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Giving thanks (attitude of gratitude) is

good for health. People who do so have:

More energyMore optimism

More social connections

More happinessLess envy and greed

Less depression & alcoholism

Fewer physical complaints; resist viral infection

Better sleep

Regular exercise

Better grades; earn more money

More desire to give back

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What determines if we see

stimuli subliminally?1) Unrepressed material

Subliminal Perception

A stimulus is subliminal if we perceive

it correctly less than

50% of the time it is presented.

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COKE

The Theory of Partial Cues

1) Unrepressed materials

2) Word frequency and word length

What determines if we see

stimuli subliminally?

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The Vicary Hoax

No control group reported(Would sales have gone up?- air cond.)

At best, only 1/16th would have seen

stimuli correctly due to needs, values, pa

experience, retinal fatigue

Dr. Vicarys recent confession...(consulting business failing;

falsified data)

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Subliminal Stimulation:

Works 1 on 1, but

1. Banned by FCC

2. Economically inefficient

3. Consumer controls

4. brightness and sound of tv & radio

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Lemon

Whistle

SCHLURRP(LEARNED)

(UNLEARNED)SCHLURRP

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After Conditioning3

Conditioned Stimulus

(bell)

Before Conditioning

Classical Conditioning Paradigm1

Unconditioned Stimulus(meat powder)

Unconditioned Response(salivation)

During Conditioning2

Conditioned Stimulus(bell)

Unconditioned Stimulus(meat powder)

+Unconditioned Response

(salivation)

Presented Alone Conditioned Response(salivation)

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Schedules of Reinforcement

1. Total versus Partial

2.

The Reinforcement Paradox

Under total, learning is faster,

but extinction is also faster.

Under partial, learning takes longer,but is harder to extinguish.

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Learned Fear

LOUD NOISE(UCS)

FEAR (UCR)

RAT

(CS)

FEAR (CR)

How do you extinguish

learned fears?

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Implosion Therapy -Habituation

Constant presentation of

fear-producing stimulus (CS)

without the UCS

(i.e. Extinction Trials)

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Extinguishing Fear

1. Habituation (Implosion)

2. Reconditioning byReciprocal Inhibition

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Reciprocal Inhibition Therapy

Loud Noise Fear

Picture of rat

Candy Happiness

Rat

Rat

Toy rat

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Food > petted> ignored> punished

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Theories of Learning

Classical Conditioning(CS associated with UCS)

S-S TheoryInstrumental Conditioning

(CS associated with CR)S-R Theory

Operant Conditioning

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Operant Conditioning

CS

Piano

CR

Practice

Reinforcement

More practicing

Behavior is shaped by its consequences

R (response)-R (reinforcement)Theory

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GIRL

CS

Looked at

CR

More frequent

looking

SmileReinforcement

Negative reinforcement

An apology

Applied Psychology

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Superstitious Conditioning

a) Reward by the clock, and not

for a specific response...The dancing rat

b) Pre-game rituals