00 TCF)

BARITO BASIN

(101.60 TCF)

SOUTHWESTSULAWESI BASIN

(2.00 TCF)

KUTEI BASIN(80.40 TCF)

NORTH TARAKANBASIN

(17.50 TCF)

BERAU BASIN

(8.40 TCF)

= 7 Wilayah Kerja CBM yang telah ditandatangani, 2008

Total sumber daya = 453.30 TCF Total cekungan

CBM = 11 (Advan ce Resourc es Interational, Inc., 2003)

CEKUNGAN BATUBARA DAN CBM INDONESIA

IndragiriHulu

SekayuBaritoBanjar

I

Kutai

BentianBesar

Sangatta I

Barito

BanjarII

16


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POTENSI DAN INFRASTRUKTUR BATUBARA(2008)

Kapasitas maksimum terminal (DW

Grissik Palembang

Semarang

Pacifi c Ocean

AUSTRALIA

I ndian Ocean

Bangkok

Phnom

Penh

BanMabtapud

Ho ChiMinh City

CAMBODIA

VIETNAM

THAILAND LAOS

Khanon

Songkhla

Erawan

Bangkot

LawitJerneh

WEST

MALAYSIA

Penang

Kerteh

KualaLumpur

Manila

Philipines

South

China

Sea

NatunaAlpha

KotaKinibaluBRUNEI

Bandara Seri

BegawanBintulu

EASTMALAYSIA

Kuching

Banda Aceh

Lhokseumawe

Medan

Duri

Padang

Jambi

BintanSINGAPORE

Samarinda

Balikpapan

Bontang

KALIMANTAN

Banjarmasin

Manado

SULAWESI

UjungPandang

BURU SERAM

Ternate HALMAHERA

Sorong

IRIAN JAYA

JakartaJ A V A

Surabaya

Bangkalan

BALI SUMBAWA

Pagerungan

LOMBOK

FLORES

SUMBA

TIMOR

I N D O N E S I A

Duyong

WestNatuna

PortDickson

Port Klang

Mogpu

Dumai

Batam

Guntong

MADURA

TOTALCAPACITY

24,000 MW

Jayapura

MeraukTarahan 40.000

Pulau Baai 40.000

Kertapati 7.000

Teluk Bayur 35.000

Apar Bay 6.000Tanjung Pemancingan 8.000

North Pulau Laut 150.000Tanjung Peutang 8.000IBT 200.000Sembilang 7.500Air Tawar* 7.500Muara Satui 7.500S a t u i* 5.000Kelanis* 10.000Jorong 7.000Taboneo 15.000

Tarakan 7.500

Muara Pantai 150.000

Tanjung Redep 5.000Tanjung Bara 210.000Tanjung Meranggas 90.000

Muara Berau 8.000

B el o r o 8.000

Loa Tebu 8.000Balikpapan 65.000Tanah Merah 60.000

52.44

Sumber daya: 104,76 miliar ton

51.92

0.014

0.23

0.002 0.15

17


18/8418

Jumlah daerah panas bumi : 265

Total potensi : 28.1 GW

Kalimantan

Sulawesi

JawaBali Flores

Irian Jaya

Maluku

Alor

Panas bumi

non vulkanik


19/84


20/84

NO MINERAL UNITSUMBER DAYA

(SD)CADANGAN

(CAD)

RATIOCAD/SD

(%)

PRODUKSI

(PROD)

RATIOCAD/PROD

(TAHUN)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 6 = (5/4) (7) 8 = (5/6)

1 Timah (metal) Ton 622.402 462.402 74 62.430 8

2 Bijih Nikel Ton 1.338.182.200 627.810.000 4721.415.085

*)29

3 Nikel FeNi Ton - - - 16.350 -

4 Nikel Matte Ton - - - 79.060 -

5 Tembaga (metal) Ton 66.206.347 41.473.267 63 843.460 49

6 Emas (metal) Ton 5.297 3.156 60 122.33 26

7 Perak (metal) Ton 36.013 11.417 32 280.33 41

8 Bijih Besi (konsentrat) Ton 47.169.416 9.557.846 20 89.644 107

9 Bauxite (metal) Ton 207.931.993 23.999.901 12 5.504.000 5

10 Manganese (metal) Ton 32.738.682 350.000 1 34.793 10

11 Intan Karat 539.800 93.565 17 5.761 16

12 Granit Ton 57.509.419 13.320.417 23 1.800.000 8

CADANGAN DAN PRODUKSI MINERAL INDONESIA(2008)

*) Bijih nikel ini berasal dari PT. Antam Tbk sebesar 7.105.330 ton dan 237.075 ton yang digunakan untuk memproduksi Nikel

-FeNi serta dari PT INCO Tbk sebesar 14.072.680 ton yang digunakan untuk memproduksi Nikel in Matte.

20


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III. KEBIJAKAN

ENERGI DAN

MINERAL

21


22/84

KEBIJAKAN ENERGI DAN SUMBER DAYA MINERAL(Berdasarkan UU Energi No. 30 tahun 2007 & UU Minerba No. 4 tahun 2009)

KETAHANAN

ENERGI

DANMINERAL

EKSPLORASIPRODUKSI

KONSERVASI(OPTIMASIPRODUKSI)

SUBSIDI

LANGSUNG

DIVERSIFIKASI

KONSERVASI

(EFISIENSI)

SUPPLY SIDE

POLICY

DEMAND SIDE

POLICY

JAMINAN

PASOKAN

KESADARAN

MASYARAKAT

HARGA ENERGI

SHI

FTING

PARADIGM

22

BBM BERSUBSIDI
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_15/Rakor%20Mataram%20071109/090713--MESDM--Lemhannas--Ketahanan%20Energi--final.ppt


23/84

BBM BERSUBSIDI(KEBIJAKAN DAN VOLUME)

KEBIJAKAN SUBSIDI BBM

NoJENISBBM

TAHAP I TAHAP II TAHAP IIITAHAP IV

(?)

1 M. Tanah S S S S

2 Premium S S S NS

3 M. Solar S S S NS

4 M. Diesel S S NS NS

5 M. Bakar S S NS NS

6 Avtur S NS NS NS

7 Avgas S NS NS NS

S = SubsidiNS = Non Subsidi

2009

VOLUME BBM BERSUBSIDI

2006 2009 (?)

BBM Non-Subsidi

BBM Subsidi

BBMbersubsidi:100.000 kLM. Tanah

60

40

20

0

JutaK

L

23


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HARGA JUAL LISTRIK vs BPP TAHUN 2009

(Pelanggan Tegangan Rendah/TR)

Keterangan: Harga Jual realisasi bulan Nopember 2008

135

315

440

548603

669

416

601

665 668

746

1.174

450

550

667 726

1.019

459

581

707

572545

794

671

788 770 764

1.072

656

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1.000

1.100

1.200

1.300

1.400

1.500

S-1/TR

S-2=

450/TR

S-2=90

0/TR

S-2=

1300

/TR

S-2=

2200

S-2sisa

nya/TR

R-1=

450/TR

R-1=90

0/TR

R-1=

1300

/TR

R-1=

2200

R-2/TR

R-3/TR

B-1=

450/TR

B-1=90

0/TR

B-1=

1300

/TR

B-1=

2200

/TR

B-2/TR

I-1=450

/TR

I-1=9

00/TR

I-1=1

300/TR

I-1=2

200/TR

I-1sis

anya

/TR

I-2/TR

P-1=

450/TR

P-1=90

0/TR

P-1=

1300

/TR

P-1=

2200

/TR

P-1sisa

nya/TR

P-3/TR

Golongan Pelanggan

HargaJual[Rp/kWh]

BPP TR : Rp 1.069/kWh

923

24


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PROGRAM DIVERSIFIKASI ENERGI

Jenis Bahan Bakar Rumah Tangga Transportasi Industri Pembangkit

Gas

LPG

BBG

Coal

Coal

Briket batubara

Coal gasification

Coal liquefaction

Biofuel

Bio-ethanol Bio-diesel

Bio-oil

Panas Bumi

Energi lainnya

Biomass

Air Solar cell

Angin

CBM

Hydrogen / Fuel Cell

Oil Shale

Biogenic Gas

25


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OPTIMALISASIPENGELOLAAN

ENERGI

Tahun 2008

Tahun 2025(Skenario Optimal)

Minyak Bu mi

48%

G a s B u m i

19%

Batubara

30%

Pa nas B um i

1%

Ai r

2%Tahun 2025

(Skenario BaU)

MinyakBumi

41.7%

Gas Bumi20.6%

Batubara34.6%

PanasBumi1.1%

Air2.0%

MinyakBumi20.2%

GasBumi

21.1%

Batubara

34.4%

PanasBumi

6.3%

CBM3.3%

BBBC3.1%

BBN10.2%

EBTLainnya

(Air,Surya,Bayu,

Sampah)

1.4%

SASARAN BAURAN ENERGI PRIMER NASIONAL 2025

26

JALUR CEPAT


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JALUR CEPAT

PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN BAKAR NABATI

Jalur Cepat Setiap daerahmengembangkan BBNsesuai potensi

Kawasan Khusus

Pengembangan BBN

Penciptaan

lapangan kerja

Pengurangan

kemiskinan

Energi

JANGKA PENDEK JANGKA PANJANG

Desa Mandiri

Energi

27


28/84

Kebutuhan Energi

Kelistrikan Indonesia di

masa depan

Data dan Proyeksi (2000-2050)


29/84

Data dan Proyeksi (2000-2050)

Penduduk, Konsumsi Energy dan GDP/capita

TahunPopulasi (*)

(000)

kWh/person (**)

(kWh)

GDP/Cap (***)

(US$)

2000 211,693 400.4 7802005 226,063 509.3 1,269

2010 239,600 637.7 1,724

2015 251,567 798.5 2,197

2020 261,868 999.9 2,813

2025 271,227 1252.0 3,711

2030 279,666 1567.7 5,123

2035 286,767 1963.0 7,356

2040 292,061 2458.0 10,784

2045 295,398 3077.8 15,6422050 296,885 3853.9 22,395

(*) Sumber: World Resources Institute (2009)

(**) Data tahun 2000 & 2005 International Energy Agency (IEA) (2007); Proyeksi 2010 sd

2050 menggunakan asumsi pertumbuhan rata-rata sebesar 4.6% per tahun dari sumber

U.S. Energy Information Administration (2006)

(***) Data tahun 2000 & 2005 bersumber dari World Bank (2008); Proyeksi 2010 sd 2050

bersumber dari studi Next11 oleh Goldman Sachs (USA)


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Proyeksi Konsumsi Energy (%)

2010 100 %

2020 157 %

2030 246 %

2040 385 %

2045 483 % 2050 604 %


31/84

0.000

5,000.000

10,000.000

15,000.000

20,000.000

25,000.000

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Pertumbuhan Konsumsi Energi, GDP/kapita dan Penduduk

Populasi (juta)

kWh/person

GDP/cap


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0.000

500.000

1,000.000

1,500.000

2,000.000

2,500.000

3,000.000

3,500.000

4,000.000

4,500.000

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Pertumbuhan Penduduk dan Konsumsi Energi

Populasi

kWh/person


33/84

Jenis Pembangkit TenagaListrik

1. PEMBANGKIT HYDRO

2. PEMBANGKIT THERMAL


34/84


35/84

Kebutuhan Air Indonesia Data Ditjen Sumber Daya Air menyebutkan jumlah total kebutuhan

air di Indonesia mencapai 175 juta m3/tahun. Terdiri atas

kebutuhan domestik 6,4 juta m3/tahun, pertanian 141 jutam3/tahun dan industri 27,7 juta m3/tahun yang pemenuhannyalebih dari 50% kebutuhan air berasal dari air tanah.

Direktorat Jenderal Cipta Karya Departemen Pekerjaan Umum membagilagi standar kebutuhan air minum berdasarkan lokasi wilayah sebagaiberikut:

a. Pedesaan dengan kebutuhan 60 liter/per kapita/hari b. Kota Kecil dengan kebutuhan 90 liter/per kapita/hari. c. Kota Sedang dengan kebutuhan 110 liter/per kapita/hari. d. Kota Besar dengan kebutuhan 130 liter/per kapita/hari. e. Kota Metropolitan dengan kebutuhan 150 liter/per kapita/hari Jumlah penduduk Indonesia menurut sensus 2010 telah mencapai

242,968,342 jiwa, dengan asumsi kebutuhan air yang ditetapkanUNESCO, maka kebutuhan air penduduk Indonesia saat ini berkisar14,5 miliar liter/hari atau 14,5 juta M3/hari yang dimana masih

jauh lebih tinggi dari data yang dikeluarkan oleh Ditjen SumberDaya Air yang hanya kebutuhan Air Domestik 6,4 Juta M3.


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36

Scale of Hydropower Projects

Large-hydro More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid

Medium-hydro 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid

Small-hydro 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid

Mini-hydro Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW

Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid

Micro-hydro From 5kW up to 100 kW Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry

in remote areas away from the grid.

Pico-hydro From a few hundred watts up to 5kW

Remote areas away from the grid.www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power.pdf


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37

Pumped Storage Power Spectrum


38/84

38

Pumped Storage Schematic


39/84

39

Pumped Storage System

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003


40/84

40

Example

Cabin Creek Pumped Hydro (Colorado)

Completed 1967

Capacity 324 MW Two 162 MW units

Purpose

energy storage Water pumped uphill at night

Low usage excess base load capacity

Water flows downhill during day/peak periods

Helps Xcel to meet surge demand E.g., air conditioning demand on hot summer days

Typical efficiency of 70 85%


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HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

The sun heats the air, causing the air to rise in the atmosphere.

The air is colder higher up, so as the water vapor rises, it cools, condensing

into droplets.

As the sun heats liquid water, the water evaporates into vapor in the air.

When enough droplets accumulate in one area, the droplets may become

heavy enough to fall back to Earth as precipitation.


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43/84

Beaya Pembangkit per kWh

PLN rata-rata


44/84

Jenis Konsumen dari PLN

T 30 Ri h t C t i b E ti t d 2009 GDP


45/84

Top 30 Richest Countries by Estimated 2009 GDPBerdasarkan : (2010- International Monetary Fund Wealth )

1. United States US$14.003 trillion(down 1.8% from 2008)

2. Japan US$ 4.993 trillion(up 1.4%)

3. China US$ 4.833 trillion(up 9.8%)

4. Germany US$3.060 trillion (down 16.6%)

5. France US$2.499 trillion(down 12.8%)

6. United Kingdom US$2.007 trillion

(down 24.9%)7. Italy US$1.988 trillion(down 14.1%)

8. Spain US$1.397 trillion(down 13.3%)

9. Brazil US$1.269 trillion(down 19.3%)

10. Canada US$1.229 trillion(down 18.6%)

11. India US$1.186 trillion

(down 2%)12. Russia US$1.164 trillion

(down 30.6%)13. Mexico US$ 827.2 billion

(down 24%)14. Australia US$755.1 billion

(down 25.3%)15. Netherlands US$ 743 billion

(down 14.5%)

16. South Korea US$ 727.1 billion(down 23.2%)

17. Turkey US$ 552.2 billion(down 24.3%)

18. Indonesia US$ 468.4 billion(down 8.5%)

19. Switzerland US$ 452 billion(down 8.2%)

20. Belgium US$ 433.5 billion(down 14.4%)

21. Poland US$ 403 billion

(down 14.4%)22. Saudi Arabia US$ 374 billion(down 22.3%)

23. Austria . US$ 361.8 billion(down 12.9%)

24. Sweden US$ 359.1 billion(down 25.9%)

25. Iran US$ 343 billion(down 0.5%)

26. Norway US$ 340.7 billion

(down 25.3%)27. Taiwan US$ 333.9 billion

(down 14.9%)28. Greece US$3 25.2 billion

(down 9.1%)29. Argentina US$ 310.3 billion

(down 4.9%)30. Venezuela US$ 294.3 billion

(down 7.9%)


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ENERGI TERJUAL PER JENIS


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ENERGI TERJUAL PER JENISPELANGGAN PLN 2010

P d t PLN d i J i


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Pendapatan PLN dari JenisPelanggan Listrik 2010


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Daya Terpasang PLN Tahun 2010

P d k i E i Li t ik PLN


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Produksi Energi Listrik PLNTahun 2010


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Australia's power and gas lines could eitherintersect with the gas networks and electricitygrid of ASEAN or press on for bilateral tradewith China

Source: Desertec-Australia

www.desertec-australia.org/content/twf-5-conn..
http://www.desertec-australia.org/content/twf-5-connectingtoasia.htmlhttp://www.desertec-australia.org/content/twf-5-connectingtoasia.htmlhttp://www.desertec-australia.org/content/twf-5-connectingtoasia.htmlhttp://www.desertec-australia.org/content/twf-5-connectingtoasia.htmlhttp://www.desertec-australia.org/content/twf-5-connectingtoasia.htmlhttp://www.desertec-australia.org/content/twf-5-connectingtoasia.htmlhttp://www.desertec-australia.org/content/twf-5-connectingtoasia.htmlhttp://www.desertec-australia.org/content/twf-5-connectingtoasia.html


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NEGARA Konsumsi Konsumsi GDP GNP


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NEGARA KonsumsiListrik(GWh

consumption)

KonsumsiBBM (barrel

consumption/day)

GDP(millions US$)

GNP(millions US )

AMERIKASERIKAT 3.920.613 20.680.000 14.256.275 12.970.000

JEPANG 1.031.262 5.007.000 5.068.059 4.988.000

SINGAPURA 36.643 834.600 177.132 120.000

MALAYSIA 78.804 501.000 191.463 126.000

CHINA 2.054.568 7.578.000 4.908.982 2.264.000

INDONESIA 104.050 1.219.000 539.377 282.000

Sumber: CIA World Factbook, 2009, diolah kembali.

Indonesia 1 kWh Listrik menghasilkan 0,005 US$ = Rp. 50,- pada GDP1 liter BBM menghasilkan 7,62 US$ = Rp. 76.242,- pada GDP

Jepang 1 kWh Listrik menghasilkan 0,005 US$ = Rp. 50,-1 liter BBM menghasilkan 17,44 US$ = Rp. 170.441,- (224%)

Hemat energi ini bahkan harus menjadi BUDAYA bukan hanya


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Hemat energi ini bahkan harus menjadi BUDAYA, bukan hanyaKEBIASAAN. Negara-negara maju seperti Jepang, negara-negara Eropa,maupun Amerika Serikat, selama ini sudah menjadikan hemat energisebagai BUDAYA MEREKA, sehingga biaya produksi berkurang dan dayasaing di pasaran internasional meningkat. Di INDONESIA, hal ini mautidak mau harus SEGERA DILAKUKAN bila tidak mau tersingkir dipasaran global, regional, atau bahkan lokal.

NEGARA KonsumsiListrik

(kWh) perKapita

KonsumsiBBM

(barrel/hari)

GDP perkapita

(US$/capita)

GNP perkapita

(US$/capta)

AMERIKASERIKAT

12.669 20.680.000 46.300 33.070

JEPANG 8.499 5.007.000 33.400 35.474

SINGAPURA

8.034 834.600 48.500 20.066

MALAYSIA 3.732 501.000 14.200 3.312

CHINA 2.444 7.578.000 4.900 865

INDONESIA 504 1.219.000 3.500 599Sumber: CIA World Factbook, 2009, diolah kembali.


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9/25/2011 360 Topic 3. Transmission Lines 62

TRANSMISSION LINE

Construction

The major components are:

Shield conductors for lightning

protection. (When necessary)

Tower (lattice or tubular)

Phase conductors

Insulators (V string shown)

Foundation and grounding

Typical Extra High Voltage Line

grounding grounding

Foundation

TRANSMISSION LINE


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TRANSMISSION LINE220kV


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TRANSMISSION LINE69 and 13.8kV

69kV

13.8kVkV

TRANSMISSION LINE


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TRANSMISSION LINE

Cup and pin InsulatorInsulator chain


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Cup and pin Insulator


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Phase Conductors Transmission lines use

stranded aluminum

conductors.

Typical type of conductors are:

Aluminum-Conductor-steel-Reinforced (ACSR)

All-Aluminum (AAC)

All-Aluminum Alloy

(AAAC)

Shield Conductors

Aluminum-clad-steel

(Alumoweld)

Extra-High-Strength-Steel

ACSR Conductors

Most frequently used is the

ACSR conductor. The steel

provides mechanical strength,

and the aluminum conducts the

current.Aluminum strands

2 layers,

24 conductors

Steel strands

7 conductors

TRANSMISSION LINE


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Conductors

Extra high voltage lines use

bundle conductors:

to reduce corona discharge.

to increase current carrying

capacity.

Bundles with two, three and

four conductors are used.

The distance between the

conductors in the bundle is

maintained by steel or

aluminum bars (spacers) as

indicated in the figure.

Bundle conductors

d

d

r

d

r

d

r

TRANSMISSION LINE

A S SS O


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Parameters

Series AC Resistance

Series Inductance

Shunt Capacitance

AC Resistance

The stranded conductor resistance is larger than the solid conductor

resistance because spiraling of the strands increases the actual length.

AC resistance is larger than the DC resistance because the skin effect forces

the current toward the conductor surface. Resistance increases with the temperature.

Resistance of most line conductors is determined from conductor tables.

TRANSMISSION LINE

TRANSMISSION LINE


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Typical conductor table from EPRI Red book (ACSR):

TRANSMISSION LINE

TRANSMISSION LINE


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Three Phase Line.

The conductors of a long transmission line are usually transposed.

The concept of transposition is shown in the figure below.

In an actual line, the difference of the flux linkage is relatively small.

This permits the calculation of an average distance GMD

(Geometrical Equivalent Distance) and uses the equation derived for

symmetrical (triangular) arrangement. This method is correct only if

the line is transposed. However, a good approximation is obtained

even if it is not transposed.

A

A

AB

B

B

C

C

C

TRANSMISSION LINE

3BCACABDDDGMD

TRANSMISSION LINE


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Three Phase Line ParametersCalculate inductance and

capacitance:

TRANSMISSION LINE

m

Henry0

7-104

m

Farad

36

10-9

0

mHenry

0

bundle

A

GMR

GMDln

2

L

mFarad0

undleb

AG

r

GMDln

2C

TRANSMISSION LINE


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Three Phase Line Parameters

1. Find the r, the GMRc and the resistance from the conductor tables.

2. Calculate the equivalent radius or GMR for bundle of two, three and four

conductors :.

One conductor (no bundle):

rbundle = rc GMRbundle = GMRc

Two conductor bundle

TRANSMISSION LINE

crdr bundle Cbundle GMRdGMR

TRANSMISSION LINE


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Three Phase Line Parameters

2. Calculate the equivalent radius or GMR for bundle of two, three and four

conductors :

. Three-conductor bundle:

Four-conductor bundle:

3. Calculate the equivalent distance GMD:

TRANSMISSION LINE

3BCACAB

DDDGMD

3

C

2

bundle GMRdGMR 3 c2bundle rdr 4

c

3

bundlerd1.09r 4 C3bundle GMRd1.09GMR

TRANSMISSION LINE


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Three Phase Line Equivalent Circuit

Short line

The transmission line is considered short if the lengths is less than 50

miles.

The capacitance in a short line is negligible. Only the resistance andreactance are considered.

The equivalent circuit represents the A phase and is energized by the

line to neutral voltage.

The equivalent circuit is:

VS

IR

VR

IS RjX

TRANSMISSION LINE

TRANSMISSION LINE


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Medium line

The medium line length is between 50-150 miles.

The medium line is represented by a circuit.

The equivalent circuit represents the A phase and is energized by theline to neutral voltage.

The equivalent circuit is:

j X

VS VR

IS R

C/2C/2

Ics I ICR

Ir

TRANSMISSION LINE

TRANSMISSION LINE


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Long line

The long line has a length of more than 150 miles.

The long line is represented by a circuit with distributed parameters.

The voltage and current is described by a distance and time functions.

These functions are calculated by solving the line partial differential

equations.

TRANSMISSION LINE

TRANSMISSION LINE


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Three-Phase Line. Numerical Exercise

A 220 kV transmission line serves a variable load with a pf = 0.9

(lagging). The maximum load is 200MW. The load voltage is maintained

at 220 kV. The line length is 85 miles.

The line is built with two bundle CARDINAL conductors arrangedhorizontally. The distance between the conductors in the bundle is 18.

The distance between the adjacent phases is 26 ft. The ground clearance

is 50 ft.

a) Draw the line arrangement.

b) Calculate the line parameters.c) Calculate and plot the required supply voltage, the input apparent

power, the regulation, and the efficiency of the line as a function of the

load.

TRANSMISSION LINE

TRANSMISSION LINE


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Numerical Exercise. Solution steps

1. Draw the line arrangement.

TRANSMISSION LINE

26ft 26ft

50ft

18

TRANSMISSION LINE


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Numerical Exercise. Solution steps

2. Calculation of the line parameters

Find conductor: radius, GMRc and resistance from conductors

table

From the conductors table, the CARDINAL conductor has the following data: GMR =0.0404 ft

R =0.1191 ohm/mile at 75C

conductor diameter = 1.196

Line resistance

GMR of the bundle conductors

Equivalent phase distance or GMD

Line inductance

Line Capacitance

TRANSMISSION LINE

TRANSMISSION LINE


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Numerical Exercise. Solution steps3) Calculation of supply voltage, and

input apparent power.

Order of calculation: Load current

Capacitive receiving

current (ICR)

Line current

Source voltage

Capacitive sending current (ICS )

Source current

Input apparent power

All of these quantities are calculated as a function of the load

VS

IR

VR

IS RjX

CAG/2CAG/2

Ics I ICR

Equivalent circuit.

TRANSMISSION LINE

TRANSMISSION LINE


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Questions to ponder:

What has caused public discussions regarding transmission line

generated magnetic fields in recent years?

What is the reason that a 500 kV line in Arizona has two shield

conductors and most 15 kV line have none?

The insulators are in vertical position on most transmission line

towers. However, insulators are in a horizontal position on some

towers. Explain.

TRANSMISSION LINE

Distribution line and Transformer


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Distribution line13.8 kV

Transformer

240/120V line

Fuse and disconnector

Telephone line

Distribution Cable13.8 kV

Distribution line and Transformer


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Pesan Moral yang Ingin disampaikan dalam Kampanye Anti Korupsi 0 Rupee dengan menyitir 7 Dosayang mematikan Dunia Dewasa Ini oleh Mahatma Gandhi yaitu :

1) KAYA TANPA KERJA,

2) SENANG TANPA HATI NURANI;

3) PENGETAHUAN TANPA KARAKTER;

4) BISNIS TANPA MORAL

5) SAINS TANPA PRIKEMANUSIAAN;

2011-pengoperasian sistem tenaga listrik

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