2010 lei executive summary final - vancouver fraser port · pdf...

PARTNERING)TO)PROVIDE)SUSTAINABLE)SOLUTIONS

Execu&ve(Summary:

PORT)METRO)VANCOUVER)2010

LANDSIDE)EMISSION)INVENTORY

March)26,)2012.

SLE)Project)504910)

Submi1ed(to:

Vancouver)Fraser)Port)Authority

100)The)Pointe,)999)Canada)Place

Vancouver,)BC))V6C)3T4

Port%Metro%Vancouver%

2010%Landside%Emissions%Inventory%

! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES21!

!

!

EXECUTIVE%SUMMARY%

Port!Metro!Vancouver!was!the!first!port!in!Canada!to!complete!what!is!now!formally!defined!as!a!port!

emissions! inventory,! for! the! 2005! calendar! year.! Since! this! time! a! Ports! Emissions! Inventory! Protocol!

(Ports!Protocol)!has!been!developed!for!Transport!Canada,!based!in!large!part!on!the!Vancouver!work.!

SNC2Lavalin!Inc.,!Environment!Division!(SLE)!was!commissioned!by!Port!Metro!Vancouver!to!complete!a!

port!emissions!inventory!for!2010,!consistent!with!the!Ports!Protocol!as!well!as!best!practices!for!port!

emissions!assessment!in!North!America.!

On!January!1,!2008,!after!nearly!one!hundred!and!fifty!years!of!existing!separately,!the!Fraser!River!Port!

Authority,! North! Fraser! Port! Authority! and! Vancouver! Port! Authority! amalgamated! as! the! Vancouver!

Fraser!Port!Authority,!doing!business!as!Port!Metro!Vancouver!(PMV).!The!2010!port!inventory,!referred!

to! as! the! Landside! Emissions! Inventory! (LEI),! is! representative! of! the! activities! and! emissions! of! over!

100!PMV!tenants! situated!along! the!north!and!south!shores!of! the!Burrard! Inlet,! the!north!and!south!

arms! of! the! Fraser! River! and! Roberts! Bank! in! Delta.! PMV! (the! Port)! is! situated! in!Metro! Vancouver,!

British!Columbia,!just!north!of!the!US!state!of!Washington,!as!shown!in!Figure!ES21.!The!locations!of!the!

PMV!tenants!included!in!the!2010!LEI!are!shown!in!Figure!ES22.!

The! 2005! LEI! includes! the! activities! and! emissions! from! the! Burrard! Inlet! and! Roberts! Bank! tenants,!

which! make! up! less! than! half! of! the! tenants! of! the! 2010! LEI! by! number! (although! several! of! these!

facilities! are! very! large).! The! previous! inventory! includes! Cargo! Handling! Equipment! (CHE),! Rail!

locomotives! and! Trucking! as! the! major! landside! source! groups,! consistent! with! inventory! efforts!

conducted!by!several!of!the!major!US!ports.!This!study,!the!2010!LEI,! includes!the!2005!source!groups!

and!additional!groups!as!identified!in!Table!ES21.!The!Onroad!Vehicles!group!encompasses!trucks!as!well!

as!other!licensed!vehicles!that!support!Port!activities!(buses,!taxis).!The!Admin!group!includes!buildings!

as!well!as!compound!lighting.!The!expanded!set!of!sources!facilitates!a!wider!evaluation!of!energy!use!

and!emissions!at!the!Port!for!2010.!

Table%ESC1:% 2005%and%2010%LEI%Source%Groups%

Source%Group% 2005%LEI% 2010%LEI%

Cargo!Handling!Equipment! Yes! Yes!

Onroad!Vehicles!Trucks! Yes! Yes!

All!Licensed!vehicles! No! Yes!

Rail!Tenant!owned!! Yes! Yes!

Provincial!and!National! Yes! Yes!

Administration!! No! Yes!

!

! !



! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES22!

!

!

The!2010!LEI! includes!estimates!of!Common!Air!Contaminants! (CACs),! including!nitrogen!oxides!(NOx),!

sulphur! oxides! (SOx),! carbon! monoxide! (CO),! volatile! organic! compounds! (VOCs),! total! suspended!

particulate!matter! (PM,! including! fractions!with!aerodynamic!diameter!10!microns!or! less! 2!PM10,! and!

diameter!2.5!microns!or!less!2!PM2.5),!and!ammonia!(NH3),!Greenhouse!Gases!(GHGs),!including!carbon!

dioxide!(CO2),!methane!(CH4)!and!nitrous!oxide!(N2O)!and!select!air!toxics.! In!addition!to!air!emissions!

estimates,!energy!consumption!(including!electricity)!was!captured.!

The!Ports!Protocol! requires!estimates!of!commercial!marine!vessel!emissions.!Marine!sources!at!PMV!

are! being! addressed! within! a! larger! marine! emissions! inventory! project! that! is! being! conducted! by!

Environment!Canada,!scheduled!for!completion!in!Spring!2012.!By!leveraging!the!marine!inventory,!PMV!

will!have!a!complete!activity!and!emissions!profile! for!all!of!the!significant!mobile!emission!sources!at!

the!Port.!

As! shown! in! Figure! ES22,! there! are! five! zones! of! relatively! high! Port2related! rail! and! trucking! activity.!

These!zones,!referred!to!as!intermodal!zones,!are!included!within!a!defined!Port!Boundary!that!is!used!

by!the!Port!to!define!its!emissions!footprint.!The!Ports!Protocol!includes!a!definition!of!a!Port!Boundary!

as!well!as!a!Terminal!/!Facility!Boundary!that!captures!activities!and!emissions!on!tenant!grounds!only.!

An!‘Airshed!Boundary’!is!also!used!for!the!2010!LEI!to!examine!the!impacts!of!Port!operations!within!the!

Lower!Fraser!Valley!(LFV)!of!British!Columbia!(as!outlined!in!Figure!ES21).!The!three!LEI!boundaries!and!

included!sources!are!described!as!follows:!

Terminal! /! Facility!Boundary:!All! CHE,!Onroad!Vehicle,! Rail! and!Admin!activities! that!occur!on!

tenant!grounds,!including!vehicle!queuing!that!may!occur!at!facility!gates;!

Port!Boundary:!All!CHE,!Onroad!Vehicle,!Rail!and!Admin!activities!within!the!Terminal!/!Facility!

Boundary!and!additional!Onroad!Vehicle!and!Rail!activities!in!the!associated!intermodal!zones;!

and!

Airshed!Boundary:!All!CHE,!Onroad!Vehicle,!Rail!and!Admin!activities!within!the!Port!Boundary!

and!additional!Onroad!Vehicle!and!Rail!activities!within!the!Canadian!portion!of!the!LFV.!

The!three!boundaries!are!hierarchical!such!that! the!Airshed!Boundary! includes!all!activities!within!the!

Port!Boundary,!which!includes!the!activities!within!the!Terminal!/!Facility!Boundary.!It!should!be!noted!

that!both!the!Port!Boundary!and!the!Airshed!Boundary!are!entirely!unique!for!the!Port!and!cannot!be!

used!to!compare!activities!and!emissions!to!those!at!other!Canadian!ports.!

!

! !



! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES23!

!

!

Figure%ESC1:% Port%Metro%Vancouver%in%Southern%British%Columbia%

%

% %



! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES24!

!

!

Figure%ESC2:% PMV%Tenants%and%the%LEI%Port%Boundary%

%! !



! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES25!

!

!

There!are!a!number!of!other!unique! scope! items! for! the!2010! LEI,! some!of!which!were!developed! in!

reflection!of! the!project! stakeholders! that! include! the!Port! tenants,!Metro!Vancouver! (MV),!Transport!

Canada!(TC)!and!Environment!Canada!(EC).!In!addition!to!energy!and!emission!estimates!within!the!three!

defined!boundaries,!the!following!items!are!included!in!the!2010!LEI!scope:!

Forecasts!for!the!years!2015,!2020!and!2025!accounting!for!the!expected!Port!growth!as!well!as!

regulatory!fuel!and!engine!emissions!standards!in!effect!in!future!years;!

Evaluation!of!the!effect!of!Port!and!tenant!Emission!Reduction!Initiatives!(ERIs);!and,!

Spatially!allocated!emission!estimates!for!the!Canadian!portion!of!the!LFV.!

PMV%Emission%Estimates%

Tables!ES22!and!ES23!provide!the!2010!LEI!CAC!and!GHG!estimates!to!the!Terminal!/!Facility!Boundary!

and!the!Port!Boundary,!respectively.!

Table%ESC2:%PMV%2010%LEI:%Estimates%By%Source%Group%within%Terminal%/%Facility%Boundary%(tonnes)*%

Source%Group%

Common%Air%Contaminants%(CACs)% Greenhouse%Gases%(GHGs)%

NOx% SOx% CO% VOCs% PM10% PM2.5% NH3% CO2% CH4% N2O%

Admin! 9.0! 0.1! 4.9! 0.5! 0.5! 0.5! 0.3! 6,587! 0.1! 0.2!

CHE! 643.4! 0.8! 773.8! 83.4! 40.9! 39.7! 1.1! 65,624! 8.0! 22.9!

Onroad! 43.3! 0.2! 104.6! 14.0! 1.0! 0.6! 1.9! 13,483! 0.7! 0.4!

Rail! 72.4! 0.2! 11.3! 3.9! 2.2! 2.1! 0.5! 4,478! 0.2! 1.6!

TOTAL% 768.1% 1.3% 894.5% 101.8% 44.7% 43.0% 3.7% 90,171% 9.0% 25.2%

*!‘Onroad’!represents!the!Onroad!Vehicles!group.!

!

Table%ESC3:%PMV%2010%LEI:%Estimates%By%Source%Group%within%Port%Boundary%(tonnes)%

Source%Group%

Common%Air%Contaminants%(CACs)% Greenhouse%Gases%(GHGs)%

NOx% SOx% CO% VOCs% PM10% PM2.5% NH3% CO2% CH4% N2O%

Admin! 9.0! 0.1! 4.9! 0.5! 0.5! 0.5! 0.3! 6,587! 0.1! 0.2!

CHE! 643.4! 0.8! 773.8! 83.4! 40.9! 39.7! 1.1! 65,624! 8.0! 22.9!

Onroad! 89.9! 0.3! 112.1! 15.7! 1.7! 1.2! 2.0! 18,711! 0.8! 0.4!

Rail! 202.7! 0.8! 22.8! 8.3! 6.4! 5.9! 1.2! 10,944! 0.6! 4.3!

TOTAL% 945.0% 2.0% 913.5% 107.9% 49.5% 47.3% 4.5% 101,865% 9.5% 27.9%

!



! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES26!

!

!

Port!emissions!are!dominated!by!CHE,!which!are!used!entirely!within!the!Terminal!/!Facility!Boundary.!

The!Rail!and!Onroad!Vehicle!groups!do!not!make!up!a! large!portion!of!the!total!Port!emissions!within!

this! boundary! but! become!more! significant! within! the! Port! Boundary! due! to! movements! within! the!

intermodal!zones.!Administration!(Admin)!emissions,!evaluated!for!the!first!time!in!the!2010!LEI,!were!

found!to!have!the!least!significance!for!all!air!contaminants!evaluated.!

Trends%in%Port%Emissions%and%Energy%Consumption%

PMV!forecasts!were!developed!by!accounting! for!expected!commodity!growth,! fleet! replacement!and!

future!engine!emission!and!fuel!standards.!Port!growth!as!a!percentage!of!the!total!estimated!tonnage!

handled!for!2010!is!shown!in!Figure!ES23.!By!2025,!the!total!Port!throughput!is!expected!to!be!163%!of!

the!2010!throughput.!

Figure%ESC3:%Port%Commodity%Forecasts%by%Total%Tonnage%Handled%

!

LEI!forecasts!within!the!Port!Boundary!are!presented!in!Table!ES24.!The!forecasts!are!further!examined!

by!source!group!for!a!subset!of!air!contaminants,!as!well!as! total!energy,!on!the! following!pages.!The!

estimated!effect!of!the!Port!and!tenant!emission!reduction!initiatives!(ERIs)!is!also!examined.!The!ERIs,!

identified! in!Table!ES25,!are!evaluated!against!the!Business!As!Usual! (BAU)!emissions!case!for!each!air!

contaminant!evaluated.!

% %

Co

mm

od

ity G

row

th R

ate

2010 2015 2020 2025

100%

120%

130%

140%

110%

150%

170%

180%

160%

Figure ES–3



! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES27!

!

!

Table%ESC4:%2010%LEI%Forecasts%to%the%Port%Boundary%(tonnes)%

Inventory%

Year%

Common%Air%Contaminants%(CACs)% Greenhouse%Gases%(GHGs)% Energy%

(TJ)%NOx% SOx% CO% VOCs% PM10% PM2.5% NH3% CO2% CH4% N2O%

2010! 945.0! 2.0! 913.5! 107.9! 49.5! 47.3! 4.5! 101,865! 9.5! 27.9! 2,050!

2015! 678.5! 1.2! 649.8! 70.9! 34.7! 32.9! 5.2! 113,330! 8.5! 31.5! 2,280!

2020! 616.6! 1.5! 356.1! 67.9! 29.2! 27.3! 6.8! 146,511! 10.3! 41.3! 2,820!

2025! 569.0! 1.8! 355.3! 71.0! 23.5! 21.6! 8.5! 182,872! 12.3! 52.0! 3,410!

!

Table%ESC5:%Identification%of%Port%and%Tenant%Emission%Reduction%Initiatives%(ERIs)%at%PMV%

%Reduction%Initiative% Effect%on%LEI%Estimates%

Inventory%

Years%Affected%

Completed%

Initiatives%

Genset!or!hybrid!switch!locomotives! Lower!fuel!use!and!all!emissions!! 2010!–!2025!

Diesel!particulate!filter! Lower!CAC!emissions! 2010!2!2025!

Use!of!variable2speed!cranes!for!container!handling! Lower!fuel!use!and!all!emissions! 2010!–!2025!

Use!of!hybrid!cranes!for!container!handling! Lower!fuel!use!and!all!emissions! 2010!–!2025!

PMV!Truck!Licensing!System!(TLS)! Lower!CAC!emissions! 2010!2!2025!

Planned%Initiatives%

Electrification!of!truck!reefer!units!on!facility!grounds! Lower!fuel!use!and!all!emissions! 2015!–!2025!

Use!of!hybrid!tractors! Lower!fuel!use!and!all!emissions! 2015!–!2025!

Use!of!genset!switch!locomotives! Lower!fuel!use!and!all!emissions! 2015!–!2025!

Use!of!electric!vehicles! Lower!fuel!use!and!all!emissions! 2015!–!2025!

Use!of!electric!forklifts! Lower!fuel!use!and!all!emissions! 2015!–!2025!

Replacement!of!large!diesel!generator!by!connecting!to!grid! Lower!fuel!use!and!all!emissions! 2015!–!2025!

%

" "



! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES28!

!

!

Nitrogen"Oxides" (NOx),"made!up!of!NO!and!NO2,!are! formed!through!combustion,!particularly!at!high!

temperatures.! NOx! is! considered! a! smog! forming! pollutant! due! to! its! role! in! the! production! of!

ground2level!ozone,!which!is!an!air!contaminant!of!particular!concern!in!the!LFV.!NOx!emissions!can!be!

limited!through!combustion!modifications,!selective!catalytic!reduction!and!other!emission!controls.!!

!!

In!2010,!87%!of!Port!emissions!were!caused!by!the!combustion!of!diesel,!with!11%!related!to!propane!

use.!While! the! total! Port! emissions! are! expected! to!drop! significantly! by! 2025,! the! contribution! from!

diesel!is!expected!to!rise!to!93%!by!2025.!NOx!emissions!are!dominated!by!CHE,!although!emissions!from!

CHE! are! expected! to! decrease! by! 2015! and! continue! decreasing! in! all! future! years.! Emissions! from!

Onroad!Vehicles!are!also!expected!to!significantly!decrease.!Rail!emissions!are!forecast!to!increase!due!

to!higher!locomotive!use!expected!from!the!provincial!and!national!rail!lines.!In!effect,!the!growth!in!Rail!

activity! is! expected! to! outpace! implementation! of! improved! locomotive! engine! and! emission!

technologies.!NOx!emissions!from!Rail!constitute!21%!of!the!2010!total,!rising!to!45%!by!2025.!

The! Port! ERIs! (in! particular! the! genset! locomotives! and! the! Port! TLS! program)! have! had! a! significant!

lowering!effect!on!total!NOx!emissions!and!this!effect!is!expected!to!continue!through!all!forecast!years.!

An! estimated! reduction! of! 65! tonnes! or! 6.5%!of! the! BAU!emissions!was! achieved! in! 2010! and! this! is!

projected!to!rise!to!105!tonnes!or!13.4%!of!the!BAU!case!by!2015.!

Figure ES–NO

Annual NOx Emissions by Source Group (tonnes)

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

2010 2015 2020 2025

Effect of Reduction Initiatives (ERIs) on NOx (tonnes)

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

2010 2015 2020 2025

NOx Contribution by Fuel Type

2010

11%

87%0.8%

1.0%

2025

6%

93%

Diesel Propane Gasoline Natural Gas

0.3%

0.7%

BAU ERIs % Change

–13.4%

9.0

1.9

1.9

1.8

–6.5%

–12.4% –12.6%

Admin CHE Onroad Rail



! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES29!

!

!

Sulphur" Oxides" (SOx)! are! formed! in! the! atmosphere! from! the! combustion! of! sulphur! bearing! fuels.!

Canadian!Sulphur!in!Fuel!Standards!have!dramatically!reduced!SOx!emissions!from!all!land!based!mobile!

equipment! in! the! country! such! that!mobile! sources! are! no! longer! considered! a!major! source! of! SOx!

emissions!in!many!urban!communities.!

!%

SOx!emissions!from!the!Port!have!decreased!from!an!estimate!of!27!tonnes!in!2005!(not!shown!here)!to!

approximately!2! tonnes! in!2010.!The!2005!estimate!did!not! include!the!Fraser!River! tenants,!meaning!

that! the! effective! decline! in! Port! emissions! from! 2005! is! likely! over! 95%.! SOx! emissions! are! largely!

attributed!to!diesel!use!in!2010!with!the!Rail!and!CHE!source!groups!dominating!the!Port!totals.!!

The!last!of!the!planned!fuel!regulations!to!affect!the!Port!sources!will!be!effective!by!2012!for!Rail.!By!

this! year,! all! diesel! consumed! at! the! Port! by! land2based! equipment! will! have! a! sulphur! content! of!

15!parts!per!million!(ppm)!or!less.!Rail!SOx!emissions!are!expected!to!drop!from!0.82!tonnes!in!2010!to!

0.12!tonnes!in!2015.!!

The!Port!ERIs!have!resulted!in!a!2010!reduction!in!SOx!emissions!of!approximately!0.01!tonnes!or!0.7%!

of!the!BAU!emissions.!This!reduction!is!expected!to!climb!to!0.03!tonnes!or!2.1%!of!BAU!emissions!by!

2015.!These! reductions!are!primarily!driven!by! the!genset! locomotives!but!are!also! influenced!by! the!

electric!forklifts!and!hybrid!cranes.!

Figure ES–SO

Annual SOx Emissions by Source Group (tonnes)

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2010 2015 2020 2025

Effect of Reduction Initiatives (ERIs) on SOx (tonnes)

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2010 2015 2020 2025

BAU ERIs

SOx Contribution by Fuel Type


2010

22%

72%

2025

34%

59%

2.3% 4.0%

–2.1%

–2.0%

–2.0%

% Change

–0.7%


3.4%3.4%



! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES210!

!

!

Volatile" Organic" Compounds" (VOCs)! are! made! up! of! an! extensive! list! of! organic! hydrocarbons!

considered!harmful!to!human!health!or!the!environment.!VOC!emissions!are!caused!by!biogenic!sources!

and! solvent! evaporation! as! well! as! the! incomplete! combustion! of! fossil! fuels.! VOCs! as! a! group! are!

considered!a!smog!forming!pollutant!due!to!their!role!in!the!production!of!ground2level!ozone.!Engine!

emissions!of!VOCs!can!be!limited!through!improved!combustion!conditions!as!well!as!emission!controls!

such!as!catalytic!converters.!

!!

VOC! emissions! have! been! steadily! declining! from! the! mobile! sector! since! the! 1980s! when! emission!

controls! for! light! duty! Onroad! Vehicles! gained! widespread! use.! VOC! emissions! from! the! Port! are!

expected! to! decrease! by! 2015! with! the! introduction! of! newer! CHE! with! lower! emission! rates.! VOC!

emissions! from! the! Port! are! forecast! to! begin! increasing! from! 2020! with! the! higher! throughputs!

expected.!

The! Port! ERIs! have! had! a! significant! lowering! effect! on! VOC! emissions! and! this! effect! is! expected! to!

continue!in!future!years.!Genset!locomotives!were!found!to!be!the!primary!contributor!to!a!decrease!of!

4.2!tonnes!(or!3.7%!of!BAU!emissions)!in!2010.!This!reduction!is!expected!to!grow!to!7.3!tonnes!or!9.3%!

of!BAU!emissions!by!2015.!

" "

Figure ES–VOC

Annual Emissions of VOCs by Source Group (tonnes)

0

25

50

75

100

125

2010 2015 2020 2025

Contribution of VOCs by Fuel Type


2010

7%32%

61%

2025

5%

24%

71%

Effect of Reduction Initiatives (ERIs) on VOCs (tonnes)

40

60

80

100

120

2010 2015 2020 2025

BAU ERIs

0.10% 0.01%

–9.3% –9.0%–8.5%

% Change

0.04 0.040.04

0.48

–3.7%




! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES211!

!

!

Carbon" Monoxide" (CO)! emissions! are! released! by! the! incomplete! combustion! of! fossil! fuels.! CO!

emissions! from!the!mobile! sector!have!greatly!declined!since! the!1980s!when!emission!controls!were!

widely! adopted! to! light! duty! vehicles.! CO! is! considered! a! significant! hazard! to! human! health! at! high!

enough!concentrations.!Engine!emissions!of!CO!can!be!limited!through!improved!combustion!conditions!

and!emission!controls!such!as!catalytic!converters.!

!

CO!emission!rates!are!relatively!low!from!diesel!engines!and!the!majority!of!the!2010!estimates!relate!to!

propane!use,!even!though!total!propane!consumption!is!much!less!than!diesel.!Emissions!due!to!diesel!

and!gasoline!use!were!also!significant!in!2010.!CO!emissions!from!the!Port!have!significantly!decreased!

since!2005!and!are!projected!to!further!decrease!to!less!than!half!of!the!2010!total!by!2020.!!

Approximately!12! tonnes!or!1.3%!of!BAU!emissions!of!CO!were!avoided! in!2010!due! to! the!Port!ERIs!

(notably!the!genset!locomotives!and!Port!TLS!program).!This!total!is!expected!to!grow!to!31!tonnes!(or!

4.6%!of!BAU!emissions)!by!2015!with!the!additional!Port!ERIs!that!are!planned.!

" "

Figure ES–CO

Annual CO Emissions by Source Group (tonnes)

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

2010 2015 2020 2025

Effect of Reduction Initiatives (ERIs) on CO (tonnes)

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

2010 2015 2020 2025

BAU ERIs

CO Contribution by Fuel Type


2010

12%

54%30%

2025

17%

43%

38%

1.6%3.8%

% Change

4.9

3.1

3.13.1

–1.3%

–4.6%

–6.5% –6.1%




! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES212!

!

!

Fine" particulate" matter" (PM2.5)! emissions! are! caused! by! many! sources,! including! wind! erosion,!

construction! activities! and! the! combustion! of! fuel.! Although! PM10! is! also! included! in! the! LEI,! greater!

attention! is! typically! applied! to! fine! particulate! due! to! its! potential! respiratory! effects! in! the! human!

population!and!visibility.!Engine!emissions!of!PM2.5! can!be! limited! through!use!of!particulate! filters!as!

well!as!improved!combustion!conditions.!

!

The!great!majority!of!PM2.5!emissions!by!the!Port!sources!relates!to!diesel!combustion.!CHE!is!the!largest!

contributor!to!PM2.5!emissions,!followed!by!Rail,!Onroad!Vehicles!and!Admin.!CHE!use!has!led!to!84%!of!

the!fine!particulate!emissions!by!the!Port!in!2010.!

PM2.5!emissions!are!expected!to!decrease!in!the!future.!Contrary!to!the!other!source!groups,!emissions!

from!Rail!are!expected!to!increase!from!2010,!from!a!contribution!of!5.9!tonnes!(12%!of!the!Port!total)!

to!7.4!tonnes!(34%!of!the!Port!total)!by!2025.!In!effect,!the!expected!growth!in!Rail!activity!is!expected!

to!outpace!the!implementation!of!improved!locomotive!engine/emission!technologies.!

The!Port!ERIs! led! to!a!decrease!of!2.2! tonnes!of! fine!particulate!emissions! in!2010,!which! constitutes!

4.4%! of! the! BAU! case.! This! reduction!was! primarily! due! to! the! genset! locomotives! and! the! Port! TLS!

program.!The!effect!of!the!ERIs!is!expected!to!grow!to!2.6!tonnes,!or!7.2%!of!the!BAU!case!by!2015.!

Figure ES–PM2.5

Annual PM2.5 Emissions by Source Group (tonnes)

0

10

20

30

40

50

2010 2015 2020 2025

Effect of Reduction Initiatives (ERIs) on PM2.5 (tonnes)

10

20

30

40

50

2010 2015 2020 2025

BAU ERIs

PM2.5 Contribution by Fuel Type


2010

98%

1.7%2025

93%

0.2%

0.6%

5.2%

0.6%

1.3%

–7.2%

% Change

0.52

0.28

0.28

0.28

–4.4%

–7.3%

–9.1%




! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES213!

!

!

GHG" emissions,! as! represented! by! equivalent! carbon! dioxide! (CO2e)," are! primarily! caused! by! the!

combustion!of!carbon!bearing!fuels.!Engine!emissions!of!GHGs!can!be!limited!through!improved!engine!

efficiencies,! improved! terminal! layout,! operational! efficiencies,! as! well! as! operator! driving! habits!

(Onroad!Vehicles).!

!

The! majority! of! GHG! emissions! from! the! Port! relate! to! diesel! combustion,! making! CHE! the! largest!

contributor! of! the! four! source! groups,! followed! by! Onroad! Vehicles,! Rail! and! Admin.! A! total! of! 111!

kilotonnes!were! released! in! 2010! and! this! amount! is! forecast! to! increase! to! 199! kilotonnes! by! 2025.!

Increased!emissions!are!expected!from!each!of!the!sources!groups,!with!the!exception!of!Admin.!

The!Port!and!tenant!ERIs!achieved!a!reduction!of!approximately!1,200!tonnes!of!GHGs,!or!1.1%!of!the!

BAU!emissions,!in!2010.!The!reduced!emissions!were!primarily!due!to!the!genset!locomotives!and!hybrid!

cranes.! The! effect! of! the! ERIs! is! expected! to!more! than! double! by! 2015! when! the! planned! ERIs! are!

realized!by!2015.!!

" "

Figure ES–GHG

Annual CO2e Emissions by Source Group (tonnes)

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

2010 2015 2020 2025

Effect of Reduction Initiatives (ERIs) on CO2e (tonnes)

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

2010 2015 2020 2025

BAU ERIs

CO2e Contribution by Fuel Type

Diesel Propane Gasoline

Natural Gas Electricity

2010

13%

77%

2025

12%

80%

2.6%

4.0%

4.1%

2.4%

2.2%

3.2%

–2.1%

% Change

–2.2%

–2.3%–1.1%




! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES214!

!

!

Total"Energy"Use"at!the!Port!relates!to!all!activities!and!fuels.!Terminal!operators!use!different!energy!

sources!for!the!various!activities!based!on!equipment!requirements!and!cost.!In!some!cases,!one!energy!

source!may!be!selected!over!another!for!improved!emissions!performance.!!

!

CHE!is!the!largest!energy!consumer!of!the!major!source!groups!(63%!of!total!consumption),!followed!by!

Admin,!Onroad!Vehicles!and!Rail.!Diesel!is!the!most!prevalent!energy!source!used!at!the!Port,!followed!

by!electricity,!propane,!natural!gas!and!gasoline.!As!the!Port!grows,!energy!consumption!from!diesel!use!

is!expected!to!grow!in!relative!proportion!to!the!other!fuels!used.!!

British! Columbia! benefits! from! the! availability! of! low! carbon! electricity,! due! to! its! vast! hydroelectric!

resources.!Although!electricity!currently!contributes!just!4%!to!the!total!Port!GHG!emissions!(shown!on!

the!previous!page),! it!represents!32%!of!the!total!Port!energy!consumption.!CHE!electricity!use!by!the!

Port!displaces! the! combustion!of!diesel!which!would!otherwise!be! required.!The!Port!may!be!able! to!

further!lower!its!carbon!footprint!in!the!future!with!increased!electrification.!!

The!Port!and!tenant!ERIs!achieved!an!estimated!reduction!in!consumption!of!approximately!22,000!GJ!in!

2010,!or!1.1%!of!the!BAU!case.!This!reduction!was!primarily!due!to!the!genset!locomotive!and!hybrid!crane!

initiatives.!The!estimated!benefit!of!the!ERIs!is!expected!to!increase!to!46,000!GJ!by!2025,!which!is!1.3%!of!

the!BAU!case.% %

Figure ES–Energ

Annual Energy Use by Source Group (GJ)

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

2010 2015 2020 2025

Effect of Reduction Initiatives (ERIs) on Energy (GJ)

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

2010 2015 2020 2025

BAU ERIs

Energy Use by Fuel Type

Diesel Propane Gasoline

Natural Gas Electricity

2010

32%

9.7%

52.1%

2025

27%

9.5%

59%

2.0%

4.3%

2.0%

2.5%

–1.3%

% Change

–1.1%–1.4%

–1.3%




! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES215!

!

!

Port%–%Related%Activities%in%the%Lower%Fraser%Valley%

Regional!activities,!energy!consumption!and!emissions!that!can!be!attributed!to!PMV!operations!beyond!

the! facility! gates! were! evaluated! during! the! 2010! LEI! through! transportation! modelling! of! Rail! and!

Onroad!Vehicles!within! an! ‘Airshed!Boundary’! consisting!of! the!Canadian!portion!of! the! Lower! Fraser!

Valley! (LFV).! Figure! ES24! provides! an! illustration! of! the! energies! associated!with! Port! operations! and!

where!these!energies!are!expended.!

Figure%ESC4:%Port%Energy%Consumption%within%the%LFV%%

!! !

Airshed Boundary

Port Boundary

Terminal/Facility Boundary

Die

se

l

Pro

pa

ne

Ga

so

line

Na

tura

l G

as

Ele

ctr

icity

En

erg

y C

on

su

mp

tio

n (

TJ)

2010 2025

Figure ES–4

0

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

4,000D

iese

l

Pro

pa

ne

Ga

so

line

Na

tura

l G

as

Ele

ctr

icity

4,339

656

198 88 48

7,245

910

32585 78



! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES216!

!

!

The! majority! of! energy! consumption! for! the! Port! relates! to! diesel! use! and! over! half! of! the! diesel!

consumed!is!done!so!outside!of!the!Port!Boundary.!Energy!consumption!from!diesel!use!is!expected!to!

rise! from! approximately! 4,300! TJ! (1! terajoule! =! 1012! joules)! in! 2010! to! almost! 7,300! TJ! by! 2025.!

Port!electricity!consumption,!evaluated!for!the!first!time!during!the!2010!LEI,!totals!approximately!180!

GWh!or!660!TJ!for!2010.!This!amount,!equivalent!to!the!annual!electricity!consumption!of!approximately!

17,000! homes! in! BC,! is! not! large! in! comparison! to! some! of! the! significant! industrial! facilities! in! the!

province.! Table! ES26! shows! how! the! Port! electricity! consumption! relates! to! the! major! commodities!

handled!as!well!as!the!two!source!groups!that!use!electricity!(Admin!and!CHE).!

Table%ESC6:%Port%Electricity%Consumption%by%Source%and%Commodity%Group%

Commodity%Group%Consumption%by%Source%(TJ)%

Admin% CHE% Total%

Autos! 11! 0! 11!

Breakbulk! 61! 25! 85!

Bulk! 77! 276! 352!

Containers! 80! 78! 157!

Marine!Service! 20! 19! 39!

Passenger! 11! 0! 11!

Total% 259% 398% 656%

!

Although!CHE!dominates!the!Port!emissions!profile!within!the!Port!Boundary!(as!shown!in!Table!ES23),!

this!pattern! changes!dramatically! at! the! larger! geographic! scale.!Regional! emissions!of!NOx! and!PM2.5!

shown!in!Figure!ES25!are!clearly!dominated!by!Rail.!Rail!emissions!are!forecast!to!increase!in!future!years!

to!as!much!as!90%!of!the!LEI!totals!(NOx)!within!the!Airshed!Boundary.!However,!regional!emissions!of!

NOx! and! PM2.5! from! all! sources! are! expected! to! decrease! in! the! future,! due! to! significant! reductions!

expected! from! the! CHE! and! Onroad! Vehicle! source! groups.! Regional! GHG! emissions! are! expected! to!

increase!for!all!of!the!source!groups!except!Admin.!

Figures!ES26,!ES27,!ES28!and!ES29!show!the!spatial!patterns!of!emissions!and!energy!consumption!from!

the!Port!related!sources!within!the!LFV!for!NOx,!PM2.5,!CO2e!and!GJ!(energy).!These!figures!were!created!

by!evaluating!the!Port!activity!levels!within!a!network!of!1!km!by!1!km!grid!cells.!

% %



! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES217!

!

!

Figure%ESC5:%PortCrelated%Emissions%in%the%LFV%by%Source%Group%%

%

2010 2015 2020 20250

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

1,000

NOx Emissions (tonnes)

2010 2015 2020 2025

PM2.5 Emissions (tonnes)

0

50

75

100

125

25

150

2010 2015 2020 2025

CO2e Emissions (tonnes)

0

400,000

600,000

800,000

200,000

Figure ES–5

Admin CHE

Onroad Rail

!

! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES218!

!

!

Figure'ES*6:'Port'Related'NOx'Emissions'in'the'LFV'

' '

Port'Metro'Vancouver'

2010'Landside'Emissions'Inventory'

!

! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES219!

!

!

Figure'ES*7:'Port'Related'PM2.5'Emissions'in'the'LFV'

' '



!

! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES220!

!

!

Figure'ES*8:'Port'Related'CO2e'Emissions'in'the'LFV'

'

' '



!

! ! !

504910!/!March!26,!2012! ES221!

!

!

Figure'ES*9:'Port'Related'Energy'Consumption'(GJ)'in'the'LFV'

'

Port Metro Vancouver

2010 Landside Emissions Inventory

504910 / March 26, 2012 ES-22

Conclusion

The 2010 LEI constitutes a revised baseline encompassing all of the Port tenants within the LFV engaged

in marine trade. Significant reductions in CAC emissions have been realized at PMV since the Port began

assessing its emissions in 2006 (for the 2005 baseline year). The Port’s Air Action Program includes

strategies for CHE and Trucks and the annual CAC emissions from these sources are expected to

decrease in future years, even with the Port growth expected. The effect of the Port and tenant

emission reduction initiatives were evaluated, including the purchase of new, non conventional terminal

equipment such as hybrid cranes and genset switch locomotives. These and additional planned

initiatives will continue to be effective in future years, reducing the Port’s emissions footprint by as

much as 13% (NOx) over the business as usual case.

The Port’s TLS program, which added environmental requirements in 2008 following the 2005 LEI, was

estimated to have reduced NOx emissions by 19 tonnes and PM2.5 emissions by 0.5 tonnes within the

Port Boundary during 2010. The impact of this program throughout the LFV was estimated to be

218 and 5 tonnes for NOx and PM2.5 respectively. Considering emissions within the LEI Airshed Boundary,

the TLS program had the greatest impact of the 11 Port and tenant initiatives assessed as part of the

project.

The 2010 LEI provides a greater understanding of the Port’s emissions within the larger community. NOx,

and PM2.5 are considered regional pollutants and contribute to the formation of secondary

contaminants such as ground-level ozone as well as reduced visibility. The LEI estimates to the Airshed

Boundary show that Rail emissions of NOx and PM2.5 dominate the Port’s regional emissions profile and

imply that effective emission reduction planning in conjunction with the National Rail operators will be

needed to continue reducing emissions in the region. Developing and implementing a rail emission

reduction strategy that can be as effective as the TLS program will be a significant challenge.

Port-related CAC emissions are decreasing and this trend will continue through future years. For Sulphur

Oxides (SOx), total Port emissions have already declined to a small fraction of amounts released in

previous years, largely due to the implementation of Canadian Sulphur in Fuel Standards since 2005.

However, Port-related GHG emissions are forecast to increase within each of the LEI boundaries. GHGs

will continue to receive attention as potentially the most relevant environmental issue in Canada during

the next decade and beyond. Limiting emissions of GHGs as the Port grows is an additional challenge for

the Port that will require collaboration with the Port’s partners as well as governmental agencies.

By encompassing activity, energy consumption and emission estimates to the Airshed Boundary, the

2010 LEI provides valuable insight with which the Port can focus its environmental planning efforts at a

scale and level of detail where maximum benefits may be achieved.

2010 lei executive summary final - vancouver fraser port · pdf...

Documents