1

2001 PROGRESS REPORT LONG-TERM EXPERIMENTS: PENDLETON, OREGON

Steve Petrie, Superintendent

Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Pendleton, OR 97801

An Oversight Committee was established in 1987 to guide research and management of the Long-Term Experiments (LTEs) at Pendleton, Oregon. The mission, membership, and duties of this committee are listed on pp 3-4. Annual meetings were originally proposed, but a three-year frequency subsequently adopted, with meetings held in 1988, 1991, 1994 and 1997 The attached progress report contains a description of the LTEs, the Oversight Committee duties, current membership, and a list of publications produced over the years. The Pendleton Agricultural Research Center

TABLE OF CONTENTS

OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE: Pendleton Long-term Experiments 3

2

Introduction 3 Present Committee Membership 3 Ex Officio Members 3 Purpose and Function 3 Committee Duties 4

Long-Term Agricultural Experiments at Pendleton 5 Introduction 5 Identification and Location of Long-term Experiments 7 Description of Experiments 8 Grass Pasture (GP) 8 Continuous Cereal (CW) 8 Residue Management (CR) 8 Tillage-Fertility (TF) 9 Wheat/Pea (WP) 10 No-Till Wheat (SF) 10 Treatment History of Experiments Grass Pasture (GP) 12 Continuous Cereal (CW) 13 Residue Management (CR) 14 Tillage-Fertility (TF) 15 Wheat/Pea (WP) 16 No-Till Wheat (SF) 17 1997 Progress Report 18 Personnel Changes (1994-1997) 18 Research Progress (1994-1997) 18 Management Changes in LTEs (1994-1997) 20 Recommended Changes in LTE Management 22 General Comments 24 List of Publications 25

3

OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE: Pendleton Long-Term Experiments

INTRODUCTION Several long-term experiments are conducted by Oregon State University and USDA-ARS at the Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center-Pendleton. The oldest date back to 1931 and are among the oldest replicated research trials in the Western US. Long-term experiments provide useful information only if they are managed to adopt current technology without losing continuity with the past. Ill-conceived changes can cause interactions that mask treatment effects, prevent valid comparison of past and present response, or reduce plot size to non-manageable dimensions. Supervision of experiments on OSU land has been the responsibility of the superintendent of the Pendleton station, and experiments on USDA land the responsibility of the Research Leader-USDA. No one prior to 1987 was assigned to evaluate the merit of long-term experiments or to recommend changes in design and operation. An oversight committee was established in 1987 to furnish guidance to the superintendent-OSU and research leader-USDA.

PRESENT COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP

Stephen Machado Systems Agronomist, OSU, CBARC-Pendleton Steve Petrie (Chair), Superintendent, CBARC-Pendleton Don Wysocki, Ext. Soil Scientist, OSU, CBARC-Pendleton Dan Ball, Weed Scientist, OSU, CBARC-Pendleton Steve Albrecht, Soil Microbiologist, USDA-ARS, CPCRC-Pendleton Russ Karow, Head-Dept. of Crop & Soil Sci., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis Bill Schillinger, Agronomist, Dept. of Crop & Soil Sci., Washington State Univ., Pullman John Hammel, Head-Dept. of Plant, Soil, & Ent. Sci., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow

EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Dale E. Wilkins, Research Leader, Columbia Plateau Conserv. Res. Ctr., Pendleton Thayne Dutson, Director OSU Agric. Expt. Stn., Corvallis Antoinette Betschart, Area Director, PWA-USDA-ARS, Albany, CA

PURPOSE AND FUNCTION The mission of this committee is to evaluate the value of the long-term experiments, recommend modifications to improve usefulness, and provide guidelines for soil, plant, and water measurements that will minimize detrimental effects on future experiments. The committee is to include appropriate staff from both Oregon Sate University and USDA-ARS located at Pendleton. It will also include representatives from Oregon Sate Univ.-Corvallis, Washington State Univ.-Pullman, the Univ. of Idaho, and any other Universities in the Pacific Northwest that may be deemed appropriate. It was recognized that the USDA-ARS staff has conducted most of the chemistry research in the past, and presumably will continue to do so in the future.

4

COMMITTEE DUTIES 1. Define the mission and objectives of long-term research sites, and outline present treatments and methods of operation. 2. Determine the potential research value of the plots and encourage regional use, if applicable. 3. Review research plans annually and recommend changes or modifications in management, including termination of experiments or treatments not considered of sufficient benefit to warrant continuation. 4. Evaluate requests to conduct experiments within research sites, or to collect soil samples for greenhouse or growth chamber studies. 5. Maintain a chronology of research activity and issue an annual report. 6. Develop guidelines for plant and soil sampling to minimize detrimental effects and maintain the integrity of the plots. 7. Apply for funding from NSF or other agency to operate selected experiments as a national resource for regional studies, if appropriate. 8. Prepare or direct the development of historical summaries of results from these experiments, with a focus upon the contributions that are not achievable through short-term research.

The Long-term research experiments at Pendleton, Oregon

Year Initiated Symbol Experiment Name Treatment Variables

1931 GP Grass Pasture None

1931 CW Continuous Cereal Fertility

1931 CR Residue Management Nitrogen, Manure, Burning

1940 TF Tillage-Fertility Tillage, Fertility

1963 WP Wheat-Pea Tillage, Fertility 1991-99

1982 SF No-till Wheat Nitrogen

A no-till continuous cereal trial (NT) with fertility and seed drill variables was established in

1997.

5

LONG-TERM AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS AT PENDLETON, OREGON

INTRODUCTION

Long-term research guides future agricultural development by identifying the effects of crop rotation, variety development, fertilizer use, aerial and surface contamination, and organic amendments on soil productivity and other beneficial soil properties. Deterioration of soils can be ameliorated or prevented by judicious insight in biological, chemical or physical reactions in soil. Comprehension and evaluation of many changes often requires 10-20 years to identify and quantify. Soil microflora and soil-borne plant pathogens require from 2-8 years in a new cropping sequence or tillage system to reach a stable equilibrium. The Pendleton Agricultural Research Center has several ongoing long-term experimental sites. The earliest was started in 1931, the latest in 1997. The Residue Management and Tillage-Fertility experiments are among the oldest replicated research experiments in the western U.S. All have a documented history of crop variety, tillage, date of seeding, and grain yield. The studies are representative of most of the cropping systems in the Pacific Northwest intermountain cereal region that receives less than 18-inches of precipitation. All research activities on the long-term experiments are presently monitored by an oversight committee consisting of five members from Oregon and one each from Washington and Idaho. The Pendleton Agricultural Research Center was established in 1929 as a branch station of Oregon State University. The center is located 9 miles northeast of Pendleton, in the northeastern corner of Oregon. It is presently known as the Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, and is administered by the OSU Agric. Expt. Stn. The Columbia Plateau Conservation Research Center, administered by USDA-ARS, is immediately adjacent. Research facilities are shared jointly by the staff of both agencies. The research center is located in the Columbia Plateau physiographic province between the Cascade and Rocky mountains. The climate is semi-arid, but partially influenced by maritime winds from the Pacific ocean. Winters are cool and wet, and summers are hot and dry. Precipitation occurs primarily in the winter, in direct contrast to climatic patterns in the midwestern and eastern U.S. Nearly 70% of the total precipitation falls between September 1 and April 1. The area is characterized by gently to strongly sloping landscapes developed in loess overlying basalt. Loess deposits are relatively young, and range in depth from 0.1 to >5 m. Slopes range from 0 to 50%, with the majority in the 7-25% range. Soils are well drained except those close to drainageways. Virgin vegetation was a shrub-grassland or sagebrush-grassland steppe, with Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) and Sandberg bluegrass (Agropyron spicatum) as the dominant species. Drier landscapes had lesser amounts of sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata) and wetter areas low-growing shrubs (Symphiocarpos albus). Downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) was an early invader after land was broken for cultivation.

6

The research center is located on a gently sloping landscape, with slopes ranging from 0 to 5%. Average temperature is 50° F, but ranges from 31 in January to 70 in July. Annual precipitation averages 16.5 inches. Winter precipitation falls mainly as rain with limited duration of snow cover in most years. The elevation is 1495 feet above sea level. Soils are coarse silty mixed mesic Typic Haploxerolls(Walla Walla silt loam). The upper 12 inches of soil has a CEC of 18 cmol kg-1, a bulk density of 1.2- 1.3 , and a pH ranging from 5.3 to 7.0 depending on past treatment. The top 12 inches of soil contains about 18% clay and 70% silt. The area was first broken for cultivation in the mid 1880’s, and was farmed for about 50 years when the station was established. The long-term experiments (LTEs) and their location on the research center shown in Table 1. All wheat grown in these experiments is soft white wheat unless otherwise noted. Displaying the Tillage-Fertility Experiment @ the 1995 Field Day

7

Table 1 . Identification and location of long-term research experiments at Pendleton

Year Initiated Symbol Experiment Name Treatment Variables

1931 GP Grass Pasture None

1931 CW Continuous Cereal Fertility

1931 CR Residue Management Nitrogen, Manure, Burning

1940 TF Tillage-Fertility Tillage, Fertility

1963 WP Wheat-Pea Tillage, Fertility 1991-99

1982 SF No-till Wheat Nitrogen

T F

C R

W P

G P

C W

S FA

B

NO R TH

A. USDA-ARS facilities. B. OSU facilities.

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DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTS

Grass Pasture (GP): This site contains no experimental variables, but has been maintained since 1931. Treat-ment history and plot layout is shown in (Table 2). It is 150 feet wide by 360 feet long, and is dissected in the southern half by a drainageway. Slope ranges from 0 to 3%, with a southwest aspect for the northern half. Soil depth is about 4.0 feet. This site approximates a near-virgin grassland and serves as a base-line for evaluating changes in the other systems. It is periodically reseeded with introduced-grass selections, occasionally fertilized, and infrequently irrigated. The dominant grass species is tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Scheeber) with lesser amounts of bulbous bluegrass (Poa bulbosa L.), green foxtail (Setina viridis (L.) P. Beauv.) and yellow foxtail (S. pumila (Poiret) Roemer & Schultes). This site received limited grazing from 1931 to 1985. It has not been grazed since, but vegetation is clipped once or twice during summer growth. Above-ground productivity has been measured since 1996. Continuous Cereal (CW): This experiment was established in 1931. The original experiment consisted of three adjacent sites, two 284 by 304 feet cropped annually to winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.), and one 132 by 304 feet cropped annually to spring wheat. The original design consisted of eight plots, each 38 by 132 feet, at each site. Treatment history and plot layout is shown in (Table 3). The eight plots received no fertilizer from 1931 to 1943, different rates of N (0 to 150 lb N acre-1 yr-1) from 1943 to 1951, no fertilizer from 1952 to 1959, and 80 ± 10 lb N acre-1 after 1960. The site was modified in 1977. The southern 66 by 304 feet of the winter wheat section was abandoned to make room for an equipment yard. The spring wheat site was abandoned, and spring wheat then grown on the north 132 by 304 feet of the winter wheat experiment. The spring wheat site was divided in half in 1982, with the south 66 by 304 feet thereafter cropped to spring barley. The present experiment now consists of three 66 by 304 feet sections cropped to winter wheat, spring barley, and spring wheat, each grown every year in the same location. This experiment currently serves as a cereal monoculture baseline for comparing other crop rotations, all under conventional tillage. Each crop site is moldboard plowed just prior to planting of that crop, and receives both chemical and mechanical weed control. Slope ranges from 0 to 1%, and soil depth from 4.5 to 6.0 feet. For yield determination, each site is divided into four 66 by 76 foot sections corresponding to the initial plots (1+2, 3+4, 5+6, and 7+8). Since 1995, a 12-by-284 foot strip in all crops receives no N and the remaining 54-by-284 feet in each receives 80-N. This permits an evaluation of N response in annual cropping. The experiment has periodically received P and S fertilization since 1982. Residue Management (CR):

9

This is the most comprehensive of the long-term experiments. It was established in 1931 and has had only two major revisions (1967, 1979). The rotation is winter wheat/fallow and the tillage is conventional (moldboard plow). Treatment history and plot layout is shown in (Table 4). The experimental design is an ordered block consisting of nine treatments (10 originally) and two replications. The experiment contains duplicate sets of experiments that are offset by one year so that data can be obtained annually. Plot size is 38 by 132 feet. Replicates differ in soil depth, slope, and soil N content. Replicate I is shallower than II (3.5 vs. 6.0 feet), more level (0-2 vs. 2-4% slope), and had higher N content in the top 12 inches of soil in 1931 (0.123 vs. 0.113% N). A single medium-tall variety (Rex M-1) was grown from 1931 to 1966. Modern semi-dwarf varieties have been grown since (Nugaines 1967-1973; Hyslop 1974-1978; Stephens 1979-1991; Malcolm 1992-1995, Stephens 1996-present). Winter wheat is seeded in mid-October and harvested in mid-July. Fall stubble burns are implemented in late September. Spring stubble burns are implemented and organic amendments applied in the spring of the fallow year (late March - early April from 1931-1994; late April-early May since then. Late-winter or early-spring herbicides are used to control vegetative growth in wheat stubble until plots are plowed. Plots are plowed 8 inches deep within 3 days after spring burning. Soil is then smoothed with a field cultivator/harrow. Weeds are controlled by tillage during the fallow phase and with herbicides during the crop phase. Nitrogen fertilizer is applied 5-15 days prior to seeding of wheat. Lister furrows (first initiated in 1989) are now routinely installed each fall between plots to channel runoff water out of the experiment rather than being left to run onto adjacent plots. The burn plots have in recent years begun to show slower infiltration and greater surface runoff than that in plots where residue is incorporated. Furrows are dug in both the wheat and stubble phases. Furrows are taken out in late March and seeded to spring wheat to prevent moisture and nitrate buildup between plots. Delayed spring tillage for fallow was implemented in 1994 in contrast to previous plowing in late March. Wheat stubble now receives a herbicide in either late-fall or early-spring to control downy brome and volunteer wheat. This permits delaying spring plowing until late April or early May where soil is not as wet. This change avoids spring tillage when soils are wet and eliminates 2 to 4 tillage operations. The C and N content of the upper 24 inches of soil has been determined about every 10 years (1931, 1941, 1951, 1964, 1976, 1986, and 1995). Straw yield, grain and straw N content, and the nutrient content of organic amendments have been determined since 1977. Straw yield and nutrient uptake from 1931 to 1976 has been estimated by utilizing variety-trial data coupled with periodic measurements in this experiment. Tillage-Fertility (TF): These plots were established in 1940 and have had major revisions in 1952, 1962, and 1988. The rotation is winter wheat/fallow. This experiment has only one set of plots, thus yield is obtained only in odd years. Treatment history and plot layout is shown in Table 5.

10

The experimental design is a randomized block split-plot, with three replications. Main plots consist of three primary tillage systems (moldboard plow, offset disk, and subsurface sweep) and subplots of six fertility levels (currently, N rates from 0 to 160 lb N acre-1 in 40 lb increments, with one duplication). Individual plot size is 18 by 132 feet. Primary tillage is performed in April. Secondary tillage and other cultural operations are the same for all treatments. All plots are smoothed 4-6 inches deep with a field cultivator and harrow following primary tillage. They are then rodweeded four to five times between April and October to control weeds and maintain seed zone moisture. Nitrogen fertilizer is applied about October 1 and winter wheat seeded about October 10. Nitrogen was broadcast as ammonium nitrate (21-0-0-24S) from 1963 to 1987, and thereafter as urea-ammonium nitrate (32-0-0) shanked 6 inches deep with 10-inch band spacing. The experiment relies on both mechanical and chemical weed control, but the stubble mulch treatments have occasionally received extra chemical treatment when grassy weeds have been a problem. The replicates in this experiment differ in soil depth by virtue of landscape position. Replicate 1 (6.9 + 0.3 feet deep) is located on a north-facing 3% back slope, Replicate 2 (4.4 + 0.8 feet) on east-west facing foot slopes of 0 to 2%, and Replicate 3 (3.7 + 0.3 feet deep) on an east-facing 2% back slope. Medium-tall soft white winter wheat was grown from 1940 to 1962, and semi-dwarf soft white winter wheat since. Straw yield and grain and straw N content have been determined since 1977. Wheat/Pea (WP): This experiment was established in 1963, with modifications in 1972, 1976, and 1989. It is located on nearly-level land, with 0-1% slope. Soil depth is generally 6 feet. Crop rotation is winter wheat/pea. Treatment history and plot layout is shown in Table 6. The experimental design is a randomized block with four replications. Each replication contains eight plots (four treatments duplicated within each replication). Duplicate treatments allow yearly data collection for both wheat and peas. Individual plot size is 24 by 120 feet. Tillage intensity ranges from maximal- to minimal-inversion of crop residue. The current tillage treatments are (1) fall chisel, (2) fall plow, (3) spring plow, and (4) no-till (Table 6). Vine residues are now left on the plot rather than removed. Vine yield and nutrient content is determined. Uniform distribution of peas residues following harvest is a problem in most years. Semi-dwarf soft white winter wheat is seeded after October 10 whenever soil moisture is sufficient for germination and early crop growth using a double disk drill with 7-inch row spacing. Peas are seeded in late March or early April, and harvested in June or July. The type of peas grown was changed from fresh-green processing to dry-edible seed in 1989. From 1963 to 1988, wheat received 40-80 lb N acre-1 as ammonium nitrate (34-0-0) broadcast prior to seeding. In 1989-1990, each wheat plot received 20 lb N acre-1 as 16-20-0-14S. In 1991-1992, one half of each plot received 80 lb N acre-1 and the other half received no additional N. Nitrogen application reversed in 1993-1994, with the half receiving 80-N for the previous wheat crop receiving no additional N two years later. This rotation of N fertilization will continue. This change was instituted to better evaluate N needs of wheat in a wheat/legume rotation. Peas

11

receive 20 lb N acre-1 as either ammonium sulfate (21-0-0-24S) or ammonium phosphate-sulfate (16-20-0-14S) broadcast every pea crop. The east half of the experiment received 1800 lb lime acre-1 in 1976. A 24 x 24 foot area on the western edge of certain plots was fumigated with methyl bromide in the early 1980s. No-Till Wheat (NT): This experiment was established in 1982 and modified in 1983, 1988, and 1997. It is located on level land with 0-1% slope. Soil depth is 4.6 + (±?) 0.3 feet. This site was cropped to wheat/fallow in earlier years, generally with some form of conventional tillage. Treatment history and plot layout is shown in Table 7. The experimental design consists of 10 treatments and four replications. Plot size is 8 by 100 feet. The original treatments consisted of two sets of five N rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 lb N acre-1 banded below seed, and 100 lb N acre-1 surface broadcast) and a residue-burning variable (burn, no burn). It was cropped annually from 1983 to 1988 in a winter wheat/spring wheat rotation. The crop rotation was changed in 1989 to winter wheat/fallow in 1989. The burn variable was discontinued, and a date of seeding (September, October) variable superimposed in its place. The broadcast N treatment was terminated in 1993 and N rates adjusted to align with those in other long-term experiments (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 lb N/acre). The date of seeding variable was discontinued in 1997, and the experiment revised such that odd-number treatments were cropped in odd-numbered years and even-numbered treatments in even-number years. This retains the N rates, and allows for crop yield to be determined yearly for a wheat/fallow system. An identical set of no-till plots was added immediately north of the present experiment in 1997 to compare crop and soil parameters during early stages of no-till adoption with that for a long-term no-till system and a moldboard plow system. Odd-numbered treatments were cropped to spring wheat in 1997 to start the system revision. Winter wheat will be grown in future years. The experiment is strictly no-till, with no tillage other than for seeding and stubble flailing. Herbicides are used to control weeds in both fallow and crop. This experiment was implemented to evaluate N fertilizer effects on crop yield and soil quality under no-till cropping.

12

Table 2 Treatment history of the grass pasture (GP) experiment.

Period Treatment 1931-1985 Limited grazing, no clipping

1986-present No grazing, periodic clipping

WeatherStation

WaterTrough

OldChicken Yard

Barn

Drainage

150 feet

360

feet

Harvest area for productivity

AphidTrap

13

Table 3. Treatment history of the continuous cereal (CW) experiment.

Period Site Crop Grown Variables N Application lb/acre

1931-1942 A,B,C Winter Wheat None None 1943-1951 A,B,C Winter Wheat N Rate 0-120 1952-1959 A,B,C Winter Wheat None None 1960-1976 A,B,C Winter Wheat None None

1977-1981 A,B C Spring Wheat Winter Wheat None None

1982-1995

A B C

Spring Wheat Spring Barley Winter Wheat

None

80

1996-present

A B C

Spring Wheat Spring Barley Winter Wheat

N Rate

0,80

Extra 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

76' 76' 76' 76'

Winter Wheat

Winter Wheat 1931-present(future no-till study)

N fertilized

Unfertilized

Unfertilized

Unfertilized

N fertilized

N fertilized

66'

66'

72'

60'

A

B

C

Spring Barley

Spring Wheat

Equipment Yard

14

Table 4. Treatment history of the residue management (CR) experiment.

1931-66 1967-78 1979 to Present Trt No.

Organic-N Addition

RTa

Nb

RT

N

RT

N

1 --- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2 --- FD 0 NB 40 SB 40 3 --- SD 0 NB 80 SB 80 4 --- NB 30 NB 40 NB 40 5 --- NB 30 NB 80 NB 80 6 --- FB 0 FB 0 FB 0 7 --- SB 0 SB 0 SB 0 8 Manurec NB 0 NB 0 NB 0 9 Pea Vinesd NB 0 NB 0 NB 0 10 --- NB 0 NB 0 NB 0

a Residue treatment: FD = fall disk, SD = spring disk, NB = no burn, FB = fall burn,

SB = spring burn. b Nitrogen rate (lb acre-1 crop-1); applied early October of crop year. c Manure = (10 tons acre-1 crop-1 wet wt; 47.5% dry matter; 1557 lb. C and 130 lb.

N acre-1 crop-1; applied in April or May of fallow year (1-3 days prior to plowing). d Pea Vines = (1 ton acre-1 crop-1 field weight; 88.4% dry matter; 740 lb. C and 34 lb.

N acre-1 crop-1; applied 1-3 days prior to plowing.

TRT

NO

REP II REP I

150

0SE

RIE

S

0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

140

0SE

RIE

S

15

Table 5. Treatment history of the tillage-fertility (TF) experiment.

Primary Treatment (Tillage) Tillage Depth Average Residue Cover Symbol Type (inches) at Seeding (%)

MP Moldboard Plow 9 7 DI Offset Disk 6 34

SW Subsurface Sweep 6 43

Sub-Treatment (Fertility)

Nitrogen Rate (lb acre-1crop-1)

No. S history 1941-52 1953-62 1963-88 1989-present

1

No

0

0

40

0 2 Yes 10 30 40 40 3 No 0 0 80 80 4 Yes 10 30 80 80 5 Yes 10 30 120 120 6 Yes 10 30 160 160

Nitrogen applied 7-14 days prior to seeding as ammonium sulfate from 1941-1962, ammonium nitrate from 1963-1988, and urea-ammonium nitrate since 1989. Nitrogen broadcast from 1941-1988, and banded 6 inches deep with 10 inch row spacing since 1989.

N R

ATE

TRT#

REP III REP II REP I

PLOWSW EEPDISK

DISK PLOW DISK SW EEP DISK SW EEP PLOW

5 4 6 2 3 1 1 2 5 6 3 4 2 1 5 6 3 4 3 4 2 5 6 1 6 1 2 5 3 4 2 1 4 5 3 6 3 5

120

N

80

N

160

N

40

N

80

N

0

N

0

N

40

N

120

N

160

N

80

N

80

N

40

N

0

N

120

N

160

N

80

N

80

N

80

N

80

N

40

N

120

N

160

N

0

N

160

N

0

N

40

N

120

N

80

N

80

N

40

N

0

N

80

N

120

N

80

N

160

N

80

N

120

N1 4 6 2 4 5 3 1 2 6 4 1 2 3 6 5

0 N

80 N

160

N

40 N

80 N

120

N

80 N

0 N

40 N

160

N

80 N

0 N

40 N

80 N

160

N

120

N

16

Table 6. Treatment history of the wheat/pea (WP) experiment.

Treatment Primary Tillage No. Identification Wheat Stubble Pea Vines 1 Max Tillage Chisel Disk/chisel (fall) 2 Fall Till Plow (fall) Plow (fall) 3 Spring Till Plow (spring) Plow (fall) 4 Min Till No-till No-till

REP

-1REP

-2REP

-3REP

-4

A : W h e a t in o d d y e a rs P ea s in e v e n y e a rs

B : P e a s in o d d y ea rs W h e a t in ev e n y e a rs

2A3A1A4A2B3B4B1B1B4B2B3B3A1A2A4A1B2B4B3B1A3A4A2A4B1B2B3B1A3A4A2A

U N

L I M

E D

L I M

E D

96'

60' 60'

17

Table 7. Treatment history for the No-Till (SF) experiment

1982-1988 1990-1992 1994-1996 1997-

Treatment no.

N Ratea Stubble Burned

N Rate Seeding Date

N Rate

Seeding Date

N rate

Crop statusb

lb/ac lb/ac month lb/ac month odd yr even yr

1 0 No 0 Sep 0 Sep 0 C F 2 0 Yes 0 Oct 0 Oct 0 F C 3 50 No 50 Sep 40 Sep 40 C F 4 50 Yes 50 Oct 40 Oct 40 F C 5 100 No 100 Sep 80 Sep 80 C F 6 100 Yes 100 Oct 80 Oct 80 F C 7 150 No 150 Sep 160 Sep 160 C F 8 150 Yes 150 Oct 160 Oct 160 F C 9 100bc No 100bc Sep 120 Sep 120 C F 10 100bc Yes 100bc Oct 120 Oct 120 F C

a bc = broadcast; all other N applications banded 2-inches below seed at seeding. b C = Crop, F = Fallow

CropCycle

CropCycle

Trt #

Trt #

Plot #

Plot #

REP I REP II REP III REP IV

SF97-B

SF97-A

CT97

CT98R E P I R EP II R E P III R E P IV

5 9 6 3 1 7 2 8 10 4 6 4 7 10 5 1 8 3 2 9 7 2 5 9 10 8 3 6 4 1 3 6 5 8 1 9 2 7 10 4

Whe

atW

heat

Fallo

wW

heat

Whe

atW

heat

Fallo

wFa

llow

Fallo

wFa

llow

Fallo

w

Fallo

wW

heat

Fallo

wW

heat

Whe

atFa

llow

Whe

atFa

llow

Whe

at

Whe

atFa

llow

Whe

atW

heat

Fallo

wFa

llow

Whe

atFa

llow

Fallo

wW

heat

Whe

atFa

llow

Whe

atFa

llow

Whe

atW

heat

Fallo

wW

heat

Fallo

wFa

llow

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

XXX

NO

PLO

T XX

X

XXX

NO

PLO

T XX

X

5 9 6 3 1 7 2 8 10 4 6 4 7 10 5 1 8 3 2 9 7 2 5 9 10 8 3 6 4 1 3 6 5 8 1 9 2 7 10 4

Whe

atW

heat

Fallo

wW

heat

Whe

atW

heat

Fallo

wFa

llow

Fallo

wFa

llow

Fallo

w

Fallo

wW

heat

Fallo

wW

heat

Whe

atFa

llow

Whe

atFa

llow

Whe

at

Whe

atFa

llow

Whe

atW

heat

Fallo

wFa

llow

Whe

atFa

llow

Fallo

wW

heat

Whe

atFa

llow

Whe

atFa

llow

Whe

atW

heat

Fallo

wW

heat

Fallo

wFa

llow

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

XXX

NO

PLO

T XX

X

XXX

NO

PLO

T XX

X

1 9 9 1 1 9 9 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

XXX

NO

PLO

T XX

XXX

X N

O P

LOT

XXX

XXX

NO

PLO

T XX

X

1 9 9 1 1 9 9 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

XXX

NO P

LOT

XXX

XXX

NO P

LOT

XXX

XXX

NO P

LOT

XXX

1997 Wheat

Fallow 1997

18

2001 PROGRESS REPORT LONG-TERM EXPERIMENTS: PENDLETON, OREGON

Steve Petrie, Superintendent

Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center, Pendleton, OR 97801

PERSONNEL CHANGES (1997-2000) William A. Payne was hired by Oregon State University in 1996 to fill the vacant Systems Agronomist position. Bill arrived in December, 1996 from ICRISAT in Niger, Africa and took an active role in the conduct and evaluation of the long-term experiments. Bill Payne assumed responsibility for LTEs on state land and Steve Albrecht was responsible for LTEs on federal land. Bill left OSU in 1999 to take a position in Texas. Paul Rasmussen retired in 1999. Thomas Lumpkin, Head of the Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences at Washington State University has requested that William F. (Bill) Schillinger be assigned as the Washington State University representative to the Oversight Committee. Russ Karow is acting Head of the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences at Oregon State University replacing Sheldon Ladd. Steve Petrie was hired as Superintendent of the Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center in July 2000.

RESEARCH PROGRESS (1997-2000) Stubble burning effects: Several scientists cooperatively studied both short- and long-term effects of wheat stubble burning on crop yield and soil quality. Ball and Rasmussen continued evaluation of stubble burning on weed seed survival and downy brome competition in wheat (Ball et al., 1999). Carbon Sequestration The long term plots have provided a unique opportunity for scientists to study the impact of various practices on C sequestration in agricultural production systems. This work has been presented at local, regional, national and international conferences as well as research reports, refereed publications and books. Rasmussen and Albrecht (1997), Rasmussen et al., (1998), Albrecht et al., (1999a, 1999b), Bezdicek et al., (1999) and Rickman et al., (1999) all reported on various aspects of C sequestration.

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Long-term changes in soil introduced by agricultural practices: A complete set of soil samples from all long-term experiments was collected in 1995-1996. This is the first time that a common set of soil samples were collected at the same time from all plots. Sampling depths were 0-4, 4-8, 8-12, and then 12-inch increments until contacting bedrock or indurated layers. Samples will be analyzed for organic C, inorganic C, total N, pH, bulk density, and available nutrients such as P, S, Ca, Mg, and Zn. Biological measurements will also be made after important ones are identified. Sufficient soil will be archived to compare with future sampling. This sampling will be conducted every ten years with selected treatments sampled every 5 years. Nitrogen mineralization and efficiency: Nitrogen mineralization studies are continuing (Rasmussen et al., 1998). Various N mineralization methods are being tested to determine their suitability for projecting N fertilizer requirements. Rasmussen et al., (1997) looked at N utilization in the long term plots and many other studies also addressed N management (Hofman and Vermosen, 1997 and Rasmussen and Douglas, 1998) Tillage and residue management The long term plots have been the subject of many studies of the influence of tillage on soil physical and chemical properties. Rasmussen et al, (1997) examined the effect of tillage on wheat yield while Rasmussen et al. (1998) studied soil C and N changes in various tillage systems. Bezdicek et al. (1999) also studied the effect of tillage on soil C. Payne et al. (1999a, 1999b, 1999c) reported on tillage and rainfall effects on various aspects of wheat/pea rotations. Water use efficiency

Increasing water use efficiency is a key component of successful dryland cropping systems. Rasmussen et al. (1998a, 1998b) reviewed the 30-year trends in rainfall and discussed the implications for cropping in the Columbia Basin. Work on peas was conducted by Payne et al. (1999a, 1999b, 2000). Soil quality The impact of various management practices on several individual components of soil quality have been by several scientists including Chen et al., (1998), Payne (1998), Rasmussen et al., (1998), Wuest et al., (1999a, 1999b, 1999c), Wilkins et al., (1999), and Williams et al., (1999).

MANAGEMENT CHANGES in LTEs (1997-2000)

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Residue Management (CR): No management changes since 1997. Tillage-Fertility (TF): No major changes since 1989. Wheat-Pea (WP): The peas are now seeded using a direct seed no-till system with fertilizer applied at seeding in a one-pass operation. Continuous Wheat (CW): Nitrogen fertilization was discontinued on a 25 by 304 foot section on the south side to provide an assessment of N response. The remaining area continues to be fertilized with 80 lbs N/acre as URAN shanked 6 inches deep on 10-inch spacing just prior to seeding. A broadcast application of 20 lbs N/acre as 16-20-0-14S was made in 1997 to the entire area meet P and S needs. Since then N, P, and S have been applied using 10-34-0 and Thio-sul. A new trial was initiated in 1997 utilizing no-till continuous cereal with essentially the same management as the conventional seeding area. No-Till Wheat (NT): The experiment was revised in 1997 to eliminate the date of seeding variable, and the experiment divided into an even-year/odd-year cropping arrangement. Even-numbered treatments will now have a crop in even-numbered years, and odd-numbered treatments in odd-numbered years. The change retained the wheat/fallow rotation and the N rate variable. Odd-numbered treatments were seeded to spring wheat in 1997 to get the experiment started. Grass Pasture (GP): The Grass Pasture currently consists of introduced grasses, with tall fescue the dominant species. It is currently mowed twice yearly and productivity samples are taken in June and November. Broadleaf weeds have been treated with a herbicide as needed. There is some encroachment of bulbous blue grass and foxtail, especially in the south end of the pasture. Only the northern half is considered representative of a undisturbed pasture, and productivity sites are located there. The area was burned in October 2000 as part of a renovation management plan.

RECOMMENDED CHANGES IN LTE MANAGEMENT

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Soil Acidity/P & S Sufficiency: Soil ph values continue to fall in the LTEs in response to use of N and P fertilizers. However, there is little data to determine if soil pH is low enough to limit wheat yields so no lime has been applied. This point should be discussed at the LTE Oversight Committee meeting. A similar situation exists for P and S. Again, the soil test levels are falling and we need to discuss whether P and S should be applied as a uniform treatment or as variable. Soil erosion assessment: John Williams has been measuring runoff from the CR plots for three years. To date, except for scattered penetrometer measurements, there are essentially no information to determine if various management treatments have affected soil crusting or soil permeability. This is a major deficiency, and should be remedied if measurements do not cause excessive damage to plots. Infiltration studies such as double-ring infiltrometer are possible on the east side of each plot if soil disturbance is kept to a minimum. Management of the Grass Pasture: The Grass Pasture is becoming more important as a baseline from which to assess the effect of changes in agricultural management of crops and soils. It is still classified as a pasture, but should it be managed as a grassland system? It has not been pastured by cattle since 1985, with no plans to introduce livestock grazing again. We have adopted the practice of selectively clipping vegetative growth once or twice a year, spraying out broad-leaved weeds with herbicides, and maintaining the introduced grass species that currently dominates growth (tall fescue). Should we revert to native species of grasses? Failure to graze eliminates early-season pressure on undesirable species such as foxtail and bulbous bluegrass. So we may never be able to achieve a true “native grassland” condition. But suggestions for improving management are welcomed and sought. Record keeping/data entry: There needs to be sustained effort to consolidate, document. and organize LTE information, and place it in both computer and physical files. There is presently no established procedure for researchers to insure inclusion of their activities in record files. Information is maintained in separate books. Roger Goller has much of the information in a 3-ring notebook file, and archive records in a file cabinet. There is also a need to place a complete set of documents in a location other than the ARS building. The OSU vault in the old office building is a suitable location. Yields for most of the LTEs are now on computer files. Weather records are also available. Someone needs to assume responsibility to update yield files yearly. Computerization of records: Entry of all LTE information into a computer file accessible to everyone is a primary need. Files must contain Individual yearly notes of changes, abnormalities, deviations, and personal observations. We are progressing slowly in this area at present. Delineation of responsibility:

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Areas of responsibility need to be defined. Paul Rasmussen made most of the routine management changes after consultation with Dick Smiley and Karl Rhinhart. Paul was reluctant to bother committee members with minor changes in management, and only contact members when a major project request occurs or when someone asks for permission to do major soil sampling on the plots. There is no set procedure outlining who appoints members to the Oversight Committee when a vacancy occurs. We need to discuss what constitutes routine management decision compared to a major management change. Publication of results: Paul wanted to summarize 65-years of activity on the Pendleton Long-term experiments and publish them in some type of publication. It would be somewhat technical, but readable by general audiences. Length would be perhaps 60 pages. It would include photos, charts, and perhaps pictures. Color would add to its visibility. It would address the value of long-term experimentation in agriculture, and provide some measure of what is costs to maintain such experiments. International cooperation would be stressed as an integral part of such studies. Paul would welcome any suggestions on where such an article might be published. An OSU Special Report is a possibility, as is an ARS bulletin or an article in Advances in Agronomy. Other possibilities include funding by private agencies or companies or public endowment organizations.

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List of Publications from the Long-Term Experiments

1957 Oveson, M.M. and W. E. Hall. 1957. Longtime tillage experiments on eastern Oregon wheat land. Tech. Bull. 39. Agric. Expt. Stn. Oregon State College & USDA-ARS. 47 pp.

1966 Oveson, M.M. 1966. Conservation of soil nitrogen in a wheat-summer fallow farming practice. Agron. J. 58:444-447.

1967 Oveson, M.M. and R.S. Besse. 1967. The Pendleton experiment station - its development, program, and accomplishments, 1928-1966. Spec. Rept. 233. Oregon Agric. Expt. Stn., Corvallis, OR.

1977

Rasmussen, P.E., R.E. Ramig, L.G. Ekin, and C.R. Rohde. 1977. Tissue analyses guidelines for diagnosing sulfur deficiency in white wheat. Plant and Soil 46:153-163.

1978 Allmaras, R.R., K. Ward, P.E. Rasmussen, and C.R. Rohde. 1978. Soil acidification from long-term use of ammonium-type nitrogen fertilizers. pp. 55-58. In Spec. Rept. SM 78-4, Oregon State Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR. Douglas, C. L., Jr., R. R. Allmaras, and P. E. Rasmussen. 1978. Silica movement in a Walla Walla soil. p. 134. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. of Agron., Madison, WI. Rasmussen, P. E., R. R. Allmaras, C. R. Rohde, and N. C. Roager, Jr. 1978. Effects of crop residue management in a wheat-fallow rotation on carbon and nitrogen in soil. p. 160. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Rasmussen, P.E., C.R. Rohde, and N.C. Roager, Jr. 1978. Long-term effects of crop residue management on organic matter levels in soil (1931-1976). pp. 52-54. In Spec. Rept. SM 78-4, Oregon State Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn., Corvallis, OR.

1979 Engle, C.F. and P.E. Rasmussen. 1979. Grain stubble burning depletes the soil. pp. 34-39. In Pendleton-Walla Walla Fertilizer Dealers Conf., Walla, WA.

1980 Rasmussen, P.E., R.R. Allmaras, C.R. Rohde, and N.C. Roager, Jr. 1980. Crop residue influences on soil carbon and nitrogen in a wheat-fallow system. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44:596-600.

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Rasmussen, P. E. and R. W. Rickman. 1980. Temperature elevation and duration within the canopy of burning wheat stubble. p. 191. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.

1983 Rasmussen, P. E. and C. R. Rohde. 1983. Long-term changes in soil C, N, and pH produced by NH4 -N fertilization. p. 178. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.

1984 Douglas, C.L. Jr., R.R. Allmaras, and N.C. Roager, Jr. 1984. Silicic acid and oxidizable carbon movement in a Walla Walla silt loam as related to long-term management. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48:156-162.

1986 Pikul, J.L. Jr., and R.R. Allmaras. 1986. Physical and chemical properties of a Haploxeroll after fifty years of residue management. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50:214-219. Rasmussen, P.E. and P.O. Kresge. 1986. Plant response to sulfur in the Western United States. pp. 357-374. In Sulfur in Agriculture (M. A. Tabatabai, Ed.). ASA Monograph, No. 27, Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. (Monograph chapter) Rasmussen, P.E., R.W. Rickman, and C.L. Douglas, Jr. 1986. Air and soil temperature changes during spring burning of standing wheat stubble. Agron J. 78:261-263. Rasmussen, P. E., and C. R. Rohde. 1986. Long-term tillage and nitrogen effects on organic C and N in semiarid soils. p 251. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI. Rasmussen, P.E. and C.R. Rohde. 1986. Nitrogen fertilization, stubble burning, and benomyl effects on Cercosporella foot rot in winter wheat. p 143-146. In Proc. 37th Northwest Fertilizer Conf., Boise, ID.

1988 Castellano, S.D., and R.P. Dick. 1988. Distribution of sulfur fractions in soil as influenced by management of organic residues. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52:1403-1405. Collins, H. P., P. E. Rasmussen, and C. L. Douglas. 1988. Characterization of microbial activity after 58 years of wheat-fallow cropping. p. 213. Agron Abstr. Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Dick, R.P., P.E. Rasmussen, and E.A. Kerle. 1988. Influence of long-term management on soil enzyme activities in relation to soil chemical properties of a wheat-fallow system. Biol. Fert. Soils 6:159-164. Dick, R. P., P. E. Rasmussen, and E. A. Kerle. 1988. Kinetic parameters of enzyme activities as influenced by organic residue and N fertilizer management. p. 180. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.

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Rasmussen, P.E. 1988. Long-term research on soil organic matter. p. 3-4. Small Farm News. (May-June issue) Coop. Ext. Sv., Univ. of California, Davis, CA. Rasmussen, P.E., and C.R. Rohde. 1988. Stubble burning effects on winter wheat yield and nitrogen utilization. Agron. J. 80:940-942. Rasmussen, P.E., and C.R. Rohde. 1988. Long-term tillage and nitrogen fertilization effects on organic nitrogen and carbon in a semi-arid soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52:1114-1117. Smith, J. L., P. E. Rasmussen, and H. P. Collins. 1988. Nitrogen transformations as affected by 50 years of residue management treatments. p. 224. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Zuzel, J. F., J. L. Pikul, Jr., and P. E. Rasmussen. 1988. Tillage and fertilizer effects on water infiltration. EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 69:1219-1220.

1989 Rasmussen, P.E., and C.R. Rohde. 1989. Soil acidification from ammonium-nitrogen fertilization in moldboard plow and stubble-mulch wheat-fallow tillage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:119-122. Rasmussen, P.E., H.P. Collins, and R.W. Smiley. 1989. Long-term management effects on soil productivity and crop yield in semi-arid regions of Eastern Oregon, Stn. Bull. 675, Oregon State Univ. Agric. Expt. Stn. and USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR. 57 pp. Rasmussen, P.E., C.R. Rhode, and R.W. Smiley. 1989. Improving grain yield: 60-years of progress. p. 11-13. In Spec. Rept. 840. Oregon State Univ. Agric. Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR. Rasmussen, P. E., R. W. Smiley, and H. P. Collins. 1989. Long-term (1931-present) fertilizer, residue management, and tillage studies at Pendleton, Oregon. p. 250. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Wilkins, D.E., P.E. Rasmussen, and H.P. Collins. 1989. Straw to grain ratios of Stephens winter wheat. p. 80-86. In Spec. Rept. 840. Oregon State Univ. Agric. Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR.

1990 Rasmussen, P. E. and C. L. Douglas, Jr. 1990. Straw residue and nitrogen fertilizer effects on no-till wheat. p. 278. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Rasmussen, P.E. 1990. Long-term yield-protein relations in dryland winter wheat. pp. 86-90. Proc. 41st Ann. Northwest Fert. Conf. Farwest Fert. & Agrichem. Assoc., Spokane, WA.

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Rasmussen, P.E. 1990. Long-term sulfur management in northern wheat growing areas. pp. 112-118. Proc. MEY Wheat Management Conf., Denver, CO. Phosphate-Potash Inst., Atlanta, GA. Zuzel, J.F., J.L. Pikul, Jr., and P.E. Rasmussen. 1990. Tillage and fertilizer effects on water infiltration. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54:205-208.

1991 Allmaras, R.R., D.A. Laird, C.L. Douglas, Jr., P.E. Rasmussen, and P.J. Copeland. 1991. Long-term tillage, residue management, and nitrogen fertilizer influences on soluble silica in a Haploxeroll. p. 323. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI Mitchell, C.C., R.L. Westerman, J.R. Brown, and T.R. Peck. 1991. Overview of long-term agronomic research. Agron. J. 83:24-29. Rasmussen, P.E. 1991. Nitrogen movement and recovery in dryland winter wheat. pp. 74-78. Proc. 42nd Ann. Northwest Fert. Conf. Farwest Fert. & Agrichem. Assoc., Spokane, WA. Rasmussen, P.E. 1991. Managing soil carbon. p. 40. In M.G. Johnson and J.S. Kern (ed.) Sequestering carbon in soils: A workshop to explore the potential for mitigating global climate change. EPA/600/3-91/031 USEPA Environ. Res. Lab, Corvallis, OR. Rasmussen, P.E. and H.P. Collins. 1991. Long-term impacts of tillage, fertilizer, and crop residue on soil organic matter in temperate semi-arid regions, Adv. Agron. 45:93-134. Rasmussen, P.E., and C.R. Rohde. 1991. Tillage, soil depth, and precipitation effects on wheat response to nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55:121-124. Rasmussen, P.E., R.R. Allmaras, and C.L. Douglas, Jr. 1991. Nitrogen fertilizer effects on soil acidity and N mineralization. p. 298. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.

1992 Collins, H.P., P.E. Rasmussen, and C.L. Douglas, Jr. 1992. Crop rotation and residue management effects on soil carbon and microbial dynamics. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56:783-788

1993 Douglas, C.L., Jr., P.E. Rasmussen, and H.P. Collins. 1993. Effect of residue on nitrogen mineralization across agronomic zones. p. 313. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Pikul, J.L. Jr., R.E. Ramig, and D.E. Wilkins. 1993. Soil properties and crop yield among four tillage systems in a wheat-pea rotation. Soil Tillage Res. 26:151-162.

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Rasmussen, P.E. 1993. Surface residue and nitrogen fertilization effects on no-till wheat. pp. 555-558. In N.J. Barrow (ed.) Plant Nutrition - From Genetic Engineering to Field Practice. Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht. Rasmussen, P.E., R.W. Smiley, and B. Duff. 1993. Biological and economic sustainability of wheat/fallow agriculture. pp. 13-22. In Spec. Rept. 909. Oregon State Univ. Agric. Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR. Rasmussen, P.E., C.L. Douglas, Jr., and H.P. Collins. 1993. Long-term management effects on soil nitrogen mineralization. p. 283. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Smiley, R.W. 1993. Physiologic leaf spot of wheat. pp. 28-38. In: Spec. Rept. 909. Oregon State Univ. Agric. Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis. Smiley, R.W., W. Uddin, P.K. Zwer, D.J. Wysocki, D.A. Ball, T.G. Chastain, and P.E. Rasmussen. 1993. Influence of crop management practices on physiologic leaf spot of winter wheat. Plant Dis. 77:803-810. Wilkins, D.E., and P.E. Rasmussen. 1993. Long-term residue management effects on tillage draft. Paper no. 93-1111. Am. Soc. Agric. Engr., St Joseph. MI.

1994 Fauci, M.F., and R.P. Dick. 1994. Plant response to organic amendments and decreasing inorganic nitrogen rates in soils from a long-term experiment. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:134-138. Fauci, M.F., and R.P. Dick. 1994. Soil microbial dynamics: short- and long-term effects of inorganic and organic nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:801-806. Pikul, J.L. Jr., and J.F. Zuzel. 1994. Soil crusting and water infiltration affected by long-term tillage and residue management. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:1524-1530. Parton, W.J., and P.E. Rasmussen. 1994. Long-term effects of residue management in wheat/fallow: II. Century model simulations. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:530-536. Rasmussen, P.E. 1994. Nitrogen placement and stubble burning effects on downy brome competition in winter wheat. p. 349. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Rasmussen, P.E. and W.J. Parton. 1994. Long-term effects of residue management in wheat/fallow. I. Inputs, yield, and soil organic matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58:523-530. Rasmussen, P.E., and R.W. Smiley. 1994. Long-term experiments at the Pendleton Agricultural Research Center. pp. 14-20. In: Spec. Rept. 933. Oregon State Univ. Agric. Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis.

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Rickman, R.W., D. Bae, C.L. Douglas, Jr., P.E. Rasmussen, and R.E. Ramig. 1994. Soil water content response to overwinter tillage for 20 years of a wheat-pea rotation. p. 353. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Smiley, R.W., H.P. Collins, P.E. Rasmussen, W. Uddin, K.E.L. Rhinhart, and R.H. Goller. 1994. Wheat diseases and yield in long-term agronomic experiments at the Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center (Pendleton). pp. 21-30. In Spec. Rept. 933. Oregon State Univ. Agric. Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis.

1995 Albrecht, S.L., and P.E. Rasmussen. 1995. Soil quality and soil organic matter. pp 101-104. In Spec. Rept. 946. Oregon Agric. Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR. Albrecht, S.L., and P.E. Rasmussen. 1995. Microbial respiration and nitrate immobilization in soils following additions of wheat straw or burned wheat residue. pp 229. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Albrecht, S.L., P.E. Rasmussen, K.W. Skirvin, and R.H. Goller. 1995. Is burning an effective management practice for the Pacific Northwest cereal region? pp 105-109. In Spec. Rept. 946. Oregon Agric. Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR. Ball, D.A., R.W. Smiley, and P.E. Rasmussen. 1995. Experiments in wheat/fallow agroecosystems and implications for pest management. No. 444. In Abstracts XIII Intl. Plant Protect. Congr. European J. Plant Pathol. Dick, R.P. and R.A. Christ. 1995. Effects of long-term residue management and nitrogen fertilization on availability and profile distribution of nitrogen. Soil Sci. 159:402-408. Duff, B., P.E. Rasmussen, and R.W. Smiley. 1995. Wheat/fallow systems in the semi-arid regions of Pacific NW America. pp. 85-111. In V. Barnett et al. (ed.) Agricultural Sustainability: Economic, Environmental and Statistical Considerations. J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester. Pumphrey, F.V., and P.E. Rasmussen. 1995. The Pendleton agricultural research center, 1967-1992. Spec. Rept. 950. Oregon State Univ. Agric. Expt. Stn & USDA-ARS. Corvallis, OR. 38 pp. Rasmussen, P.E. 1995. Soil carbon and nitrogen changes in semi-arid Pacific Northwest agriculture. pp. 16. Agron Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Rasmussen, P.E. 1995. Effects of fertilizer and stubble burning on downy brome competition in winter wheat. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 26:951-960.

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Rasmussen, P.E., and R.W. Smiley. 1995. Long-term trends in cereal yields at Pendleton. pp. 42-45. In Spec. Rept. 946. Oregon Agric. Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis. Rasmussen, P.E., and R.P. Dick. 1995. Long-term management effects on soil characteristics and productivity. pp. 79-86. In T.A. Tindall (ed.) Proc. Western Nutrient Management Conf., Vol 1. Potash & Phosphate Inst., Manhattan, KS. Rasmussen, P.E., R.W. Smiley, C.B. Reeder, and B Duff. 1995. Sustainability of cereal-based systems in semi-arid regions. pp. 50-54. In Proc. Natl. Agric. Ecosystem Mgmt. Conf., New Orleans, LA. Conserv. Technol. Info. Ctr., West Lafayette, IN. Rasmussen, P.E., B. Duff, and R.W. Smiley. 1995. Sustainability of agriculture in semi-arid regions of the Pacific Northwest United States. pp. 183-185. In D.A. Wilhite, D.A. Wood, and K.H. Smith (ed.) Proc. Planning for a Sustainable Future: The Case of the North American Great Plains. Intl. Drought Info. Ctr., Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln. Reicosky, D.C, W.D. Kemper, G.W. Langdale, C.L. Douglas, Jr., and P.E. Rasmussen. 1995. Soil organic matter changes resulting from tillage and biomass production. J. Soil Water Conserv. 50:253-261.

1996 Albrecht, S.L., C.L. Douglas, Jr., and P.E. Rasmussen. 1996. Effect of increasing soil pH on microbial activity. p. 218. Agron Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Ball, D.A., D.L. Walenta, and P.E. Rasmussen. 1996. Impact of nitrogen fertilization and stubble burning on the downy brome seedbank in a wheat-fallow rotation. p. 45-47. In Spec. Rept. 961. Oregon State Univ. Agric. Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis. Rasmussen, P.E. 1996. Fertility management in dryland conservation cropping systems of the Pacific Northwest. Am. J. Altern. Agric. 11:108-114. Rasmussen, P.E. 1996. Burning and nitrogen effects on soil bulk density and organic-carbon in no-till wheat. p. 291. Agron. Abstr., Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI. Rasmussen, P.E., and S.L. Albrecht. 1996. Effect of annual burn-notill wheat on soil organic matter content and bulk density. p. 82-84. In Spec. Rept. 961. Oregon State Univ. Agric. Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis. Rasmussen, P.E., R.W. Smiley, and S.L. Albrecht. 1996. Long-term residue management experiment: Pendleton, Oregon USA. pp. 391-396. In D.S. Powlson, P. Smith, and J.U. Smith (ed). Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models Using Existing Long-term Datasets. NATO ASI Series I: Global Environ. Change, Vol. 38. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.

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Smiley, R.W., H.P. Collins, and P.E. Rasmussen. 1996. Diseases of wheat in long-term agronomic experiments at Pendleton, Oregon. Plant Disease 80:813-820.

1997 Albrecht, S.L., H.L.M. Baune, P.E. Rasmussen, and C.L. Douglas, Jr. Light fraction soil organic matter in long-term agroecosystems. pp 38-42. In Spec. Rept. 977. Oregon State Univ. Agric. Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis. Payne, William A., Paul E. Rasmussen, and Roger Goller. Major factors influencing wheat yield improvement during the past thirty years. pp. 43-46. In Spec. Rept. 997. Oregon State Univ. Agric Expt. Stn. & USDA-ARS, Corvallis. Rasmussen, P.E. and S.L. Albrecht. Crop management effects on organic carbon in semi-arid Pacific Northwest soils. In R. Lal, J.M. Kimble, R.F. Follett, and B.A. Stewart (ed) Management and Policy Issues for Carbon Sequestration in Soil. CRC Press LLC. (submitted Sep 1996; publication date Aug 1997) Rasmussen, P.E., and R.W. Smiley. 1997. Soil carbon and nitrogen change in long-term agricultural experiments at Pendleton, Oregon. pp. 353-360. In E.A. Paul, K. Paustian, E. T. Elliott, and C.V. Cole (ed.) Soil Organic Matter in Temperate Agroecosystems: Long-Term Experiments in North America. CRC Press Inc. Rasmussen, P.E., S.L. Albrecht, and R.W. Smiley. Soil carbon and nitrogen changes in semi-arid Pacific Northwest agriculture. In K. Paustian, E.T. Elliott, and M. Carter (ed.) Regional Assessment of Soil C Sequestration using Long-Term Field Experiments. Special Issue, Soil Tillage Res. (submitted Nov 1996). Rasmussen, P.E., R.W. Rickman, and E.L. Klepper. Residue and fertility effects on yield of no-till wheat. Agron. J. 89:563-567.

1998 Rasmussen, P.E., and S.L. Albrecht. 1997. Crop management effects on organic carbon in semi-arid Pacific Northwest soils. p. 209-219. In R. Lal, J.M. Kimble, R.F. Follett, and B.A. Stewart (ed.) Management of carbon sequestration in soil. CRC Press. Rasmussen, P.E., C.L. Douglas, Jr., H.P. Collins, and S.A. Albrecht. 1998. Long-term cropping systems effects on mineralizable nitrogen in soil. Soil Biol. & Biochem. 30:1829-1839.

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Rasmussen, P.E., R.W. Rickman, and E.L. Klepper. 1997. Residue and fertility effects on yield of no-till wheat. Agron. J. 89:563-567. Rasmussen, P.E., R.W. Smiley, and S.L. Albrecht. 1996. Pendleton residue management. p133-135. In P. Smith, J.U. Smith, and D.S. Powlson (ed.) Soil Organic Matter Network (SOMNET): 1996 model and experimental metadata. GCTE Rept. #.7. GCTE Focus 3 Office, Wallingford, UK. Rasmussen, P.E., R.W. Smiley, and C.L. Douglas, Jr. 1997. Nitrogen utilization in long-term agricultural experiments at Pendleton, Oregon. Append. 3:3. In Agronomy Abstract, ASA Madison, WI. Rasmussen, P.E., R.W. Smiley, and C.L. Douglas, Jr. 1997. Nitrogen utilization in long-term agricultural experiments at Pendleton, Oregon. p.61. Proc. Pacific Div. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Vol. 16, Part.1. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR.

1999 Ball, D.A., D.L. Walenta, and P.E. Rasmussen. 1998. Impact of nitrogen fertilization and stubble burning on the downy brome seedbank in a winter wheat-fallow rotation. J. Prod. Agric. 11:342-344. Chen, C., W. A. Payne, and J.D. Williams. 1998. Comparison of two field methods for measuring unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity in eastern Oregon. p.283. In Agronomy Abstract, American Society of Agronomy, 90th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD. ASA, Madison, WI. Douglas, C.L., Jr., J.D. Williams, and D.E. Wilkins. 1998. Nutrients in runoff from frozen soils in the dryland areas of the Pacific Northwest. p. 466-471. In O. van Cleemput, S. Haneklaus, G. Hofman, E. Schnug, and A. Vermoesen (ed.) Fertilization for sustainable plant production and soil fertility. Vol. II. Proc. of the 11th International World Fertilizer Congress. September 1997, Gent, Belgium. Federal Agricultural Research Center, Braunechewig, Germany. Douglas, C.L., Jr. J.D. Williams, and D.E. Wilkins. 1998. Nutrients in runoff from frozen soils in the dryland areas of the Pacific Northwest. J. Soil and Water Conserv. Abstr. 53(2):176. Payne, W.A. 1998. Hydraulic conductivity functions derived from soil water content data of a long-term experiment. p. 31-40. In J.D. Williams (ed.) 1998 Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Annual Report. Spec. Rpt. 989. Agric. Exp. Stn., Oregon State Univ. and USDA-ARS, Pendleton, OR.

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Payne, W.A., P.E. Rasmussen, and S.L. Albrecht. 1998. Historical transition of the wheat/summer fallow systems of the inland Pacific Northwest. p.50. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. Rasmussen, P.E., S.L. Albrecht, and R.W. Smiley. 1998. Soil carbon and nitrogen changes under tillage and cropping systems in semi-arid Pacific Northwest agriculture. In K. Paustian, E.T. Elliott, and M.R. Carter (ed.) Tillage and crop management impacts on soil carbon storage. Soil Tillage Res. 47:197-205. Rasmussen, P.E., C.L. Douglas, Jr. H.P. Collins, and S.L. Albrecht. 1998. Long-term cropping system effects on mineralizable nitrogen in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30:1829-1837. Rasmussen, P.E., and C.L. Douglas, Jr. 1998. Fertility and tillage effects on water-use efficiency of cereals. p.272. In Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. Rasmussen, P.E., K.W.T. Goulding, J.R. Brown, P.R. Grace, H.H. Janzen, and M. Korschens. 1998. Long-term agroecosystem experiments: Assessing agricultural sustainability and global change. Science 282:893-896. Rasmussen, P.E., W. A. Payne, and R.H. Goller. 1998. Thirty-year rainfall trends and implications for crop yield in the Columbia Plateau. p. 35-40. In J.D. Williams (ed.) 1998 Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Annual Report. Spec. Rpt. 989. Agric. Exp. Stn., Oregon State Univ. and USDA-ARS, Pendleton, OR. Rasmussen, P.E., W.A. Payne, and R.H. Goller. 1998. Thirty-year rainfall trends, implications for crop yield in the Columbia Plateau. Wheat Life (Aug/Sep):68-69. Washington Assoc. of Wheat Growers, Ritzville, WA. Wilkins, D.E., P.E. Rasmussen, S.L. Albrecht, and W.A. Payne. 1998. Sustainable tillage and cropping systems for the Clumbia Plateau. p. 75-83. In Proc. of the Workshop on Sustainable Tillage Systems. Auburn, AL, July 8-10, 1998. Williams J.D., C.L. Douglas, W.A. Payne, and P.E. Rasmussen. 1998. Surface runoff from semiarid croplands; preliminary hydrologic evaluation of sixty-eight year ongoing soil crop management research. Abstract Booklet, American Water Resources 34th Annual Conference on Water Resources. American Water Resources Association, Herndon, VA. Wuest, S.B., P.E. Rasmussen, C.L. Douglas, Jr., R.W. Rickman, S.L. Albrecht, D.E. Wilkins, and R.W. Smiley. 1999. Documenting soil quality changes in the transition to no-till: 16 years no-till versus first year no-till and conventional tillage near Pendleton, Oregon. p. 74-76. In R.J. Veseth (ed.) Proc. Northwest Direct Seed Cropping Systems Conference and Trade Show. Spokane WA. 5-7 Jan.1999. Pacific Northwest STEEP III Conservation Farming Research and Education Program, University of Idaho, Moscow ID.

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Albrecht, S.L., C.L. Douglas, Jr., and R.W. Rickman. 1999. Carbon sequestration by agricultural soils. Oregon Agric. Exp. Sta. Spec. Rep. 999:15-18. Albrecht, S. L., P.E. Rasmussen, C. L. Douglas, Jr., R.W. Rickman, S. B. Wuest, D.E. Wilkins, W.A. Payne, and R. W. Smiley. 1999. Soil carbon in long-term Pacific Northwest agroecosystems. P. 238. Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison WI. Bezdicek, D. F., M.F. Fauci, S.L. Albrecht, and K.W. Skirvin. 1999. Tillage effects on soil carbon in Pacific Northwest dryland cereal production. P.230. Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. Payne, W.A., P.E. Rasmussen, C. Chen, and R.Goller. 1999. Tillage and rainfall effects upon productivity of a winter wheat-dry pea rotation. Oregon Agric. Exp. Sta. Spec. Rep. 999:39-44. Payne, W.A., P.E. Rasmussen, C. Chen, R. Goller, and R.E. Ramig. 1999. Effects of rainfall, temperature, and tillage on productivity of a wheat/pea rotation. p. 16. 1999 Agronomy Abstracts, ASA, Madison, WI. Payne, W.A., P.E. Rasmussen, C. Chen, R. Goller, and R.E. Ramig. 2000. Precipitation, temperature and tillage effects upon productivity of a winter wheat-dry pea rotation. Agron. J. 92:933-937. Rickman, R.W., C.L. Douglas, Jr., and S.L. Albrecht. 1999. Modeling carbon sequestration in agricultural soils. p.283. Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI. Wilkins, D., M. Siemens, and S.L. Albrecht. 1999. Changes in soil physical characteristics during transition from intensive tillage to direct seeding. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engr. Paper No.99-1060. St. Joseph, MI. Williams, J.D., and C. L. Douglas, Jr. 1999. Evaluation of long term crop systems on hydrology and soil erosion; preliminary results from a second year of monitoring. Presented at the American Water Resource Association’s 1999 Annual Water Resources Conferences, Nov. 5-10, 1999. Seattle, WA. Williams, J.D., C. Chen, C. L. Douglas, Jr., R.W. Rickman, and W.A. Payne. 1999. Instrumentation of the long-term crop residue plots for hydrologic and soil erosion evaluation. Oregon Agric. Exp. Sta. Spec. Rep. 999:74-80. Wuest, S. B., and S.L. Albrecht. 1999. Earthworm populations under six semi-arid cropping systems. p.60. Agronomy Abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI.

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