20 th century. styles and forms 2 nd viennese school serial music a 20th-century method of musical...
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20th Century
Styles and
Forms
Serial MusicA 20th-century method of musical composition invented by Arnold Schoenberg
in which the twelve notes of the Chromatic scale are organised into a series or a tone row. This row can be transposed, inverted or played in retrograde.
Serial music is highly dissonant.
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Anton WebernAudio Clip
Arnold SchoenbergAudio Clip
Alban BergAudio Clip
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Tone Row – A serial of 12 notes. Each note is a different note of a chromatic scale
Retrograde – Playing a melody backwards
Inversion – Playing a melody upside down
The Tone Row
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Another technique adopted by Schoenberg and Berg was Sprechgesang .This is a technique used in vocal music where the singer is required
to use the voice in an expressive manner half-way between singing and speaking.
Audio ClipSprechgesang
Edvard GriegNorwayAudio Clip
Leos JanacekCzechoslovakia
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Aaron CoplandAmericaAudio Clip
Bela BartokHungary Audio Clip
Nationalism A term used to describe music which incorporates elements of folk music of the composer’s country. It emerged about the second half of the 19th
century and was a type of Romanticism.
Manuel De FallaSpain
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Neo-classical New classicism. From about 1929 onwards this style in music
came about when composers reacted against Romanticism and wanted to return to the structures and styles of earlier periods but combined
with dissonant, tonal and even atonal harmonies. The composers started to write for smaller orchestras.
Igor StravinskyAudio Clip
Paul HindemithAudio Clip
Sergei ProfievAudio Clip
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Musique concrète Recorded natural sounds which are transformed using simple editing
techniques such as cutting and re-assembling, playing backwards, slowing down and speeding up.
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Weather ReportAudio Clip
Jazz funk A combination of jazz Improvisation and the amplified instruments and
character of Rock. A chord very common in all jazz styles is the added 6th.
Chick CoreaElektric Band
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Marcus MillerAudio Clip
Audio ClipChant A series of chords to which the words of psalms are sung in the Church of England.
The texture of the music is homophonic and the word setting mainly syllabic.
Other Important Features
PolytonalityThe use of two or more keys played or sung at the same time, e.g. the melody may be in the key of C major whilst the accompaniment might
be in E major.
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Darius Milhaud Gustav Holst
MicrotoneAny interval noticeably smaller than a semitone, most often found in
the music of Eastern European countries and also in Indian and Arabic music. It is sometimes used by contemporary classical
composers.
György LigetiAudio Clip
Krzysztof PendereckiAudio Clip
John CageAudio Clip
Charles IvesAudio Clip
Tritone
Interval of an augmented 4th, e.g. C–F# or F–B. It is made up of three whole tones.
The tritone has commonly been used in music since the Romantic Period. The tritone interval is also known as Diabolus in Musica (The Devil in
Music)
Romantic MusicAudio Clip
Heavy MetalAudio Clip
West Side StoryAudio Clip
StingAudio Clip
Irregular metres Often in modern or rhythmically based ethnic music, groupings of
notes change, but the underlying pulse remains constant. Sometimes composers in the 20th century try to destroy the feeling of a regular
down beat by changing the time signature frequently or using unusual time signatures eg. 5/4, or 7/8
Howard ShoreAudio Clip
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Dave BrubekAudio Clip
Electric Counterpoint – Steve Reich