20091006-ss-pp29-45-applying integrated ecological planning and alit

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Indonesias

EnvironmentalChallenges

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Indonesias Environmental Challenges

Comprising total area of 5.2 million sq km (1.9 million sq km of land and 3.3sq km of ocean), Indonesia actually possesses abundance natural resource in

form of oil, natural gas, coal, precious metal, etc. Unfortunately, population of230 million persons and poverty have burdened its environment and createdunsustainable development of the country.

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Unbalanced Indonesias Population Density

Further, unbalancedpopulationdistribution alsocreatesovershooting of the

environment.

This worsens theenvironmentalcondition of Java

and Sumatra, suchas: uncontrolledurbanisation, severeresources depletion(especially waterdeficiency duringdrought) andexcessive pollution.

Population Density ofIndonesia, 2000

(Source:http://sedac.ciesin.org/wdc/map_

gallery.jsp)

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Indonesias Severe Rural Poverty

Although Indonesia's estimatedGross Domestic Product (GDP)for 2007 reached US$408billion (or US$1,038 billionPPP); while estimated income

per capita was US$1,812 (orUS$4,616 income per capitaGDP PPP) (InternationalMonetary Fund., 2007 WorldEconomic Outlook); butpoverty is still a majorproblems of the country.

It was estimated approximately49.0% of the population live

on less than US$2 per day andunemployment rate reached9.75% (World Bank PressRelease, 2006 - Making theNew Indonesia Work for the

Poor).

Indonesias GDP Growth and Investment2003 2007,

(year-on-year growth rate, percent)(Source: BPS (Statistics Bureau)

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Indonesias Severe Rural Poverty (2)

And most of the poor populationworked in the agriculture andfishery sectors which comprised44.5 % workforce but onlycontributed for 14% of GDP.

On the other hand, the serviceand industrial sector contributedthe 45.3% and 40.7% of the GDPwith 36.9% and 18.85%

workforce from total 95 million-strong workforce.

(Economic and Social Commission for Asia & thePacific, 2004; World Bank, 2006 - "Indonesia at aGlance")

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Indonesias Deforestation

Because of severe poverty inthe rural area, weakenvironmental protection,corruption; extensivedeforestation has happened

since 1950s.

In 1998, it was reported thatforty percent of the forests,which was reported in 1950,had been cleared (from 162

million ha forest, only 98million ha forest left).

Other reports showed that1,708,750 to 1,871,500 haof forests could be

deforested annually.

(WRI et all. (2002) - State of the ForestIndonesia; WRI et all. (2000) - Trial byFire; FAO Global Forest ResourcesAssessment 2005)

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,,Process of Forest Degradation and Deforestation inIndonesia

(Sources: WRI et all., 2002 - State of the Forest Indonesia)

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,,Natural Forest Cover Change in Indonesia, between 1985 1997


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Extent and Distribution of Logging Concessions


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Limited Reported Cases of Illegal Logging, 1997-1998


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,,Forest Cover and 1997-1998 Forest Fires in WesternIndonesia

(Sources: WRI et all., 2000 - Trial by Fire, Forest)

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,,Extent of Deforestation in Borneo 1950-2005 and Projectiontowards 2020

(Sources: http://duenos.net)

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,,Forest Area and Deforestation, 1985 1997(Government of Indonesia and World Bank Estimates)


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,,Forest Area and Deforestation, 1985 1997(Global Forest Watch Estimates)


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,,Example of Land Clearing and Fire on a Site in CentralKalimantan May 1995 July 1997

Landsat Image of

Dadahup Area inCentral Kalimantan 10May 1996, Green Areasare Peat Swamp Forest

(Sources: WRI et all., 2000

- Trial by Fire, Forest)

Dadahup Area on 29May 1997, Clearcuttingof the peat swampforest and constructionare shown in red

Dadahup Area in flames29 July 1997

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Indonesias Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss

While 147 species ofmammals (includingorangutan, tiger,rhinoceros, andelephant), 114 birds,

28 reptiles, 91 fishesand 28 invertebrateshad become extinctin the process.

(WRI et all. (2002) - State of theForest Indonesia;WRI et all. (2000) - Trial by Fire;FAO Global Forest ResourcesAssessment 2005)

Biotic Richness: Percent ofWorlds Species

Found in Indonesia

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Deforestation and Loss of Biodiversity

The extensive deforestation alsoreduced of biodiversity richness inIndonesia. There are 3 main centresof species richness in Indonesia,which are Irian Jaya (with highspecies richness and endemism),Kalimantan (with high species

richness but moderate endemism),and Sulawesi (with moderate speciesrichness and high endemism).

So Indonesias biodiversity wasaffected due to the unsustainableland development

(WRI et all., 2002 - State of the Forest Indonesia;WRI et all., 2000 - Trial by Fire).

Wallace Line Showing Indonesian Endemic Biodiversity(Sources: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/history/images/wallacefig1_big.jpg)

Kalimantan Forest Sulawesi Forest Papua Forest

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20091006-ss-pp29-45-applying integrated ecological planning and alit

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