2008 road sector outlook european differences

Prof. Jan Burnewicz, University of GdańskProf. Jan Burnewicz, University of GdańskEurotoll Meeting , Barcelona 20-21 November 2008Eurotoll Meeting , Barcelona 20-21 November 2008

Road Sector Outlook 2008: European differencesRoad Sector Outlook 2008: European differences

Main Characteristics of the European Road Transport:Main Characteristics of the European Road Transport:• strong demand for road transport of goods

• good fleet of commercial vehicles• inadequate road infrastructure

• strong competition in markets and the overcapacity of trucks• disparities of the labor costs of drivers

• faster growth of international traffics that domestic• generalization of the payment of access to road network

• development of road tolling and the systems of Electronic Toll Collection • ....

Jan Burnewicz, 2008Jan Burnewicz, 2008

Contrast between eastern and western european road infrastructureContrast between eastern and western european road infrastructure

[2005][2005]

Total roadsArea (thousand

km2)

Road network (thousand km)

% of european area

% of european road network

CEEC non EU(*) 18 185 1 117 716 78.9% 17.6%EU-12 1 088 945 534 4.7% 14.9%EU-15 3 234 4 116 764 14.0% 64.8%

EFTA (**)530 177 841 2.3% 2.8%

Total 23 036 6 357 855 100.0% 100.0%(*)

CEEC non EU: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Moldova, FYR Macedonia, Bosnia & Hercegovina, Albania

(**) EFTA: Norway, Iceland, Switzerland and Liechtenstein

Jan Burnewicz, 2008Jan Burnewicz, 2008Sources: DG TREN, UNECE, ITF (ECMT), national statistics & reports

Contrast between eastern and western european road infrastructureContrast between eastern and western european road infrastructure

[2005][2005]

MotorwaysArea (thousand

km2)

Motorways (thousand km)

% of european area

% of european motorways

CEEC non EU 18 185 4 459 78.9% 6.6%EU-12 1 088 4 000 4.7% 5.9%EU-15 3 234 57 565 14.0% 85.1%EFTA 530 1 631 2.3% 2.4%Total 23 036 67 655 100.0% 100.0%


Disparity of the paved roads density in Europe [2005]

EuropeTotal roads density (km/100 km2)

182 to 743 (5)173 to 182 (2)168 to 173 (1)137 to 168 (7)115 to 137 (4)86 to 115 (3)50 to 86 (5)34 to 50 (3)26 to 34 (5)4 to 26 (4)


Sources: DG TREN, UNECE, ITF (ECMT), national statistics & reports

Country

Density of paved roads

(km/100 km2)

Country

Density of paved roads (km/100

km2)

CountryDensity of paved

roads (km/100 km2)

Malta 742.3 Spain 129.9 Macedonia 50.8Belgium 499.1 Austria 127.5 Croatia 50.2Luxembourg 200.8 Lithuania 121.7 Sweden 47.7Germany 182.1 Estonia 115.2 Serbia 43.9Netherlands 176.7 Latvia 108.1 Bosnia & Hercegowina 42.8France 173.9 Slovenia 100.0 Romania 33.5Danmark 167.6 Greece 89.0 Bulgaria 33.3Czech Republic 162.0 Portugal 85.6 Belarus 30.5Slivakia 162.0 Cyprus 84.4 Ukraina 29.8Italy 161.8 Poland 81.2 Moldova 26.3United Kingdom 157.5 Albania 62.7 Finland 23.1Hungary 146.1 Montenegro 53.4 Russia 4.3Ireland 137.3

European Country Ranking - the density of paved roads [2005]


Disparity of the motorways density in Europe [2005]

EuropeMotorways density (km/1000km2)

25.42 to 57.28 (7)19.99 to 25.42 (4)8.56 to 19.99 (4)6.69 to 8.56 (4)3.51 to 6.69 (4)2.05 to 3.51 (4)0.96 to 2.05 (2)0.70 to 0.96 (1)0.05 to 0.70 (1)0 to 0.05 (8)


Sources: DG TREN, UNECE, ITF (ECMT), national statistics & reports

Country

Density of motorways (km/1000

km2)

Country

Density of motorways

(km/1000 km2)

CountryDensity of motorways

(km/1000 km2)

Belgium 57.28 Croatia 14.13 Estonia 2.19Luxembourg 56.54 Macedonia 8.56 Finland 2.05Netherland 56.43 Serbia 7.24 Poland 1.77Germany 34.63 Czech Republic 7.15 Romania 0.96Cyprus 29.68 Hungary 6.84 Russia 0.05Slovenia 28.03 Slovakia 6.69 Albania 0.00Portugal 25.42 Greece 6.67 Belarus 0.00Danmark 23.94 Lithuania 6.39 Bosnia & Hercegowina 0.00Spain 22.66 Sweden 3.74 Moldova 0.00Italy 21.71 Ireland 3.51 Latvia 0.00Austria 19.99 Ukraina 3.15 Malta 0.00France 19.86 Bulgaria 2.98 Montenegro 0.00United Kingdom 14.99

European Country Ranking - the density of motorways [2005]


Road incompatibility between Germany, Poland and Russia [2005]Road incompatibility between Germany, Poland and Russia [2005]


Evolution of the motorways network in Germany and Poland 1950-2008 (km)

2128

2187

2551 32

04 411

0 5742

7292 81

98 8822

111

43

111

90

1124

6

1130

9

1142

7

1151

5

1171

2

1178

6

1203

7

1204

4

1217

4

1236

3

1253

1

1268

0

109

109

109

109

109

109

117

158

199

219

219

251

282

317

358

365

405

405

552

552

663

698

763

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Germany Poland


Russian „motorways” (...)Russian „motorways” (...)


Russian Federal Highway from Moscow to Yakutsk City in Siberia in August 2006


Russian Federal Highway from Moscow to Yakutsk City in Siberia in August 2008

Road modernization in Russia in XXI centuryRoad modernization in Russia in XXI century

Russian international road freight transport 1980-2006Russian international road freight transport 1980-2006

International road freight transport in Russia in million tonnes

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

cabotage 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.04

transit 0.46 0.31 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00

import 0.35 0.44 0.87 0.86 1.09 0.91 0.69 0.64 0.76 3.11

export 0.48 0.88 0.99 0.61 0.45 0.47 0.43 0.30 1.02 0.41

1980 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Russian GLONASS System from 2009Russian GLONASS System from 2009

From 2009 the public passenger transport in Russia will be equiped in GLONASS system what means that practically all

bus drivers will be under control.

In other countries and cities where this system has been already implemented (in Tatarstan and partly in city Rostov)

the accidents level was reduced to minimum.

The system allows to measure the speed, to turn off the engine, to measure the engine temperature and internal temperature in the bus as well as to see the passengers

number.

Tolled and untolled roads in Europe in 2007Tolled and untolled roads in Europe in 2007Source: Source: http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=493787

No Tolled roads Untolled roads

1

Austria: A toll vignette for the motorways, but some tunnels, passes and mountain roads requires extra tolls.

Albania: No tolled roads

2 Belarus: the M1 is tolled. Andorra: No tolls in this mountainous country.

3Bulgaria: A toll vignette is required for the entire road network.

Armenia: No tolls

4 Croatia: Tolled motorways Azerbaijan: No tolls

5Czech Republic: Toll vignette for most Dalnice's and some Expressways (R-roads).

Belgium: Tolls are still in debate. No tolls so far, except for the R2 tunnel in Antwerp.

6France: Most motorways are tolled, except near border regions and near larger cities.

Bosnia and Herzegovina: No tolls

7Germany: No general tolls for automobile's, but there is a toll system for trucks

Cyprus: No tolls

8Greece: Motorways are generally tolled

Denmark: No general tolls, but there are some expensive bridges across the archipelago.

9 Hungary: Needs a vignette, but some roads are tolled. Estonia: No toll10 Ireland: Some motorways parts are tolled Finland: No tolls

11Italy: Most motorways are tolled, except in the far south.

Georgia: No tolls

12Norway: Tolls around larger cities also tollbridges and tunnels.

Iceland: No tolls

13 Poland: Some motorways are tolled Kazakhstan: No tolls14 Portugal: Most motorways are tolled Latvia: No tolls

15Romania: General toll vignette for entire road network like Bulgaria

Liechtenstein: No tolls

16 Russia: Some motorways tolled Lithuania: No Tolls17 Serbia: Tolled on Motorways Luxembourg: No tolls

18Slovakia: Toll vignette required for the expressways and motorways

Malta: No tolls

19 Slovenia: Tolls required on motorways Moldova: No tolls

20Spain: Tolls required on Autopista's. The larger network of Autovia's are toll-free.

Monaco: No tolls

21Switzerland: Tolls required via a vignette

Netherlands: No tolls, except some tunnels in the Southwest.

22 Turkey: Tolls required on Otoyols (Motorways) San Marino: No tolls

23United Kingdom: Tolls required on some bridges and the M6Toll bypass of Birmingham

Sweden: No general tolls

Ukraine: No tollsVatican City: No Tolls required.Republic of Macedonia: unknown Jan Burnewicz, 2008Jan Burnewicz, 2008

European desintegration of road pricing systems [2008]

Europe [2008]Road pricing systems

electronic road pricing (4)tolled motorways (9)eurovignette (5)vignette (6)untolled (14)


Euro Vignettes Euro Vignettes Connection SystemConnection System

The Euro vignettes for motor The Euro vignettes for motor vehicles are to be used for vehicles are to be used for

express highways and select express highways and select national highways in the national highways in the

network of Belgium, network of Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Luxembourg,

Denmark, Sweden. Denmark, Sweden. Since the time of Germany's Since the time of Germany's exit from the network mid-exit from the network mid-2003, the network of euro 2003, the network of euro

vignette locations has vignette locations has reduced remarkably: from reduced remarkably: from

what was once a total of 5,000 what was once a total of 5,000 locations, there are only 260 locations, there are only 260

working locations now.working locations now.

CZECH MOTORWAY FEESCZECH MOTORWAY FEES

Since 1995, motorways and expressways in the Czech Republic have Since 1995, motorways and expressways in the Czech Republic have been subject to a fee paid via coupons. From 2007, vehicles over 12 been subject to a fee paid via coupons. From 2007, vehicles over 12 tonnes must pay via tonnes must pay via electronic tollelectronic toll. Motorcycles are exempt from . Motorcycles are exempt from payment. payment. Operation of the electronic tolling system in the Czech Republic is Operation of the electronic tolling system in the Czech Republic is based on modern microwave technology. Vehicles that are subject to based on modern microwave technology. Vehicles that are subject to the toll must be equipped with a small electronic device - the premid the toll must be equipped with a small electronic device - the premid unit- which communicates with the tolling system. unit- which communicates with the tolling system. When passing through a toll gantry, an acoustic signal from the When passing through a toll gantry, an acoustic signal from the onboard electronic device - the premid unit alerts the driver that the onboard electronic device - the premid unit alerts the driver that the toll has been properly recorded. The driver can use any lane without toll has been properly recorded. The driver can use any lane without having to reduce the vehicle's speed or stop. The tolling process is having to reduce the vehicle's speed or stop. The tolling process is fully automatic and requires no intervention on the part of the driver. fully automatic and requires no intervention on the part of the driver. Electronic toll has been paid by vehicles weighing 12 tons and more Electronic toll has been paid by vehicles weighing 12 tons and more on 970 km of motorways and express roads in the Czech Republic. on 970 km of motorways and express roads in the Czech Republic. Karel Feix of Kapsch which operates the electronic toll collection Karel Feix of Kapsch which operates the electronic toll collection system in the Czech Republic said 105 000 trucks have been system in the Czech Republic said 105 000 trucks have been equipped with on-board units.equipped with on-board units.


Czech New Electronic Road Pricing [network in 2008]Czech New Electronic Road Pricing [network in 2008]


In 2005 Russian government has approved a bill on toll motorways.In 2005 Russian government has approved a bill on toll motorways.The bill is basically aimed at development of road network all around the country, raising The bill is basically aimed at development of road network all around the country, raising

the level of safety on the roads and attracting investments in road facilities. the level of safety on the roads and attracting investments in road facilities.

Pricing of motorways in Russia from 2007...Pricing of motorways in Russia from 2007...


Practical Implementation of Concession Law: WHSDPractical Implementation of Concession Law: WHSD• At present the only concession project in Russia is the At present the only concession project in Russia is the Western High-Speed Diameter Western High-Speed Diameter

(WHSD)(WHSD) toll road in St. Petersburg. toll road in St. Petersburg.

• WHSD will be a toll road in St.Petersburg to improve transport in the center and to link WHSD will be a toll road in St.Petersburg to improve transport in the center and to link the road network of St.Petersburg to highway E18 “Skandinavia” and main federal roads the road network of St.Petersburg to highway E18 “Skandinavia” and main federal roads (M10, M11, M20 and the Ring Road).(M10, M11, M20 and the Ring Road).

• Russian Federation via Federal Road Agency and St.Petersburg Government will act to Russian Federation via Federal Road Agency and St.Petersburg Government will act to gether as the Concession Authority.gether as the Concession Authority.

• The total length is 46.6 km, including various elevated sections, 5 major bridges and 14 The total length is 46.6 km, including various elevated sections, 5 major bridges and 14 interchanges with existing and projected roads.interchanges with existing and projected roads.

• The cost of designing and constructing WHSD has been officially estimated at The cost of designing and constructing WHSD has been officially estimated at approximately 80-85 billion rubles (USD 3.0-3.2 billion equivalent).approximately 80-85 billion rubles (USD 3.0-3.2 billion equivalent).

• The Russian Federation Investment Fundand St.Petersburg Government will invest The Russian Federation Investment Fundand St.Petersburg Government will invest approximately 57,37 billion rubles.approximately 57,37 billion rubles. Jan Burnewicz, 2008Jan Burnewicz, 2008

Moscow — St. Petersburg Toll Road ProjectMoscow — St. Petersburg Toll Road Project


Polish road tolling system [2008]Polish road tolling system [2008]

Polish Toll Motorway Program includes:Toll Motorways kmA1 Motorway:Gdańsk-Toruń-Łódź-Częstochowa-Gliwice-Gorzyczki(Czech Republic border)

564

A2 Motorway: Świecko (German border)-Poznań-Warszawa-Siedlce-Kukuryki (Belarusian border)

651

A 4/A18 Motorway: Zgorzelec/Olszyna (German border)-Wrocław-Opole-Gliwice-Katowice-Kraków-Tarnów-Korczowa (Ukrainian border)

779

TOTAL: 1994

The legal base for Program:• The Act dated 10th of April 2003 about the detailed rules concerning preparation and realization

of investments regarding national roads.• The Act dated 27th of October 1994 about Toll Motorway.

• The Adjustment to The Act about Toll Motorway and National Road Fund, dated 14th of November 2003.

• The Act dated 2nd July 2004 introducing freedom of economy which changes the Act about Toll Motorway and National Road Fund.


Toll collection in Poland current situationToll collection in Poland current situation

Toll motorways:Toll motorways:At present the only manual systems (semi-open) exists on sections of At present the only manual systems (semi-open) exists on sections of

motorways:motorways:• Motorway A1 (151 km)Motorway A1 (151 km)• Motorway A2 (149 km) Motorway A2 (149 km) • Motorway A4 (61 km)Motorway A4 (61 km)

The existing Motorways A1, A2 and A4 are operated by private concessionaires.The existing Motorways A1, A2 and A4 are operated by private concessionaires.

Rest of national roads - Vignette system:Fees for the use of national roads by motor vehicles are payable by domestic and foreign firms using road transportation for profit or for their own needs if the vehicle has a permitted total weight in excess of 3.5 t or is designed to carry more than 9 persons including the driver.


Source: Road Tolling SystemSource: Road Tolling Systemin Poland. GDDKiA. Road Charging in Poland. GDDKiA. Road Charging Interoperability Workshop. Interoperability Workshop. Ljubljana, 16 February 2007.Ljubljana, 16 February 2007.

Tolled road network in Poland planned in 2015Tolled road network in Poland planned in 2015

Source: Road Tolling SystemSource: Road Tolling Systemin Poland. GDDKiA. in Poland. GDDKiA. Road Charging Road Charging Interoperability Workshop. Ljubljana, Interoperability Workshop. Ljubljana, 16 February 2007.16 February 2007.


HGV driving bansby type

fixed periods of restrictions in all country (16)some special restrictions (1)other local restrictions (3)local fixed periods restrictions (4)no restrictions (15)

HGV driving bans in Europe in 2008


Source:

FEDEMAC, RHENUS, RASTANLAGE, IRU, OTHER

EuropeFreight vehicles in 2005 (millions)

4.66 to 5.66 (2)2.30 to 4.66 (5)1.00 to 2.30 (4)0.47 to 1.00 (3)0.40 to 0.47 (5)0.33 to 0.40 (4)0.16 to 0.33 (3)0.08 to 0.16 (5)0.04 to 0.08 (3)0 to 0.04 (5)


EuropeRoad freight in 2005 (billion tkm)



Productivity of road vehicles in thousand tonne-km by year

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

UE-15 UE-12 EFTA CEEC non EU


Road vehicles productivity in 2005 in thousand tonne-km by country23

9

166

130

130

112

104

103

9984 84 83 74 68 67 67 63 61 59 51 50 50 49 48 45 43 40 36 33 29 28 27 25 16 12 7 6

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Lux

embo

urg

Slov

enia

Lit

huan

ia

Slov

akia

Ger

man

y

Rom

ania

Aus

tria

Cze

ch R

epub

lic

Net

herl

and

Swed

en

Fin

land

Lat

via

Est

onia

Bel

gium

Swit

zerl

and

Irel

and

Hun

gary

Cro

atia

Ital

y

Spai

n

Den

mar

k

Pol

and

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

Nor

way

Bul

gari

a

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Fra

nce

Por

tuga

l

Bel

arus

Rep

ublic

of

Mol

dova

Gre

ece

Alb

ania

Ukr

aine

Cyp

rus

Serb

ia

Mal

ta


EuropeRoad vehicles productivity (thousand tkm/year)



Road freight transportAverage value of 1000 tkm in EUR


Year: 2005


Road Freight transportAverage labour cost in EUR/1000 tkm

84.8 to 91.1 (1)77.2 to 84.8 (2)67.0 to 77.2 (3)55.6 to 67.0 (2)52.9 to 55.6 (2)42.2 to 52.9 (3)37.4 to 42.2 (4)21.8 to 37.4 (2)14.2 do 21.8 (3)4.2 to 14.2 (4)

Year: 2005


Road Freight Transport% of labour costs

45% to 48% (2)43% to 45% (2)40% to 43% (2)39% to 40% (1)37% to 39% (3)34% to 37% (4)28% to 34% (3)26% to 28% (3)19% to 26% (3)14% to 19% (3)

Year: 2005


2008 road sector outlook european differences

Automotive