2-introduction to it

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Introduction to ICT and

Programming

Lecture # 2 : Introduction to Information Technology

Book Reference:

Using Information Technology

Introduction to Information Technology

1.1 Infotech Becomes Commonplace: Cellphones, E-Mail, the Internet, & the E-World

1.2 The All-Purpose Machine: The Varieties ofComputers

1.3 Understanding Your Computer: What If YouCustom-Ordered Your Own PC?

1.4 Where is Information Technology Headed?

Mind Tools for Your Future


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InfoTech Becomes Commonplace

InfoTech: InfoTech is the fusion of computer technology andcommunication technology. InfoTech is the merging of computers withhigh-speed communications links carrying data, sound, and video.

IT: is a general term that describes any technology that helps toproduce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminateinformation

With huge information available all the time everywhere: what will thisdo to us as human beings? Information overload: Less use of our brains for memorizing: Multitasking activity: Smart mobile devices could produce smart mobs:

Emerge when communication and computing technologies amplify

Human talents for cooperation

Cell phones, E-Mail, the Internet, & the E-World

Computer Technology Programmable, multiuse machine that accepts data

raw facts and figures -- and processes, ormanipulates, it into usable information.

76%

79%

80%

87%

90%Email

Internet

Typing Letters/Correspondence

Research

Games

TOP FIVE USES:

Source: The New York Times, September 30, 2002, p.C1


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Communication Technology

Consists of electromagnetic devices and systems forcommunicating over long distances.

What is the meaning of the following term?

go online ?

pervasive computing ?

Online: Availability for communication

Using a computer or otherinformation device,connected through a voice ordata network, to accessinformation and servicesfrom another computer orinformation device.


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Pervasive computing

The world has moved on beyond boxycomputers that sit on desks.

Today handheld computers and cell phoneslet us access information anytime anywhere

Not just the general information but personalinformation --- electronic correspondence,documents, appointments, photos, songs, moneymatters, and other data important to us.

Anytime anywhere accessing the information

E-mail: (Electronic mail) Messages transmitted over a computer network

A great overview on how E-mail works can be found atthe following web site:

http://www.howstuffworks.com/email.htm

Example:[email protected]

User ID Domain/Server


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Network

Communication system connecting two ormore computers with each other so that theycan share resources.

LAN: Local Area Network

MAN: Metropolitan Area Network

WAN: Wide Area Network

Network

LAN: Local Area Network connects, usually by cable, a groupof desktop PCs and other devices, such as printers, in an officeor a building.

MAN: Metropolitan Area Network A data network intended toserve an area the size of a large city. Such networks are beingimplemented by innovative techniques, such as running opticalfiber through subway tunnels.

WAN: Wide Area Network A communications network thatuses such devices as telephone lines, satellite dishes, or radiowaves to span a larger geographic area than can be covered bya LAN.


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Network

LAN is maintained inside a building or small campus

MANs connect LANs together within a city

WANs connects LANs together across the country.

Cyberspace

Includes not only the online world and the Internetin particular, but also the whole wired and wirelessworld of communications in general.

Two most important aspects of cyberspace include

Internet

World Wide Web


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Internet

Worldwidenetwork thatconnects up to400,000 smallernetworks in morethan 200countries.

World Wide Web Interconnected system of computers all over the world

that store information in Multimediaform

A network of servers linked together by a commonprotocol, allowing access to millions of hypertextresources


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Multimedia

Technology that presents information in more than onemedium, such as text, still images, moving images, andsound.

The All-Purpose Machine: The Varieties of Computers

1. Supercomputers

2. Mainframes

3. Workstations

4. Microcomputers

5. Microcontrollers

All Computers, Great & Small: The Categories of Machines


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Supercomputers

High-capacity machines with hundreds of thousands of processors

that can perform over 1 trillion calculations per second. Price range$500,000 to more than $350 millions

IBM ASCI White

Applications:Processing ofEnormous data,ForecastingWeather, designingAircrafts, modelingMolecules, breakingEncryption codes,

Simulating explosionOf nuclear bombs,Film animation,

Mainframes

Water- or air-cooled computersthat vary in size from small, tomedium, to large, depending ontheir use. Price ranges from $5,000to $5 million

VP2400 mainframe


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Workstations

Expensive, powerfulcomputers usually used forcomplex scientific,mathematical, andengineering calculations andfor computer-aided designand computer-aidedmanufacturing.

Sun Microsystems workstation

Microcomputers A Desk Top Personal Computer: price ranges between $500 to $5,000


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Microcomputers

Sony tower PC

A Tower Case Personal Computer

Microcomputers A Lap Top Personal Computer Lightweight portable computers with built-in monitor, keyboard, hard-disk drive, battery and AC adapter.


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Microcomputers

A Personal Digital Assistantor Palmtops

Personal organization tools-schedule planners, addressbooks, to-do lists, send e-mail and faxes.

Microcontrollers Embedded computers are the tiny, specialized microprocessors

installed in "smart" appliances and automobiles.


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Client Server Architecture

A network architecture in which each computer orprocessor on the network is either a Clientor aServer.

Client/Server network = Server + Clients linked together

Server

A server, central computer, holds collections of data andprograms for connecting PCs, workstations, and otherdevices, which are called clients.


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Clients

Clients = PCs, workstations, & other devices

Clients are PCs or Workstations on which users run

applications. Clients rely on servers for resources, such as

files, devices, and even processing power.

Understanding Your Computer

Data

The raw facts and figures thatare processed into information

Information

Data that has been summarizedor otherwise manipulated for usein decision making

20%

25%

55%

How Computers Work - Concept #1The purpose of a computer is to process data into information.


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Hardware

All the machinery andequipment in a computersystem or all the tangiblecomponents in a computer

e.g. CPU, I/O devices etc.


How Computers Work - Concept #2Computers consist of hardware and software.

Software

Consists of programs whereprograms containsinstructions written in someprogramming language thattell the computer how toperform a task e.g.

Operating System, BIOS etc.

Firmware

Instructions or programs thatreside inside Integrated Circuits(ICs)

Liveware

All the living things aidingcomputer to work. Data entryoperators, programmers etc

Understanding Your ComputerHow Computers Work - Concept #2

Computers consist of firmware and liveware.


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1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

Keyboard

Mouse

How Computers Work - Concept #3All computers follow five basic operations


1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

Case or system cabinet




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1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications Processor chip



Processor Chip - A tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of miniature electronic circuits.

Also called the CPU (Central Processing Unit).

1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

Motherboard



Motherboard - the main circuit board in the computer.


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1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

Primary storage (memory)

Computer circuitry thattemporarily holds data waiting tobe processed

Secondary storage (storage)

The area in the computerwhere data or information is held

permanently



1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications Memory chips

Memory chips:

Also known as RAM (Random Access Memory).Represent primary storage or temporary storage.Hold data before processing and information after processing.




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1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

Nibble 4 bits of data

Byte 8 bits of data

Kilobyte 210 bytes of data =1024 bytes

Megabyte 220 bytes of data =1048576

Gigabyte 230 bytes of data =1073741824



1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications Zip disk

Floppy disk

Floppy-disk drive - a storage device that stores data on removable 3.5-inch-diameterdiskettes.

Zip-disk drive - a storage device that stores data on floppy-disk cartridges with 70-170times the capacity of the standard floppy.




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1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5.

Communications Hard-disk drive



Hard-disk drive - a storage device that stores billions of characters of data on aNon-removable disk platter.

1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

CD (Compact Disk) drive or DVD (Digital Video Disk) drive - a storage devicethat uses laser technology to read data from optical disks.




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1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

Sound card

Sound card - enhances the computers sound-generating capabilities by allowingsound to be output through speakers.



1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

Speakers



Speakers - the devices that play sounds transmitted as electrical signals from the sound card.


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1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

Video card



Video card - converts the processors output information into a video signal that

can be sent through a cable to the monitor.

1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

Monitor

Monitor - the display device that takes the electrical signals from the video card and forms an

image using points of colored light on the screen.




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1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

Printer



Printer - an output device that produces text and graphics on paper.

1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

Modem

Modem - a device that sends and receives data over telephone lines to and from computers.




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Put all the hardware together and

You still need the software!

System software

Helps the computer performessential operating tasks andenables the applicationsoftware to run


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System Software

System Software

OperatingSystems

DeviceDrivers

BIOS Embedded

S/WsCompilers/Interpreters

SystemUtilities

DOS

Window 9XWindows XP

Windows Me

Windows Pro

UnixLinux

Sun SolarisMac OS

OS/2

Modem

Sound Card

VGAEthernet

TV Tuner

Microwave Oven

Home Appliances

Embedded OS(Symbian)

Assembly

COBOL

FORTRANBASIC

C/C++PASCAL

VB

VC++JAVA

fdisk

format

sysdoskey

Defrag-mentation

scandisk

The BIOS configuration determines how your hardware is accessed.

You still need the software!

Application software

Enables you to perform specifictasks--solve problems, performwork, or entertain yourself


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Application Software

Application Software

ProductivityS/W

BusinessS/W

GraphicsS/W

Educational

S/WReference

S/WUtilityS/W

Vertical

MarketS/W

Word Processor

Spread SheetsDBMS

HorizontalMarket

S/W

Others:

Artificial Intelligence

Neural Networks

Software AgentsMachine Translation

HCINatural Lang. Translation

Management Info. Sys.

Autonomic Comp.

Adaptive Computing

Mobile ComputingUbiquitous Computing

Pervasive ComputingDistributed Computing

Grid Computing

Copy

middleware

Where Is Information Technology Headed?

Miniaturization

Speed

Affordability

Then (1946)

Now

Three Directions of Computer Development

1946 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) vs. todays handheld PDA


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Three Directions of Communications Development

Connectivity - the ability to connect computers to oneanother by communications line, so as to provide onlineinformation access.

Interactivity - two-way communication in which a user canrespond to information he or she receives and modify theprocess.

Multimedia - technology that presents information in morethan one medium--such as text, pictures, video, sound, andanimation--in a single integrated communication.

When Computers & Communications CombineConvergence, Portability, & Personalization

Convergence - the combining of several industries throughvarious devices that exchange data in the format used bycomputers. The industries are computers, communications,consumer electronics, entertainment, and mass media.

Portability- wearable computer on model in picture.

Personalization - the creation of information tailored to yourpreferences, such as stock portfolio information kept onYahoo.coms Web site.


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Thank you

Thank you

2-introduction to it

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