20 years of cryogenic particle detectors: past, present and future

9th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors

23 may 2004, Siena, Italy

20 years of cryogenic particle detectors:20 years of cryogenic particle detectors:past, present and future past, present and future

Ezio PrevitaliINFN Sez. Milano

Departement of Physics “G. Occhialini”University of Milano-Bicocca

9th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors23 may 2004, Siena, Italy



Short history of cryogenic particle detectors

Workshop on Metastable Superconductor in Particle PhysicsParis 14/15 April 1983

In 1984 two important paper was published:

E. Fiorini and T. NiinikoskiNIM 224 (1984) 83

S. H. Moseley, J. C. Mather, D. McCammonJ. Appl. Phys. 56 (1984) 1257

history begin~20 years ago

9th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors23 may 2004, Siena, Italy



Cryogenic Detector Basic Idea

T = E/C

IncomingParticle

Thermometer

Absorber Crystal

Thermal Conductance

C

G

E

Thermal bathParticle interaction in absorber produce

Using a suitable thermometer

V/V ~ A (T/T)

Where A is the thermometer sensitivity

Tlogd

)T(RlogdA

(in case of resistive sensors)

= C/G



Heat Capacity contribution

Phonons:cL (T/ TD)3 Debye law(TD - Debye temperature)

Electrons:ce (T/TF)(TF - Fermi temperature)for superconductor @ T<Tccs exp(-2 Tc/T)(Tc - critical temperature)

Paramagnetic components

Spins

Tunneling states

Quasi particles

To obtain large T

We need small C

We must work at low T

Temperature range for Cryogenic Particle detectors

5 mK < T < 1 K



Thermometer Technologies

Thermistors @ low temperature conduction in hopping regimeR(T) = R0 exp (T0/T)

realized in Si or GeSuperconducting Tunnel Junction (STJ)

interaction of particle brakes Cooper pairs in superconductorpresence of free electron produce an excess current in the junctionenergy to brakes Cooper pairs of the orders of 10-3 eV

Transition Edge Sensors (TES)film operated near superconductor-conductor transitionstrong variation in resistance after a particle interactionvery high sensitivity



Other Thermometer Technologies

Capacitive sensors C(T)

Inductive sensors L(T)kinetic inductance

Magnetization sensors M(T)

Piroelectic sensors V(T)no bias supply

???

Sensor: Au:Er Au:Yb Bi2Te3:Er PbTe:Er

X-ray

paramagnetic sensor

weak thermal link

bath

dc SQUID



Ultimate energy resolution for a Calorimeter

Termodinamic fluctuation noiseC T (1 < < 3) Poisson fluctuation giveN = (C T) / (kB T)energy fluctuation rms Urms = √(N) (kB T) = √(C kB T2)

We need to consider the thermal sensor:Urms = √(C kB T2)where = 2 √(6/A) for A > 6 A = 6 – 10 for semiconductor thermistorA = 20 – 100 for TES

With 1 g Si crystal absorber @ 10 mKThermometer sensitivity A = 10We obtain

Urms < 1 eV

In reality there are contributions from:Johnson noise of sensors and polarization networksPhonon noise due to possible temperature gradientsElectronic noise of amplifier Microphonism...........



A simple comparison

Ionization detectors

Measure energy that goes into ionization(1/3 of energy)

Statistical fluctuation limits resolution(115 eV @ 6 keV for silicon)

Require good electron transport propertiesonly few materials are suitableneed strong control on impurities

Very well known technologyelectronic industries

Thermal detectors

Superconducting Tunnel JuctionAnalog of semiconductor ionization detectorSmaller gap (>30 better energy resolution)More material (but transport problems)

Non Equilibrium phonon detectorWide selection of materialSensitivity to non ionizing events

Near equilibrium thermal detectors No energy branchingFew material restrictionHigh tollerance for impurities

Necessary complicated apparatusrefrigeratorsLHe and LNgas liquefiers

Very high sensitivity to non ionizing events

Pump andControl System

FaradayCage

External LeadShield

Cold Lead Shields

Cryostat

ExperimentalVolume

PlexiglassBax He Liquefier



Application

Macro calorimeter (m > 1 g)

Rare events searchesDouble beta decayDark matterNeutrino physics

Gamma rays spectroscopyAlpha spectroscopy.....

Micro calorimeters

Neutrino mass measurementsX ray spectroscopy

astrophysicsmaterial science

Single optical photon spectroscopyBiological fragment measurements.....

Best alpha spectrometer

4.2 keV @ 5.4 MeVBeta spectrumof 187Re for mass meas.



First experiment with Cryogenic Particle detectors

1991Double Beta Decay on 130Te34 g TeO2 crystal absorbermeasured for 441 h in LNGS

12 years later2003CUORICINO40 kg TeO2segmenteddetectorstill running



Evolution of decay experiment with TeO2

crystals massbackground region

FWHM@100keV

FWHM @2.6MeV DBD 130Te

1991 1 0.034 kg 87 c/(keV kg y) 35 keV 4.4x1020y

1992 1 0.073 kg 24 c/(keV kg y) 5 keV 8 keV2.4x1021y2.7x1021y

1993 1 0.34 kg 7.8 c/(keV kg y) 8 keV 10 keV 2.1x1022y

1996 4 1.36 kg 2.1 c/(keV kg y) 2 keV 10 keV 2.4x1022y

19982001

20 6.8 kg0.6 c/(keV kg y)0.33 c/(keV kg y)

0.7 keV 6 keV1.44x1023y2.1x1023y

2003 62 40 kg 0.19 c/(keV kg y) 1 keV 9 keV 7.5x1023y

Actual resolution and background comparable with the best germanium



Hybrid detectors: ionization and heat

NTD Ge Thermistor

Ionization Channel

Heat channel

Electrodes for charge collection

Semiconductor crystals can be used as:calorimeter ionization detector

at the same time



Different signal for ionizing and non ionizing events

The ratio between ionization and calorimetric signals is different

CDMS CDMS

nn



High rejection efficiency for (non) ionizing events

It is possible to discriminate different events with high efficiency

Neutron Calibration calibration (rejection ~ 99.99%)

EDELWEISS137Cs source



Hybrid detectors: ionization and light

We can also measure photons and phonons at the same time:Scintillating calorimeters

First scintillating calorimeter (1992)Light read out made with Si photodiode

– discrimination in CaF2rejection efficiency ~ 99%

Problem: with photodiode threshold is to high for dark matter searches



Hybrid detectors: ionization and light

It is possible to use a calorimeter as light detector

separate calorimeter as light detector

light reflector

W-SPT

W-SPT

300 g CaWO4

CRESST

energy in phonon channel [keV]

ener

gy in

ligh

t cha

nnel

keV

ee]

background suppression99.9% > 20 keV

nuclear recoils

(neutrons)ele

ctron

reco

ils

(elec

trons

, ´s)

CRESST



High resolution X rays spectroscopy

Few possible approaches:semiconductor microcalorimeters (Si or NTD thermistor)STJmagnetic calorimeters (insulators or metals)TES

NTD

2 NTDmicrocalorimeters

~5 eV FWHMenergy resolution

@ ~ 6 keV



High resolution X rays spectroscopy

Best results obtained with metallic magnetic calorimeter

A. Fleischmann, M. Linck, T. Daniyarov, H. Rotzinger, C. Enss,

G.M. Seidel, Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. A 520 (2004)

Energy resolution 3.4 eV



ionisation detectors

2 eV

6 eV

3.4 eV

C. Enss, J. Low Temp. Phys. 124, 353 (2001)

X rays spectroscopy evolution

Cryogenic particle detectors show performances comparable with WDS but:detection efficiency is few order of magnitude larger

E = 6 keV



Single optical photon counting

High energy resolution allows detection of single optical photons (~1eV)

TES performances:

Quantum efficiency: normal 20% (optimized coating-> 100%)

Wavelength: 100 nm – 10 m

Count rate: <50 kHz (thermal recovery!!)

Dark count: none (stray light)

Photon number resolving: yesNIST

Energy resolving: yes



STJ for optical astronomy

Optical spectrometry with STJsingle photon detectionphoton spectrometryhigh efficiency vs WDS

ESA

ESA At = 500 nm: E/E = 16.5



Application: Biology

Genomics:DNA base sequence in Genome Database

Proteomics:Protein amino acids sequence in Protein Database

Biologist want:identified proteinscharacterized proteinslook for protein complexes and network

Important Analytical methods in life science:X-rays absorption spectrometry Time-of flight mass spectrometryFluorescence resonance energy transfert

Cryogenic detectors:+ resolution+ broadband efficiency- small size- low speed



Time of flight mass spectrometry

Microchannel plate detectorslose efficiency for larger masscan’t measure kinetic energy

Cryogenic detectors:high detection sensitivities also for larger massmeasure kinetic energy (discriminate molecules with different ion charge)

Biomolecules embedded in laser light sensitive matrixlaser energy absorbed by matrixmomentum transferred to massive biomolecules

When molecules interact with detectortime of flight measurementmolecule kinetic energy measurement



Application: Material Science

Cryogenic particle detectors can measure BEFS: Beta Environmental Fine Structure

The presence of lattice atoms producean interference pattern for electrons

The interference pattern modulatethe energy distribution of electrons

AgReO4 crystal



Future

Macro calorimetersIn the next few years many new experiments will be realized:

CUORE: ~ 1 ton TeO2 segmented detector for DBDapproved by LNGS scientific committee

CRESST II: 33 CaWO4 crystals with light and heat measurement upgrade started

EDELWEISS II: 21 more detectors (2005)CDMS: measurements at Sudan Mine (2005)CRYOARRAY: dark matter at 1 ton scale under studies

Micro calorimetersExperiments:

MiBeta: 200 MC for mass measurements (2006)MANU: development of new mass measurementsConstellation X: developments of TES array for X rays astr....... NASA: new thermistor arrays for satellite X ray measurements...... ESA: installation of new array for optical spectrometry......

CryogenicsPulse Tube: new refrigerators without LHe and LN



References

Proceeding of the conference:10th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectorswill be published on NIM A 520 (2004)

20 years of cryogenic particle detectors: past, present and future

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