2001/9/28prof. huei-wen ferng1 chapter 2 introduction to wireless networking

2001/9/28 Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng 1

Chapter 2Introduction to

Wireless Networking


OutlineOutline

Evolution of Mobile Communication Systems

GPRS Overview

Introduction to 3G

Mobile Data Services

3G Terminals

Products Demo


Evolution of Mobile Communication Systems


Cellular Networks

North America: 1G:

AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System); Analog

2G NAMPS; Analog TDMA (IS-54, IS-136); Digital CDMA (IS-95); Digital

3G IMT-2000 (International

Mobile Telecommunications for the year 2000); Digital


Cellular Networks

European 1G

TACS (Total Access Communication System); Analog

NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone); Analog; NMT-450, NMT-900

2G GSM (Global System for Mobile

Communications); Digital: GSM900, DCS1800, DCS1900

3G UMTS (Universal Mobile

Telecommunications Systems); Digital


Cellular Networks

Japan 2G

PDC (Personal Digital Cellular)

Germany 1G

C-Netz

2GGSM


Cordless Telephones

European CT1, CT2 (Cordless Telephone, s

econd generation) DECT (Digital European Cordless

Telecommunications) America

PACS (Personal Access Communications System)

Canada CT2Plus (CT2, enhanced version)

Japan PHS (Personal Handyphone Syst

em)


Packet Networks

RAM/Mobitex, ARDIS/Modacom TETRA (Trans European Trunked Radio System)


Data over Cellular

CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data, over AMPS) GPRS-136 (over IS-136 TDMA) IS-95B (over CDMA) HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data) GPRS (General Packet Radio Service, over GSM) EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)

ECSD (Enhanced Circuit-Switched Data; circuit-mode) EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS; packet-mode)


Paging

Germany, France, Switzerland Eurosignal in 1970s

Pan-European ERMES (European Radio Message System) in 1992


Coverage and Bit Rate


MigrationMigration


Evolving Towards Broadband Era1 st Generation

Analog

AMPS★

Data: NoFrequency:

824~893 MHz

TACS

Data: No

2 nd Generation

1997 1998 1999 2000

Digital

Text messaging CDPD

N/A N/A

824~893 MHz

Text messaging HSCSD GPRS EDGE9.6~14.4 64 115~144 384Kbps

900, 1800, 1900 MHz

Text messaging CSD for CDMA PSD for CDMAN/A N/A N/A

Text messaging PDC P

9.6~14.4 N/A1800~1900 MHz

3 rd Generation

2001 2002 2003

IMT-2000/UMTS

W -CDMACDMA 2000

Frequency1885~2025MHz

and2110~2200MHz

Speed115~2048 Kbps

GSM

Data Speed (kbps)Frequency

CDMA


PDC


DAMPS/TDMA



Evolution of Mobile DataEvolution of Mobile Data

Evolving GSM

Wireless Application ProtocolSource: GSA,and TCC

1985 1997 1999 2000 2001/2002

1st generation-Analog-based systems

2nd generation-Digital radio systems on

circuit-switch telecomnetworks,low data speeds

1st generation2nd generationAMPS

GSM

HSCSD

GPRS

EDGE

W-CDMA3rd generation

9.6 kbps

57.6 kbps

115 kbps

384 kbps

2 Mbps

1.SMS Messaging2.Web Mail3.Information Services4.Financial Services- Information Access5.Financial Services - transactions6.Mobile banking7.Mobile Shopping8.Internet Access


GPRS OVERVIEW


Tooexpensive

Toocomplicated

Inefficientuse of radioresources

Tooslow

Noneed

Trueplug & play

Emerging standards:

MDI, WAP, Java PDA, Smart

Phones

Shared useof radio

resources

packet switched

transmission

Comfortablespeed

New coding schemes

&channel

combining

Value addedservices

Extensions of corporate,intranet,

& internetapplications

Reasonablecosts

Volume oriented

accounting

Data Services : from GSM to GPRS Data Services : from GSM to GPRS


GPRS : Main ImprovementsGPRS : Main Improvements Higher transmission rates

four new coding schemes allow different data rates ofCS-1 9.05 kbit/s, CS-2 13.4 kbit/s (in 10/00)

CS-3 15.6 kbit/s, CS-4 21.4 kbit/s (in E/01) channel combining

Increased radio resource efficiency radio resources will be used only during data transmission shared access of the same channel

Connection of GSM and IP world Volume dependent charging Faster session set-up Always connected


GPRS Covered ApplicationsGPRS Covered Applications

continiously bursty

Point to Point

Point to Multipoint

un

idir

ecti

on

alu

nid

irec

tio

nal

bid

irec

tio

nal

bid

irec

tio

nal

Multimedia

Group Communication

MulticastBroadcastTraffic Telematics

Mobile Office

Video Conference

Video Phone interactive MultimediaCO

MM

UN

ICA

TIO

N S

ER

VIC

E

TYPE OF DATA TRANSMISSION

Group Call

VideoBroadcast

Internet SurfingDialog Messaging

Fleet Management

Database Access

Route Guidance2-way-PagingPoint of Sale

File Transfer

FAX

GPRS

e-mail Telemetry

PagingVideo


WAP-enabled GPRS terminals/handsets will provide easy access to the world of information at your fingertips

ApplicationServer

WWW Content

WWW Content

CarrierApplication

InformationApplication

E-CommerceApplication

WAP Gateway Wireless Network

GPRS

Internet/Intranet

GPRS : an Ideal Transport for WAPGPRS : an Ideal Transport for WAP


• User receives basically the same information, but with GPRS better presentation of information possible• WAP over GSM is inefficient use of radio resources• WAP over GSM is too expensive• WAP over GSM is too slow

Traffic Alert:Motorway A8 from München to NürnbergcongestedAlternative route:leave motorway atX-Dorf and followthe orange signs

OK

>

> OK

>

>

GSM GPRS

X-Dorf

Y-Dorf

Nürnberg

München

A8

Traffic Alert:

WAP Migration from GSM to GPRSWAP Migration from GSM to GPRS


WAP and GPRS are the Enabler for Converting Voice and Data

Mobile Data Applications are the first step to combine Internet with Mobility

Audio / Video Steaming

ISDN services Video telephony Wideband data services

Computer Internet access Electronic mail Real-time image

transfer Multimedia document

transfer Mobile computing

Video on demand Interactive video

services TV/radio/data

contribution & distribution

– mobility– wideband

services

UMTS

– mobility– high speed

services

– mobility– personal

services

Telecommunication


Application

Service

Control

MSC SGSN HLR SGGMSC/Transit

TransportMedia Gateway Media Gateway/GGSN

User data Control

InternetIntranets

PSTN/ISDN

Application Service CapabilityServers

GSM

EDGE

WCDMA

Backbone Element

Backbone Element

Backbone Element

Integration of 2G and 3G


Conceptual Network Conceptual Network Architecture of GPRS / 3GArchitecture of GPRS / 3G

BSS

SSS PSTN

(Voice)

Internet

WAP

VPN

GPRS

GSM&GPRS system

UTRAN U_MSC

3G system


3G Introduction


The Third Generation SystemsThe Third Generation Systems

Specifications: 3GPP WCDMA & 3GPP2 CDMA20

00

High data rate for Video transmission and networki

ng

Main applications: audio & video phones 、 stock

exchange 、 e-mail 、 mobile banking 、 mobile Inter

net 、 e-maps 、 Information or news etc.


Characteristics of 3GCharacteristics of 3G

Wideband CDMA

Multimedia applications

better audio quality

increased capacity

better bandwidth efficiency

high data rate

integration with 2G systems

global roaming


IMT-2000 MSS IMT-2000 MSS

MSS

PC

S A

PC

S A

PC

S B

PC

S B

PC

S C

PC

S C

UP

CS

PC

S D

PC

S D

PC

S E

PC

S E

PC

S F

PC

S F

DE

CTGSM1800

(UL)GSM1800(DL)

IMT-2000(FDD DL)

MSSIMT-2000(FDD UL)

MSS

IMT

-2000T

DD

IMT-2000(FDD UL)PHS MSS

IMT-2000(FDD DL)

IMT-2000(FDD UL)

GSM1800 GSM1800 RLL RLLPCS PCSDECTIMT-2000

IMT

-2000T

DD

IMT

-2000T

DD

MSS MSS

IMT-2000(FDD DL) MSSReservedReserved

IMT-2000 Additional spectrum

MHz 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Asia-Pacific

China

Japan

Europe

Americas

ITU-R

IMT-2000

IMT

-2000T

DD

IMT

-2000T

DD

SpectrumSpectrum


AUSTRIA

FRANCE

BELGIUM

PORTUGAL

SWEDEN

SPAIN

SWITZER-LAND

IRELAND

HONG KONG

GERMANY

NETHERLANDS

UK

S. KOREA

JAPAN

ITALY

NORWAY

DENMARK

FINLAND

NEW ZEALAND

1999 2000 2001

AUSTRALIA

AwardedMarch 99

AwardedMarch 00

Auction runningMarch 00

SOUTHAFRICA

TAIWAN

LicenseLicense


Data Transmission RateData Transmission Rate Outdoor (rural):

maximum rate: 144 kbit/s

maximum speed 500 km/h

Outdoor (suburb):

maximum rate: 384 kbit/s


Indoor and Metropolitan:

maximum rate: 2 Mbit/s



$2$

UTRA/FDD384 kbit/s

EDGE473 kbit/sUTRA/TDD

2 Mbit/s

GPRS

144 kbit/s

Microcell, indoors and private

National and legacy

Smaller cities

Large cities


Content AdaptationContent Adaptation

23K bytes

24-bit color192x192

8K bytes

256 color128x128

4K bytes

4-bit grey96x96

600 bytes

B&W64x64

Time to transmit at 14.4k bps (in seconds)

16.4 5.7 2.9 0.42 0.01

A BRIDGE

16 bytes

Text

Intelligent FilteringIntelligent Filtering


Broadband and ServicesBroadband and Services

12

6

2142

83

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

Tra

nsm

issi

on

Tim

e(S

eco

nd

s)

32

721

70139

279

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

Tra

nsm

issi

on

Tim

e(S

eco

nd

s)

74

1442

139279

557

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

Tra

nsm

issi

on

Tim

e(S

eco

nd

s)

4

4225

83250

8331,667

3,333

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

Tra

nsm

issi

on

Tim

e(S

eco

nd

s)

GSM @ 9.6 kbps GPRS @ 56 kbps

EDGE/UMTS @ 384 kbps

15 secs

3 mins

GPRS @ 115 kbps

15 secs

3 mins

15 secs

3 mins

15 secs

3 mins


CSD at 9.6 kbit/s

GPRS at 100 kbit/s

EDGE at 384 kbit/s

UMTS at 2 Mbit/s

Downloading a 2MBytes music file

$2$

What are the Driving Forces ? Mobile Internet Services &

Applications


Conceptual Service DiagramConceptual Service Diagram


Multimedia ServicesMultimedia Services


Voice and Data MarketsVoice and Data Markets


Mobile and Internet MarketsMobile and Internet Markets


1995 2000 2005 2010Source: Ovum, ICN M CM

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800Subscriptions worldwide (bn)

Mobile internetsubscriber

MobilesubscriberMobile

Fixed

Mobile Internet

Fixed Internet

M-Business: Mobile and internetM-Business: Mobile and internet


Mobile Data Services


Global Trends in Mobile Global Trends in Mobile CommunicationsCommunications

0100020003000400050006000700080009000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

MS

('0

00)

0,0%

5,0%

10,0%

15,0%

20,0%

25,0%

Mo

bil

e P

enet

rati

on

Annual Growth Total Mobile Penetration

0100200300400500600700800900

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Mio

Mob

ile

Su

bsc

rib

er

GSM

GSM grows steady

voice market starts to saturate

new technical possibilities

Focus on revenue generation

Focus on subscriber base growth

NEW SERVICES

OR

World

Other technologies

Source: Siemens


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

in m

illio

n s

ub

scri

ber

early adopters early majority Late majorityinnovators

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Mb

yte

s p

er

use

r p

er

mon

th

Today1.8 Mb/user/month

growth in mobile data is expected to be 70% p.a. in next 5 years

in 1997 the market has moved out of the development phase

(Merryl Lynch)

(FT 1997)

data will account for up to 75%

of total mobile traffic

by 2005 up to 40% of people in the EU will be using mobile phones (wireless internet)

Growth in subscriber base and data volume lead to exponential revenue increase

Source: UMTS Forum1.8 Mb/month=21 bits/sec/user/BH

Predictions for Mobile Data MarketPredictions for Mobile Data Market


An Example of Mobile Data An Example of Mobile Data Services: i-mode (NTT DoCoMo)Services: i-mode (NTT DoCoMo)

I-mode gained 4½ million subscribers within the first 10 month of

operation

subscribers have access to hundreds of content proverders and

thousands of Web sites

content avalible that business users and consumers want and need

successful due to creation of a complete “ecosystem“

applications, network and terminals


Operator has the opportunities to get into the service and content provisioning for mobile data

Advantages of occupying the element Traditional business Existing customer

relationship Owner of equipment Separation IT & Telecom

Closer customerrelationship

Joint fixed/mobile offering

Value Added Offering possible

Evolution towards GPRS/UMTS

Higher Churn rate through lack of control over content

Missed Opportunities in Internet Business

Decreasing Margins Less control over customer

relationship

RoI Required

know how lack of control ov

er content and quality

Control over content Content revenues Quick application roll

out Entrance to vertical m

arket

RoI Strong competitio

n Appropriate allian

ces Required

know how

Operator´s position in the value chain100 % operatorOperator’s opportunities0 % operator

Risks of occupying the element

Operator Service Provider

User Content Provider

Mobile Data – The Value Chain PossibilitieMobile Data – The Value Chain Possibilitiess


Operator Service Provider

User Content Provider

BackboneProvider

BackboneProvider

Content Provider

Content Provider

Enterprise

Enterprise

Retailer

Retailer

Service Provider

Service Provider

ApplicationService

Provider

ApplicationService

Provider AccessProviderAccess

Provider

User

M-BM-Business: future value chainusiness: future value chain


ContentProvider

Service Packagers

Service Provider

Retailers Users

NetworkOperators

ContentPackagers

SupplierEquipment

Vendor

TerminalsInfrastructure

100% current PLMN

partly current PLMN

Detailed Value Chain for M-BusinessDetailed Value Chain for M-Business


What do users accept?

Keep it transparent to your customers

Flat Fee

Time ? Transaction ?Volume ? QoS ?

Billing PossibilitiesBilling Possibilities


ContentProvider

Portal -Community

Provider

ServiceProvider

NetworkOperator

EndUser

100%

72%

23% 3% 2%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Source: Arthur D. Little / Lucent Technologies

Traditional value chain split in the market

In the voice arena, the network operator In the voice arena, the network operator captures more than 70% of the marketcaptures more than 70% of the market


ContentProvider

Portal -Community

Provider

ServiceProvider

NetworkOperator

EndUser

100%

25% 25%12%

38%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Source: Arthur D. Little / Lucent Technologies

Advertisement revenues

The network operators must ensure that the content will be accessed through their network - otherwise they will miss out

Importance of RolesImportance of Roles

Future value chain split in the market


Business Model (1)Business Model (1)

GSM/UMTS

AdvertisementExample:• Voice, fax• WLL• email

Revenue Flow

Today’s voice dominated world



ContentProvider

GSM/UMTS

Advertisement

Example:• Online Banking• E-cash• appointment

Revenue Flow

ApplicationServiceProvider

User pays for access and ASP



User pay only for content/ASP

ContentProvider

GSM/UMTS

Advertisement

Example:• Personal radio• Interactive games• e-betting

Revenue Flow




User contracts only Operator

ContentProvider

GSM/UMTS

Advertisement

Example:• Tourist Info• Sports results• Micropayment e.g. Parking, Vending

Revenue Flow



Business Model (5)Business Model (5)User contracts with ASP

GSM/UMTS

Advertisement

Revenue Flow


Example:• Government Services• Car Perfomance Monitor• Gaming e.g. Nintendo


Interaction and CommerceReservation & BookingIntelligent Vending Machinei.e. Drinks, Cigarettes, TicketsInteractive ShoppingOnline AuctionsPrepaid recharging (Honey Money)

Banking ServicesBank Account EnquiryOnline BankingStock Trading

Entertainment/GamesTrivial PursuitInteractive Games (Chess)e-postcardAudio streamingBetting (horse race)Lotto, Bingo

Surveillance & SecurityVideo SurveillanceHousehold Devices ControlTraffic Guidance

Location ServicesRestaurant-FinderNavigation Guide

Mobile Officee-MailOrganizerCorporate DirectoryVoice-MailFaxNotificationsUnified MessagingIntranet Access

Information services Tourist InformationHotel & Restaurant FinderPublic Directory ServicesHoroscopeNews (all types)i.e. world, sports, financial, travel, traffic, events, weather, TV-program,

Education

Applications CategoryApplications Category

Application Types:


3G Terminals


Trends of HandsetsTrends of Handsets

SMS 0.2 kBE-mail 5 kBWML 2 kB

.DOC (text) 200 kB

.XL (s/sheet) 200 kB

.PPT (graphics) 1,000 kB

.GIF (photo) 100 kB

.HTML (web page) 30 kB

MPEG-4 (30sec video) 4 MBMPEG-3 (3 min audio) 2 MB

TEXT FILES VIDEO CLIPS

Typical applications:

Simple messagingEvent notificationPush/pull info servicesSimple e-commerce

Web browsingbusiness processesleisure servicese-commerce

E-commerce (interactive shopping, adverts etc)Entertainment servicesBusiness processes

Typical file size:

GSM GPRS EDGE/UMTS


Data Rates: 384k~2M bps

Color screen of high resolution

and quality

Support multimedia

Dual mode (GSM/UMTS) operation

Bluetooth transmission viable

Global roaming

Concepts of 3G HandsetsConcepts of 3G Handsets


Products Demo

2001/9/28prof. huei-wen ferng1 chapter 2 introduction to wireless networking

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