20 kaustubh bhople smart grid implementation plan for india
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Smart Grid – Implementation Plan for India Page 1
SMART GRID
Implementation Plan for
India
NATIONAL POWER TRAINING INSTITUTE, FARIDABAD
(Under the Ministry of Power, Government of India)
Affiliated to
MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROTHAK
Under Guidance of
Ms. Indu Maheshwari
Dy. Director, NPTI
Submitted By
Kaustubh Bhople
9th
Batch, NPTI
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It’s been immense pleasure to me while presenting my first report
on smart grid. The creation of this report is based on the support of many
individuals. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all of them.
Before expressing my thanks to these individuals, I would like to submit
my gratitude and respect to the Almighty for all his blessings.
At the outset, I am highly obliged to Mr.JSS Rao, Principal Director
NPTI and, Mr. S.K. Choudhary Director (CAMPS), NPTI, who with their
experience and expertise, guide us through the academics as well as
through the important educational phase of our life. Their efforts in the
same direction gave me the opportunity to do summer internship in a
pioneer organization Feedback Infra Pvt. Ltd.
I would like to express my gratitude to my internal guide Ms. Indu
Maheshwari for providing the extended support. I want to use this
opportunity to thank all the staff members who contributed directly or
indirectly for the completion of my internship report.
I also want to express gratitude to all the people whose efforts I
have referred and studied before suggesting my implementation plan.
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DECLARATION
I, Kaustubh Bhople, a student of MBA (Power Management) 2010-12 batch at Centre for Advanced Management and Power Studies
(CAMPS), NPTI, Faridabad, Roll No.20, hereby declare that the final year
major report titled, “SMART GRID – Implementation plan for India”
submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree is an original work and that
no part of this report has been submitted to any other institute for the
award of any other degree and that this work has not been published in
any journal or magazine.
A Presentation has been made of the same in the institute
on………………………………. and the suggestions as approved by the faculty
were duly incorporated.
Presentation In-charge Signature of Candidate
(Kaustubh Bhople)
Counter signed
(Principal Director of Institute)
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CONTENTS
Executive Summary ...................................................... 5
Objective of Report ....................................................... 7
Scope of Report ............................................................ 7
Significance of Report ................................................... 8
I-Basics of Smart Grid................................................... 9
1.1 Features of Smart Grid ............................................ 11
1.2 Functions of Smart Grid ........................................... 13
1.3 Technology ............................................................ 15
II-Pilot Project Selection............................................. 20
2.1 Barriers in Implementation ...................................... 21
2.2 Parameter for Site Selection of Pilot Project ............... 23
2.3 Suggestions for Pilot Projects ................................... 25
III-Implementation Plan............................................. 27
3.1 Smart Grid Initiative in India .................................... 28
3.2 Categorization of India ........................................... 30
3.3 Timeframe for Implementation ................................. 32
Conclusion .................................................................. 38
Bibliography ............................................................... 39
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
“Smart grids are emerging as the next strategic
challenge for the energy sector and as a key
catalyst to achieve the vision of a low-carbon
economy.”
Ignacio S. Galán,
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer,
Iberdrola, Spain
India, one of the most attractive economies of 21st century, is
standing 2nd in terms of population with 121 Cr. Population. One can
clearly guess the huge requirements of power in such country. Over 60
years of Independence has a good record of power generation in India.
But now there is a paradigm shift in all the industries in terms of
ITization. In consistence with today’s era, Indian power sector also needs
to go through this paradigm shift and this shift will be in the form of
Smart Grid.
The transition towards a smart grid can be driven by a number of
factors, some or all of which may apply to varying degrees. However, the
hierarchy of needs will vary from country to country, region to region and
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even circuit to circuit, based on the legacy network that exists and the
ambitions of local policy-makers. In some cases, reliability may dominate
the list of outcomes due to challenges faced by an ageing infrastructure;
however, in another area, the drive to incorporate plug-in hybrid electric
vehicles and distributed generation and storage may be dominant. In
these instances, different physical architectures might evolve that are
optimized to the local need. Over time, needs may change and therefore
the design philosophy will need to embrace the concepts of flexibility,
modularity, scalability and forward compatibility.
For India, we divide India in four categories Unelctrified Villages,
Electrified Villages, Urban and Metros. These four categories can be used
to decide the degree of pilot projects in these locations based on various
parameters like Consumer mix, geography, degree of smart grid etc. At
the end, the most important part of report is the suggestion of
implementation plan. Below is the suggestion of plan.
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OBJECTIVE OF THE REPORT
There are some successful implementations of Smart grid in
developed countries. According to World Economic Forum, India is in very
preliminary stage regarding the development of smart grid. This project
will focus on implementation strategy of smart grid in India. In the path of
jotting down the plan the project has to cover following dimensions of
smart grid
Basics of Smart Grid
Barriers in implementation of smart grid
Parameters for selection of location of pilot projects
Suggestions for pilot project locations
Implementation plan keeping in view the accomplishment year as
2030.
SCOPE OF THE REPORT
Smart Grid is a huge subject and there are lot of aspects of smart
grid to study. There are very little awareness regarding the smart grid
and this continues till the task force and task forum formed in India. India
has declared the ambition of pilot projects but hasn’t announced the
locations of the pilot project.
This report will be directed towards the implementation plan for
smart grid and the pilot project site selection. Based of the barriers of
implementation of smart grid, the report is aim to develop a time frame
for smart grid implementation.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE REPORT
There is a buzz word in the power industry – “Smart Grid” . This
report has taken a move in this direction. The report has a saga with the
same buzz word. The report is targeted to propose a time bound
implementation plan for smart grid in India.
The report has taken India into consideration, categorised the
nation in different parts (Unelectrified villages, Electrified villages, Urban
and Metros). Based on these categories, report suggested different pilot
projects with varying degree of smart grid. At the end, the report
suggested one 4 phase implementation plan which is developed by aiming
2030 as a year when India will have smart grid.
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I
BASICS OF
SMART GRID
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“Smart grids incorporate embedded computer
processing capability and two-way
communications to the current electricity
infrastructure. Smart grids operate across the
utility value chain, and should not be confused
with smart meters.”
A smart grid uses sensing, embedded processing and digital
communications to enable the electricity grid to be:
• Observable (able to be measured and visualized)
• Controllable (able to manipulated and optimized)
• Automated (able to adapt and self-heal)• Fully integrated (fully interoperable with existing systems and with the
capacity to incorporate a diverse set of Energy sources).
A smart grid will create the platform for a wide range of advanced and
low-carbon technologies.
Figure 1: Smart Grid – Holistic Definition
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The smart grid, as defined in above Figure, encapsulates embedded
intelligence and communications integrated at any stage from power
generation to end point consumption. To date, the majority of the
industry debate has centred on smart meters and advanced metering
infrastructure – devices designed to accurately measure and communicate
consumption data in the home or office environment. Confusion can arise
if the term “smart meter” is used synonymously with “smart grid”. The
reality is that, with the holistic smart grid, the smart meter becomes just
one more node on the network, measuring and relaying flow and quality
data.
1.1 FEATURES OF SMART GRID
Load adjustment
Imagine the increment of the load if a popular television program starts
and millions of televisions will draw current instantly. Traditionally, to
respond to a rapid increase in power consumption, faster than the start-
up time of a large generator, some spare generators are put on a
dissipative standby mode. A smart grid may warn all individual television
sets, or another larger customer, to reduce the load temporarily (to allowtime to start up a larger generator) or continuously (in the case of limited
resources). Using mathematical prediction algorithms it is possible to
predict how many standby generators need to be used, to reach a certain
failure rate. In the traditional grid, the failure rate can only be reduced at
the cost of more standby generators. In a smart grid, the load reduction
by even a small portion of the clients may eliminate the problem.
Demand response support
Demand response support allows generators and loads to interact in an
automated fashion in real time, coordinating demand to flatten spikes.
Eliminating the fraction of demand that occurs in these spikes eliminates
the cost of adding reserve generators, cuts wear and tear and extends the
life of equipment, and allows users to cut their energy bills by telling low
priority devices to use energy only when it is cheapest.
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Currently, power grid systems have varying degrees of communication
within control systems for their high value assets, such as in generating
plants, transmission lines, substations and major energy users. In general
information flows one way, from the users and the loads they control back
to the utilities. The utilities attempt to meet the demand and succeed or
fail to varying degrees (brownout, rolling blackout, uncontrolled blackout).
The total amount of power demand by the users can have a very
wide probability distribution which requires spare generating plants in
standby mode to respond to the rapidly changing power usage. This one-
way flow of information is expensive; the last 10% of generating capacity
may be required as little as 1% of the time, and brownouts and outages
can be costly to consumers.
Greater resilience to loading
Although multiple routes are touted as a feature of the smart grid, the old
grid also featured multiple routes. Initial power lines in the grid were built
using a radial model, later connectivity was guaranteed via multiple
routes, referred to as a network structure. However, this created a new
problem: if the current flow or related effects across the network exceed
the limits of any particular network element, it could fail, and the current
would be shunted to other network elements, which eventually may fail
also, causing a domino effect.
Decentralization of power generation
Another element of fault tolerance of traditional and smart grids is
decentralized power generation. Distributed generation allows individual
consumers to generate power onsite, using whatever generation method
they find appropriate. This allows individual loads to tailor their
generation directly to their load, making them independent from grid
power failures. Classic grids were designed for one-way flow of electricity,
but if a local sub-network generates more power than it is consuming, the
reverse flow can raise safety and reliability issues. A smart grid can
manage these situations, but utilities routinely manage this type of
situation in the existing grid.
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Price signalling to consumers
In many countries, including Belgium, Greece, the Netherlands and the
UK, the electric utilities have installed double tariff electricity meters in
many homes to encourage people to use their electric power during night
time or weekends, when the overall demand from industry is very low.During off-peak time the price is reduced significantly, primarily for
heating storage radiators or heat pumps with a high thermal mass, but
also for domestic appliances. This idea will be further explored in a smart
grid, where the price could be changing in seconds and electric equipment
is given methods to react on that.
1.2 FUNCTIONS OF SMART GRID
Self-healing
Using real-time information from embedded sensors and automated
controls to anticipate, detect, and respond to system problems, a smart
grid can automatically avoid or mitigate power outages, power quality
problems, and service disruptions.
Consumer participation
A smart grid is, in essence, an attempt to require consumers to change
their behaviour around variable electric rates or to pay vastly increased
rates for the privilege of reliable electrical service during high-demand
conditions. Proponents assert that the real-time, two-way
communications available in a smart grid will enable consumers to be
compensated for their efforts to save energy and to sell energy back to
the grid through net-metering. By enabling distributed generation
resources like residential solar panels, small wind and plug-in hybrid,
proponents assert that the smart grid will spark a revolution in the energy
industry by allowing small players like individual homes and small
businesses to sell power to their neighbours or back to the grid. Many
utilities currently promote small independent distributed generation and
successfully integrate it with no impact. These sources of power are
currently cost-effective with the help government subsidies that are
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available to help consumers purchase the often expensive equipment that
is required.
Resist attack
Smart grid technologies better identify and respond to man-made or
natural disruptions. Real-time information enables grid operators to
isolate affected areas and redirect power flows around damaged facilities.
One of the most important issues of resist attack is the smart monitoring
of power grids, which is the basis of control and management of smart
grids to avoid or mitigate the system-wide disruptions like blackouts.
High quality power
It is asserted that assuring more stable power provided by smart grid
technologies will reduce downtime and prevent such high losses, but the
reliability of complex systems is very difficult to analyse and guarantee.
Accommodate generation options
As smart grids continue to support traditional power loads they also
seamlessly interconnect fuel cells, renewable, microturbines, and other
distributed generation technologies at local and regional levels.Integration of small-scale, localized, or on-site power generation allows
residential, commercial, and industrial customers to self-generate and sell
excess power to the grid with minimal technical or regulatory barriers.
This also improves reliability and power quality, reduces electricity costs,
and offers more customer choice.
Enable electricity market
Intelligence in distribution grids are not required to enable small
producers to generate and sell electricity at the local level using
alternative sources such as rooftop-mounted photo voltaic panels, small-
scale wind turbines, and micro hydro generators. Only after very high
penetration of these types of resources is additional intelligence provided
by sensors and software designed to react instantaneously to imbalances
caused by intermittent sources, such as distributed generation,
necessary.
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Optimize assets
A smart grid can optimize capital assets while minimizing operations and
maintenance costs. Optimized power flows reduce waste and maximize
use of lowest-cost generation resources. Harmonizing local distribution
with inter-regional energy flows and transmission traffic improves use of existing grid assets and reduces grid congestion and bottlenecks, which
can ultimately produce consumer savings.
Enable high penetration of intermittent generation sources
Climate change and environmental concerns will increase the amount of
renewable energy resources. These are for the most part intermittent in
nature. Smart Grid technologies will enable power systems to operate
with larger amounts of such energy resources since they enable both the
suppliers and consumers to compensate for such intermittency.
1.3 TECHNOLOGY
Smart Grid technology is changing with a rapid pace, each day
scientists, and researcher trying to make it more automatic, flexible androbust. As on Date, following are the technologies available in different
aspects of smart grid.
Advanced Components
Advanced components "Advanced components play an active role in
determining the electrical behaviour of the grid. They can be applied in
either standalone applications or connected together to create complex
systems such as microgrids. These components are based on fundamental
research and development (R&D) gains in power electronics,
superconductivity, materials, chemistry, and microelectronics."
Advanced On-load Tap-changer
(OLTC)
Advanced Protective Relays
Controllable Network Transformer Convertible Static Compensator
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(CNT) (CSC)
Current Limiting Conductor (CLiC) D-VAR or DSTATCOM
FACTS Flow Control using HTS Cable
Grid Tie Inverter Load Control Receiver
Medium Voltage Static Transfer
Switch
Meter Data Management
Narrow-band PLC SoC IC Solutions One Cycle Control Controller
Programmable Communication
Thermostats
Real-Time Demand Response and
DER Control Device
Short Circuit Current Limiter (SCCL) Smart Meter
Smart Wires Class of Distributed
Series Impedance (DSI) Device
Solid State Transfer Switch (SSTS)
Static Shunt Compensator
(STATCOM)
Static Synchronous Series
Compensator (SSSC)
Static Var Compensators Thyristor Controlled Series
Compensators
Unified Power Flow Controller
(UPFC)
Advanced Control Methods
Advanced Control Method technologies are "the devices and
algorithms that will analyze, diagnose, and predict conditions in the
modern grid and determine and take appropriate corrective actions toeliminate, mitigate, and prevent outages and power quality disturbances.
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These methods will provide control at the transmission, distribution, and
consumer levels and will manage both real and reactive power across
state boundaries."
Advanced Feeder Automation Advanced Substation Gateway
Distributed Intelligent Control
Systems
Distribution Automation (DA)
Energy Management System (EMS) Fault Locator for Distribution
Systems
Grid Friendly Appliance™ Controller SCADA
Substation Automation (SA)
Sensing and Measurement
Sensing and Measurement "is an essential component of a fully modern
power grid. Advanced sensing and measurement technologies will acquire
and transform data into information and enhance multiple aspects of
power system management. These technologies will evaluate equipment
health and the integrity of the grid. They will support frequent meter
readings, eliminate billing estimations, and prevent energy theft. They will
also help relieve congestion and reduce emissions by enabling consumer
choice and demand response and by supporting new control strategies."
Advanced Metering Infrastructure
(AMI)
Battery Monitoring System
Cable Monitoring System Circuit Breaker Monitoring System
Current Sensor Fiber Optic Sensor
Instrument Transformer Outage Management System
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Power Quality Monitoring System Sag Profile and VAR Monitoring
System
Temperature Monitoring System Transformer Monitoring System
Wide Area Measurement System
(WAMS)
Wireless Condition Monitoring
Improved Interfaces and Decision Support
Improved Interfaces and Decision Support are "essential
technologies that must be implemented if grid operators and managersare to have the tools and training they will need to operate a modern
grid. Improved Interface and Decision Support technologies will convert
complex power-system data into information that can be understood by
human operators at a glance. Animation, colour contouring, virtual reality,
and other data display techniques will prevent data overload and help
operators identify, analyse, and act on emerging problems."
Consumer Gateway and Portal Distributed Energy Resources
Controller
Grid Friendly Appliance™ Controller Microgrid Control Software
Power Distribution Analysis
Software
Power Transmission Analysis
Software
Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) Smart Appliance Interface (SAI)
Unit
System Visualization Software Universal Power Interface
Integrated Communications
Of these five key technology areas, the implementation of integrated
communications is "a foundational need, required by the other key
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technologies and essential to the modern power grid. Integrated
communications will create a dynamic, interactive mega infrastructure for
real-time information and power exchange, allowing users to interact with
various intelligent electronic devices in an integrated system sensitive to
the various speed requirements (including near real-time) of the
interconnected applications."
Broadband Cable Broadband Power Line (BPL)
Cellular (3G) Cellular (CDMA and TDMA)
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH)
Integrated Digital Enhanced
Network (IDEN)
Internet Protocol (IPv4 and IPv6)
IPv6 over Low power WPAN
(6lowpan)
Leased Lines & Dial-up
Multiple Address (MAS) Radio Paging Network
Power Line Communications (PLC) Radio Frequency Identification
Devices (RFID)
Spread Spectrum (SS) Radio
Systems
Three GPP (3GPP) Long Term
Evolution (LTE)
Very Small Aperture Terminal
(VSAT)
Wavenis Wireless
Wi-Fi WiFiber
Wireless Interoperability for
Microwave Access (WiMAX)
X10, UPB, INSTEON, Z-Wave,
Zigbee for Home Automation
ZigBee
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IIPILOT PROJECT
SELECTION
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India, one of the most attractive economies of 21st century, is
standing 2nd in terms of population with 121 Cr. Population. One can
clearly guess the huge requirements of power in such country. Over 60
years of Independence has a good record of power generation in India.
But now there is a paradigm shift in all the industries in terms of
ITization. In consistence with today’s era, Indian power sector also needs
to go through this paradigm shift and this shift will be in the form of
Smart Grid.
There are some successful implementations of Smart grid in
developed countries. This project will focus on implementation strategy of
smart grid in India. There is a very little information available on the
Smart grid task force and smart grid forum. To have a good view on
implementation strategy, I have studied the World economic report and
successful implementation strategies in developed countries. Also we
need to take care of current problem faced by the Indian Power Sector in
terms of Grid.
2.1 BARRIERS IN IMPLEMENTATION
Considering the current condition of India as a developing country,
there are many barriers for smart grid successful implementation.
Policy and Regulation
In many cases, utilities do not get as far as a business case for the
smart grid as there are regulatory and policy barriers in place that either
create reverse incentives or fail to create sufficient positive incentives for
private sector investment.
High Capital Cost
In cases where regulatory framework is supportive, there is a
problem of investing a huge capital in Smart Grid. Till now, there are no
successful pilot project which hampers the confidence of private investors.
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Ignorance to Social Benefit
Also while calculating the benefits only economical benefits are
considered. The intangible benefits like reduction in carbon emission
which adds to the social welfare are not taken into account.
Technology Maturity and Delivery Risk
A smart grid brings together a number of technologies
(communications, power electronics, software, etc.) at different stages of
the technology maturity lifecycle. In some cases, these technologies have
significant technology risks associated with them because de facto oragreed standards have not emerged. In addition, there are only a handful
of examples of large scale implementation of more than 50,000 premises
and therefore there continues to be significant delivery risk priced in to
the estimates.
Increasing Awareness
Consumers and policy-makers are becoming increasingly aware of
the challenges posed by climate change and the role of greenhouse gas
emissions in creating the problem. In some cases, they are aware of the
role of renewable generation and energy efficiency in combating climate
change. It is much less common that they are also aware of the way that
power is delivered to the home and the role of smart grids in enabling a
low-carbon future.
Access to Affordable Capital
Utility companies are generally adept at tapping the capital
markets; however, where delivery risks are high and economic
frameworks are variable, the relative cost of capital may be higher than
normal, which acts as a deterrent to investment. Stable frameworks and
optimum allocation of risk between the customer, the utility and
government will be the key to accessing the cheapest capital possible. In
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the case of municipalities and cooperatives, this challenge may become
amplified as the ability to manage delivery risk is reduced.
Skills and Knowledge
In the longer term, a shortfall is expected in critical skills that will
be required to architect and build smart grids. As experienced power
system engineers approach retirement, companies will need to transition
the pool of engineering skills to include power electronics,
communications and data management and mining. System operators will
need to manage networks at different levels of transition and learn to
operate using advanced visualization and decision support.
Cyber security and Data Integrity
Digital communication networks and more granular and frequent
information on consumption patterns raise concerns in some quarters of
cyber-insecurity and potential for misuse of private data. These issues are
not unique to smart grids but are cause for concern on what is a critical
network infrastructure.
2.2 PARAMETER FOR SITE SELECTION OF PILOT
PROJECT
Though, to successful implementation, it is really important to choose
location for pilot projects. Following can be the
1. Condition of Discom:
The financial condition of discom should be sound enough to
invest in new technology. Also the existing infrastructure should
be in good condition, because there will be less cost in up
gradation if existing infrastructure is in good condition.
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2. Globalization
Considering the location of pilot project, it should be one which is
very much close to global markets. The reason being, the
technological advancement, other infrastructure facilities are
developed which helps the overall implementation of the pilot
project.
3. Consumer Payment History
In addition to above mentioned factor, we need timely paying
consumers; because, the financial viability is one of the major
factors of success. The timely paying consumer history means
less bad debtors means good revenue collection.
4. Consumer Literacy
To have a successful pilot project, consumer literacy index is one
of the most important parameter. Because, Smart grid is a two
way communication channel in which involvement of consumer is
as important as involvement of utility. So consumer should be
well literate to understand firstly the technology and secondly his
responsibilities and limitations.
5. Location geography
Smart grid does not mean smart meters, there are various other
technologies used at various phases of grid infrastructure. If the
terrain of the locality is too much hilly or difficult to build
infrastructure on, then there will be numerous problems related
with proper implementation and tracking of project.
6. Degree of Smart Grid:
The most important parameter in selection of site for smart grid
is the degree of smart grid which we want to test, because there
are various levels of smart grid like micro grid, smart meters,
advanced transmission, decentralised generation etc. We can not
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have pilot project of decentralised generation right now unless
we implement smart meters. So in selection of location we also
need to take care of this factor. T
2.3 SUGGESTIONS FOR PILOT PROJECTS
We have sent the parameters which one should take into
consideration for deciding pilot project location. In regards to those
parameters we also need to consider the degree of smart grid.
1. Micro Grid:
a. Unelectrified Village: This is really good, because we can
design the system as per our need. This will be barren field on
which we can model the grid as we want.
b. New Big complexes: This is really beautiful one, as the
consumers are literate. The big constructions of societies are
coming up and we can target them for this concept.
2. Smart Meter:
a. Metros: Areas of metros are best suited for this. India has
already taken a step forward in this area by starting the pilotproject in Bangalore. In addition to that, India should start
the pilot project in remaining metros.
b. Urban Areas: India also started this in form of Managlore. We
should target at least 15 cities in each state in coming year.
3. Advanced Transmission:
a. Inter State Corridors: Powergrid has taken steps in
implementation of advanced transmission, but the pace is
somewhat slow. Also, they should try to latest technology
rather than the tested one, at least in some parts. This will
help to make Indian grid up to date.
4. Advanced Smart Grid:
a. Industrial Area: This is only area available right now which
can be targeted for pilot project of advanced smart grid.
Because we want the literate and alert consumer. As Power is
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the basic necessity of any industry, they will participate
actively in strengthening their basic requirement.
b. Upper Economic class in Metros: This is also a probable area
of implementation of advanced infrastructure. As the
consumers are very literate and can pay for initial cost of pilot
project.
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III
IMPLEMENTATION
PLAN
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3.1 SMART GRID INITIATIVE IN INDIA
India has some good initiatives like formation of Indian Smart Grid
Task Force and Indian Smart Grid Forum.
India Smart Grid Task Force (ISGTF)
The India Smart Grid Task Force is an inter ministerial group and
will serve as government focal point for activities related to SMART GRID.
The Main functions of ISGTF pertaining to Smart Grid are:
To ensure awareness coordination and integration of diverse
activities related to Smart Grid Technologies.
Practices & services for reasearch & development of SMART GRID.
Coordination and integrate other relevant inter governmental
activities.
Collaborate on interoperability framework.
Review & validate recommendations from India Smart Grid Forum
etc.
Five Working groups have been constituted to takeup the different taskrelated to SMART GRID activities i.e.
WG1 – Trials/Pilot on new technologies.
WG2 – Loss reduction and theft, data gathering and analysis.
WG3 – Power to rural areas and reliability & quality of power to
urban areas.
WG4 – Dist Generation & renewable.
WG5 – Physical cyber security, Standards and Spectrum.
India Smart Grid Forum
It is an initiative of Ministry of Power and it will be a non-profit
voluntary consortium of public and private stakeholders with the prime
objective of accelerating development of Smart Grid technologies in the
Indian Power Sector. Following are the objectives of this forum:
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The goal of the Forum would be to help the Indian power sector to
deploy Smart Grid technologies in an efficient, cost-effective,
innovative and scalable manner by bringing together all the key
stakeholders and enabling technologies.
The India Smart Grid Forum will coordinate and cooperate with
relevant global and Indian bodies to leverage global experience and
standards where ever available or helpful, and will highlight any
gaps in the same from an Indian perspective.
Governance of the Forum will be overseen by a Board of Governors
/ Directors. Initially there will be 7 members in Board of Governors,
5 of which will be elected and other two being representatives of
MoP and PFC. The Forum will operate in a hierarchical or layered structure with
different working groups focusing on different aspects of Smart
Grid. A Core Group will comprise of Founding Members and will be
responsible for overall coordination of the working groups. Members
of core committee and working groups will be decided by elections
and few nominations from Government agencies. Nominations from
Government agencies will be done by MoP / PFC.
Forum will be open for voluntary memberships from all appropriate
interested entities. There will be different categories of membership
with different rights and responsibilities based on the entity size and
other status such as government, regulator, non-profit
organisations, industry, utility etc.
Initially the Forum will be open by invitation and a temporary
President of forum will be appointed. Invitation will be sent to
selected state power utilities, private power utilities, power sector
PSUs, empanelled System Integrators, SCADA Consultants and
Implementing Agencies of R-APDRP, selected educational and
research institutes, NGOs, CEA, CERC, CPRI, FICCI and NASSCOM.
After 1st meeting, forum will operate by election of core committee
members and full fledged chairman. MoP, PFC and REC will be
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permanent invitees and members of the forum. Ministry of Power
will be Patron of the Forum.
Secretariat of the Forum will be initially at PFC, New Delhi. M/s
CSTEP will be the knowledge partner and Advisor for the Forum.
The terms of engagement will be finalised by PFC and later
reviewed by Smart Grid Forum.
Funding of the Forum will be from the annual membership fee from
all members (except those specifically exempted) based on their
categories. Initial funding of the Forum has been proposed through
Ministry of Power, who will be the Patron of the Forum.
It has members from government (6), utilities (7), Industry (52),
Research, academic institutes (9). It has also 7 working group looking
after different technological aspects in smart grid. They are:
WG1 – Advanced Transmission (incl. PMU, WAMS, FACTS etc.)
WG2 – Advanced Distribution
WG3 – Communications
WG4 – Metering
WG5 – Consumption and Load Control
WG6 – Policy and Regulations
WG7 – Architecture and Design
WG8 – Pilots and Business Model
3.2 CATEGORIZATION OF INDIA
India is a vast country with diversity in all possible parameters. To
implement the smart grid in such a country is a huge challenge. We need
to take into consideration lot of constraints. We can easily divide India in
4 categories based on the globalization index and infrastructure
availability. We need to adopt different implementation strategies in
different areas.
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We have seen the Smart Grid and Micro Grid Concept in earlier chapters.
Smart grid is a phenomenon which will continue to evolve in generations
to come. Right now we will consider the smart grid as one with complete
automatic control. As per the report of World Economic Forum, India is on
a Low level of Smart Grid development. We have a Herculean task in front
of us regarding the Smart Grid.
Unelectrified Villages:
In case of areas where the infrastructure is not there, we can go for
the concept of Micro Grid. Because, areas where the normal grid is
difficult to reach are the only parts which are left so we can adapt to the
concept of micro grid.
Electrified Villages:
These are the one where we can go for transmission and generation
technologies of smart grid. The reason being distribution initiative like
smart meters won’t work efficiently in these areas. Distribution initiatives
require consumer participation and the consumer participation index is
very low in these areas.
Unelectrified
VillageElectrified
Village
Metro Urban
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Urban:
These are the localities where we can go for basic of Smart Grid.
This is the most critical locality in testing smart grid in India.
Metros:
These are the economic centres of India. These will be good choice
to see the future of Indian Grid at Present. We can test the advanced
technology in these locations.
3.3 TIMEFRAME FOR IMPLEMENTATION
LOCATION
S
R T G R I D T E C H
L
G Y
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As India is in very nascent stage of Development of Smart Grid, it is
very difficult to predict the exact timeframe in which it can achieve the
target. The basic challenge to accomplish the target is overcoming the
inertia. The more we take time to overcome it more difficult to get to the
latest technology, as the smart grid technology is developing with a very
great pace.
Infosys has given the following graph for achievement of accomplished
smart grid in India. But the plan is very optimistic and ambitious.
We haven’t yet implemented a successful pilot project of smart
metering which is very basic requirement of Smart grid. There are pilot
projects going on in BESCOM (Bangalore Electricity Supply Co.) and
MESCOM (Mangalore Electricity Supply Co.). What we should concentrate
is dividing smart grid implementation in parts. Some parts will go for
smart metering, some with advanced transmission etc. Below time frame
is designed for India.
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We can see the complete implementation plan in 4 phases, starting this
year.
Phase – I: Basics of Smart Grid
The 1st phase is really important for success of complete plan. The
phase will have following task
1. Micro grid formation: this is applicable in those areas where
the current grid is not yet reached. We can have a target of
around 6 years for completion of this activity. This is really
huge task in terms of reaching to those areas and setting up a
complete micro grid.
2. Smart Metering in Metros and Urban: Simultaneously we can
start with changing normal metering with smart metering in
urban and Metros. This should be completed in next 4 years of
span.
3. Advanced Transmission: In addition to the distribution
initiatives like micro grid and smart metering, we need to
strengthen our transmission system with technology like PMU,
WAMS, FACTS etc. This will help to ease the integration of
complete grid. This is giant task, so we consider it to be
completed in next 10 years.
Phase – II: Advanced Transmission
This mainly constitutes the integration of complete grid, this
involves, integrating the micro grid into main grid and having a good
capacity linkage between all the parts of India. In addition to it, we need
to achieve the smart metering for whole India.
Both these tasks can be started once we have achieved 100%
electrification and smart metering of urban and metros.
Phase – III: Decentralised Generation
This phase will concentrate on integrating the generation of India.
This phase will concentrate on achieving the Decentralised generation
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concept of smart grid. We can start this phase as early as possible. We
can add the generating units to grid in following order.
1. Captive power plants
2. Renewable sources
3. Inverters and DG Sets
4. Batteries
5. Electric Vehicles and sources like that.
So this phase will stretch to almost end of smart grid implementation.
Phase – IV: Market Development and Security
This phase will concentrate on two parameters
1. Market Creation:
To promote the smart grid implementation, we need to create
market for various effective usage of electricity. One of the
initiatives can be electric vehicles, other than those renewable
sources which help to earn money if that source injects power
into grid etc.
2. Security
Integration of information technology (IT) and
telecommunications infrastructures into the traditional electric
power system have transformed the historical electricity network
into a smarter electricity grid that enables real-time sensing,
measurement, control, and two-way energy and information flowamong various devices. As cyber infrastructure has become a
critical component to the energy sector infrastructure,
management and protections of cyber systems and IT
components at all levels are required to prevent access to
unauthorized functions, especially as they relate to grid
operations. Cyber infrastructure and cyber security are terms
defined by the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) as:
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a. Cyber Infrastructure: Includes electronic information and
communications systems and services and the information
contained in these systems and services. Information and
communications systems and services are composed of all
hardware and software that process, store, and communicate
information, or any combination of all of these elements.
Processing includes the creation, access, modification, and
destruction of information. Storage includes paper, magnetic,
electronic, and all other media types. Communications include
sharing and distribution of information. For example:
computer systems; control systems (e.g., SCADA); networks,
such as the Internet; and cyber services (e.g., managedsecurity services) are part of cyber infrastructure.
b. Cyber Security: The protection required to ensure
confidentiality, integrity and availability of the electronic
information communication system. With the adoption and
implementation of the Smart Grid, the IT and
telecommunication sectors will be more directly involved.
These sectors have existing cyber security standards to
address vulnerabilities and assessment programs to identify
known vulnerabilities in these systems. These same
vulnerabilities need to be assessed in the context of the Smart
Grid. In addition, the Smart Grid has additional vulnerabilities
due to its complexity, large number of stakeholders, and
highly time-sensitive operational requirements.
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CONCUSION
“Ultimately, smart grids empower consumers by
providing unprecedented visibility and control over
energy usage and will change the way we all think
about and buy energy. This new system will also
transform the relationship between the utility and
consumer from a one-way transaction into a
collaborative relationship that benefits both, as
well as the environment.”
Peter L. Corsell ,
Chief ExecutiveOfficer, GridPoint
To achieve this environment friendly technology mammoth, we
need a concrete and ambitious plan. India, being a developing nation,
there is inertia towards new untested technologies. We usually wait for
the developed nations to test the technology and then we adopt those
technologies. India is on the verge of becoming the developed countries,
so in case of Smart Grid, we need to be in race with developed countries
so that in coming two decades we will be the leader in smart grid.
To achieve this, we need to start our efforts in various technological
aspects simultaneously. We need to select our pilot projects strategically
based on various parameters like Consumer mix, degree of smart grid
etc. In addition to that, we need to stick to the plan of 4 phase smart grid
implementation
Phase - 1 • Basics of Smart Grid
Phase - 2• Advanced Transmission
Phase - 3• Decentralised Generation
Phase - 4• Cyber Security and Market Development
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Documents
1. “Accelerating Smart Grid Investment”, World Economic Forum in
Partnership with Accenture, REF: 150709 , 20092. “Accelerating Successful Smart Grid Pilots”, World Economic Forum
in Partnership with Accenture, 2010
3. “Smart Grids White Paper”, Rahul Tongia, Ph.D., WH-1, Aug, 2009
4. “Smart Grid Policy”, FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION,
128 FERC /61,060, Jul, 2009
Presentations
1. “Smart Grid in Distribution Sector”, Infosys, Power Grid, Gurgaon,
January 2010
2. “A Smart Grid vision”, Jean-Louis COULLON, Delhi, January 2010
3. “INDIAN POWER GRID FUTURE SCENARIO AND CHALLENGES”, V.
Ramakrishna, Member (PS), CEA
4. “Road map for implementation of Smart Grid for Indian Powergrid” ,
A.G. Phadke
5. “10 Steps to Smart Grids”, Eurelctric
6. “The European Electricity Grid Initiative (EEGI)- Roadmap 2010-18
and Detailed Implementation Plan 2010-12”, Entsoe & EDSO, May,
2010
Websites
1. www.isgtf.in/
2. http://173.201.177.176/isgf/
3. www.sgiclearinghouse.org
4. www.wikipedia.com