©2009, tescccworld history unit 5, lesson 4 1 the reformation a movement to reform the church

©2009, TESCCC World History Unit 5, Lesson 4

1

The ReformationThe Reformation

A Movement to A Movement to Reform the ChurchReform the Church


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The Protestant The Protestant ReformationReformation


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Protestant Reformation Protestant Reformation 1517-16501517-1650

• To protest To protest = To object = To object • To reform = To change for the better To reform = To change for the better • The Protestant Reformation: The Protestant Reformation:

– Protested practices of the Catholic Church.

– It began as an attempt to reform the Catholic Church.


4

Underlying causes of the Underlying causes of the ReformationReformation

• Humanism: The movement for the Humanism: The movement for the individual to take control of their lives. individual to take control of their lives.

• The Renaissance, led people to question The Renaissance, led people to question the authority of the church and place the authority of the church and place greater faith in human reason. greater faith in human reason.

• The rise of nation-states led monarchs to The rise of nation-states led monarchs to resent the power of the pope (by resent the power of the pope (by appointing bishops who controlled vast appointing bishops who controlled vast amounts of land) in their countries. amounts of land) in their countries.


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Underlying Causes of the Underlying Causes of the ReformationReformation

• Economic restrictions such as the ban Economic restrictions such as the ban on usury, or the lending of money at on usury, or the lending of money at interest, created opposition among interest, created opposition among members of the new middle class. members of the new middle class.

• People resented the mandatory People resented the mandatory tithetithe (10% tax). (10% tax).

• Corruption within the Catholic Church Corruption within the Catholic Church caused a crisis of faith among believerscaused a crisis of faith among believers..


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Pre- Luther ReformersPre- Luther Reformers

• John HusJohn Hus of Czechoslovakia and of Czechoslovakia and Savonarola Savonarola of Florence, Italy of Florence, Italy called for reform of the Catholic called for reform of the Catholic Church in the 1400’s. Church in the 1400’s.

• They called for an end of They called for an end of corruption, higher moral corruption, higher moral standards, and simplification of standards, and simplification of church practices. church practices.

• Both were executed!Both were executed!


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The SparksThe Sparks

• Oddly enough, the Oddly enough, the start of the start of the Reformation belongs to Reformation belongs to Renaissance art. Renaissance art.

• Michelangelo designed the new Michelangelo designed the new St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican. St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican.

• Because of the expense of the Because of the expense of the project the Roman Catholic project the Roman Catholic Church began to increase the sell Church began to increase the sell of “Indulgences” to raise funds of “Indulgences” to raise funds across Europe.across Europe.


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Martin LutherMartin Luther• German bornGerman born• Quiet youth, yet talented student who was Quiet youth, yet talented student who was

intimidated by the strict orders of the intimidated by the strict orders of the Church.Church.

• Attends University of ErfurtAttends University of Erfurt– Sent to study law.

• July 2, 1505- Luther is nearly struck by July 2, 1505- Luther is nearly struck by lightning.lightning.– Survives and swears to St. Anne, “I will become a monk!”

• Luther becomes a monk and studied Luther becomes a monk and studied theology at the University of Wittenberg,theology at the University of Wittenberg, earning a Ph.D in Bible Studies. earning a Ph.D in Bible Studies.


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Martin LutherMartin Luther

• In 1517, the papal In 1517, the papal indulgences seller indulgences seller came to Wittenberg, came to Wittenberg, GermanyGermany

• On October 31, 1517, On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther posted a Martin Luther posted a list of complaints list of complaints against the Catholic against the Catholic Church called The Church called The Ninety-Five Thesis, or Ninety-Five Thesis, or questions for debate.questions for debate.


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Aftermath (1) Aftermath (1)

• Taken as an attack on the church, Taken as an attack on the church, Luther is called to recant his beliefs Luther is called to recant his beliefs by the Pope, and later, the Holy by the Pope, and later, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Roman Emperor Charles V.

• ““Here I Stand” was Luther’s reply, Here I Stand” was Luther’s reply, meaning to stay true to his meaning to stay true to his conscience. conscience.

• The Diet of Worms acknowledges The Diet of Worms acknowledges Luther as a heretic and calls for his Luther as a heretic and calls for his execution. execution.


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Aftermath (2) Aftermath (2)

• Luther’s ideas received support Luther’s ideas received support from the Christian Humanist and from the Christian Humanist and the German Princes, who see the German Princes, who see this as a means of getting more this as a means of getting more power. power.

• Luther, under the protection of a Luther, under the protection of a German prince, further develops German prince, further develops his new theology. his new theology.


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Luther’s New TheologyLuther’s New Theology

CatholicCatholic

1)1) Salvation through Salvation through Faith and WorksFaith and Works

2)2) Theology is based on Theology is based on the Bible and other the Bible and other canonized writingscanonized writings

3)3) One reaches God One reaches God through the Priests through the Priests of the Church, who of the Church, who play a very play a very important in the important in the church. church.

ProtestantProtestant

1)1) Salvation through Salvation through Faith aloneFaith alone

2)2) Theology is based Theology is based on the Sole on the Sole Authority of the Authority of the BibleBible

3)3) One reaches God One reaches God by serving as their by serving as their own priest, placing own priest, placing the importance on the importance on the individual. the individual.


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Salvation through Faith Salvation through Faith AloneAlone

• The Catholics thought works, such as The Catholics thought works, such as the buying of indulgences, lessens your the buying of indulgences, lessens your time in Purgatorytime in Purgatory (an unpleasant (an unpleasant ‘waiting area’ before you are admitted ‘waiting area’ before you are admitted into Heaven, based on your life on into Heaven, based on your life on earth.)earth.)

• The Protestant believes that only by The Protestant believes that only by God’s grace are you saved; therefore, God’s grace are you saved; therefore, you cannot earn your way into heaven.you cannot earn your way into heaven.– Eph. 2: 8-9


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Bible is the Sole AuthorityBible is the Sole Authority

• Catholics study and believe the Bible and Catholics study and believe the Bible and the works of men, such as Saint Thomas the works of men, such as Saint Thomas Aquinas, and hold them equally important. Aquinas, and hold them equally important.

• The Protestants believe (for the most The Protestants believe (for the most part) that if is not in the Bible, it is not part) that if is not in the Bible, it is not true theology. true theology. – Protestants practice only 2 of the Catholic’s 7

sacraments– No Purgatory, since it is not Biblical– The invention of the printing press allows the Bible to

be read by the common people.


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Priesthood of the BelieverPriesthood of the Believer

• The Catholic Priest exercises The Catholic Priest exercises great authority over the great authority over the individuals of the congregation, individuals of the congregation, by forgiving their sins by forgiving their sins (Confession) and administering (Confession) and administering the sacraments of the church. the sacraments of the church.

• Protestants believe that each Protestants believe that each individual is responsible for their individual is responsible for their own spiritual well-being or own spiritual well-being or relationship with God. relationship with God.


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CalvinismCalvinism


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CalvinismCalvinismBased on the Based on the

teachings of John teachings of John Calvin. Calvin.

Predestination- only Predestination- only those chosen by those chosen by God would get God would get salvation. salvation.

1. Moral lives 1. Moral lives 2. Hard Work 2. Hard Work 3. Simple lives3. Simple lives


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John CalvinJohn Calvin

• Lawyer from Geneva, SwitzerlandLawyer from Geneva, Switzerland..• Dedicated to humanist reform of Dedicated to humanist reform of

the Church.the Church.• Leads a protestant revolt in 1520.Leads a protestant revolt in 1520.

– Geneva does not follow.– 1535 Protestant Canton of Bern- Spread of

Protestantism throughout Switzerland and Geneva.


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Beliefs of CalvinismBeliefs of Calvinism• PredestinationPredestination

– Since God knew the future, humans had no real choice in salvation; God has already preordained who is to obtain salvation.

• Moral Behavior / Protestant Work EthicMoral Behavior / Protestant Work Ethic– Calvinists were noted for their hard work with a

good attitude. – Calvinist should not gamble, dance, swear, dress

elegantly, etc. (Think Pilgrims)

• The Church should govern the State. The Church should govern the State. – With a strong church there no need for separate

civil government.


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AnglicanismAnglicanism


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Politics and ChurchPolitics and Church

• Henry VIII of England at first Henry VIII of England at first supports the Catholic cause supports the Catholic cause against Luther against Luther by writing the by writing the Defense of the Seven Defense of the Seven Sacraments.Sacraments.

• Because of his support, the Pope Because of his support, the Pope gave the King of England the gave the King of England the additional title “Defender of the additional title “Defender of the Faith.”Faith.”


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Political Expediency Political Expediency

• When his older, first wife failed When his older, first wife failed to produce a male heir, Henry to produce a male heir, Henry sought a divorce.sought a divorce.

• Since his wife Catherine of Since his wife Catherine of Aragon was the niece of the King Aragon was the niece of the King of Spain, the Pope refused. of Spain, the Pope refused.


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The Church of EnglandThe Church of England

• In a unique move, Henry breaks In a unique move, Henry breaks away from the Catholic church away from the Catholic church and created the Church of and created the Church of England or Anglicanism, with England or Anglicanism, with himself as the Head of the Churchhimself as the Head of the Church– He keeps the title “Defender of the Faith”

• He grants himself a divorce and He grants himself a divorce and continues his search for a queen continues his search for a queen to give him a male heir.to give him a male heir.


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Anglicanism Anglicanism

• The Church of England keeps many The Church of England keeps many of the practices and theology of the of the practices and theology of the Catholic Church.Catholic Church.

• The next 100 years will be a struggle The next 100 years will be a struggle between the high church Anglicans between the high church Anglicans and the Calvinistic Puritans. and the Calvinistic Puritans.

• The American branch of the Church The American branch of the Church of England is the Episcopalian of England is the Episcopalian church. church.


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The Counter-The Counter-ReformationReformation

A series of reforms A series of reforms instituted by the Catholic instituted by the Catholic Church in response to the Church in response to the Protestant Reformation.Protestant Reformation.


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Society of JesusSociety of Jesus

• Jesuits founded by Ignatius of Jesuits founded by Ignatius of Loyola.Loyola.– Inspired while recovering from being wounded

in France.– Reads classic Christianity- impressed by the

absolute sacrifice of the saints and martyrs.

• Call for a return to the strictest and Call for a return to the strictest and most uncompromising obedience to most uncompromising obedience to the authority of the Church and its the authority of the Church and its hierarchy.hierarchy.


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The JesuitsThe Jesuits• By 1630, 15,000 all over the By 1630, 15,000 all over the

world.world.• Their mission:Their mission:

– The elimination of heretics who refused to obey the Church, including Protestants and non-Christians.


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InquisitionInquisition

• The Catholic Church’s system to The Catholic Church’s system to weed out heretics of the faith. weed out heretics of the faith.

• Used torture as a means of Used torture as a means of determining guilt or innocence.determining guilt or innocence.– Those found guilty were usually burned

at the stake, to purify their body in hope to go to heaven.

– Witchcraft trials (although Protestants also did this.)


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ExplorationExploration

• Many Catholic countries such as Many Catholic countries such as Spain and Portugal sought to Spain and Portugal sought to expand Roman Catholicism in to expand Roman Catholicism in to the New World and the Far East. the New World and the Far East. – God, Gold, and Glory!

• Roman Catholicism becomes the Roman Catholicism becomes the religion of South America and religion of South America and the Philippines, where Spain was the Philippines, where Spain was in control. in control.


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Council of TrentCouncil of Trent• 1545- called by Pope Paul III in an 1545- called by Pope Paul III in an

attempt to reform the Catholic attempt to reform the Catholic Church.Church.

• Sale of indulgencesSale of indulgences– Maintained the practice but reformed the

abuses.

• BishopsBishops– Must reside in the region they preside over.– May not sell Church offices.

• Building of SeminariesBuilding of Seminaries– One Seminary (college to study a religions’

theology) should be built in every diocese so that church doctrine could be fully and accurately represented.

©2009, tescccworld history unit 5, lesson 4 1 the reformation a movement to reform the church

Documents

church slide

tescccworld history

roman catholic church

protestant reformation

reformation humanism

betterto reform

crisis of faith

end of corruption