ISSN 0036-8075

.2 December 1978Volume 202, No. 4374

LETTERS Occupational Health Research: Weill Replies: H. Weill; Lovins' Data Source:J. M. Gallagher; The Chemical Industry and Regulation:S. D. Bailey; D. J. House.

EDITORIAL Information Transfer: The Biomedical Model: M. M. Cummings.

ARTICLEs The Spokane Flood Controversy and the Martian Outflow Channels:V. R. Baker ...... ............ ............... .

Implications ofRNA * RNA Splicing in Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells:J. E. Darnell, Jr..................................

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

BOOK REVIEWS

Mexico: The Premier Oil Discovery in the Western Hemisphere .

Reactor Sale to Libya Challenged .

Environmental Groups Lose Friends in Effort to Control DNA Research.

Conference on Nuclear War Not Peaceful ......................

Estrogens: Hormones' Link to Cancer Disputed .

Hair: A Diagnostic Tool to Complement Blood Serum and Urine.

The Evolution of Sex, reviewed by E. G. Leigh, Jr.; Cloning,C. L. Markert; Osmotic and Volume Regulation, R. W. Freel;Freshwater Wetlands, W. A. Niering; Books Received . . . . . . . . . .

1240

1247

1249

1257

1261

1264

1265

1268

1270

1271

1274

. AMERIitICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE-ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

ANNUAL MEETING An Invitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1278

REPORTS Cloning Human Fetal y Globin and Mouse a-Type Globin DNA: Preparation andScreening of Shotgun Collections: F. R. Blatiner et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1279

Cloning Human Fetal y Globin and Mouse a-Type Globin DNA: Characterizationand Partial Sequencing: 0. Smithies et al .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1284

Human Leukocyte Interferon Purified to Homogeneity: M. Rubinstaeini et al. 1289

Design of Liposomes for Enhanced Local Release of Drugs by Hyperthermia:M . B. Yatvin et al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1290

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Splitting Enzyme: A Characteristic of theMouse Macrophage: M. Artman andR. J. Seeley ............... . 1293

Cell Lineage Analysis by Intracellular Injection ofa Tracer Enzyme:D. A. Weisbiat, R. T. Savyer, G. S. Stent ................... . 1295

Social Plasticity in the Acom Woodpecker: P. B. Stacey and C. E. Bock.-...... 1298

Endoplasmic Reticulum Sequesters Calcium in the Squid Giant Axon:M. P. Henkart, T. S. Reese, F. J. Brinley, Jr .................. . 1300

Tricyclic Antidepressants: Long-Term Treatment Increases Responsivitv ofRat Forebrain Neurons to Serotonin: C. de Montigny and G. K. Aghiajanian . . 1303

Cellular Analysis of Long-Term Habituation of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex ofAplysia cahfornica: V. F. Castellucci, T. J. Carei, E. R. Kandel.. 13306

Technical Comments: Stratigraphic Interpretation of the Omo Shungura andLake Turkana Fossil Suid Record: N. T. Boaz et al.; T. D. White andJ. M. Harris .1309

PRODUCTS AND Wind Energy Conversion System; Noncontact Measurement of Motion andMATERIALS Position; Electrolytic Conductivity Detector; X-ray Fluorescence

Analyzer; Inverted Biological Microscope; Identification ofEnterobacteriaceae; Literature .13100

- 9 - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~COVERv-

Vhsv, Female (left) and male acorn wood.*-N= (N)~ ?~&~' peckers. This species usualy lives in,

~~4 ~~Co~~t7~~~Hson4~~~ R~~utL~~~ resident, communally breeding social~c.riwinqc Tv nqn t, n~f cmu.thPa2ctP_rn A-u.

5~' AIWOSPHE IAND RIC;'GENERALtX 6"iO ACIEN~SW~ MV.A*i zona, most of the woodpeckers nmgrR.I.IIISI- ~~~~~~~~~ during the winter and breed in tempo

rary pairs, indicating that this specican be highly plastic in its behav"See page 1298. [Harlo Hadow,College, Cedar Rapids, lowal

r*ISSflS @IfoS*~ tos onQ6 umnWfic"d mavaspI,mprfIms dso.io an es 'v_=-

_ f~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-'

22 December 1978, Volume 202, Number 4374

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR InfornTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCEScience serves its readers as a forum for the presenta- "Know

tion and discussion of important issues related to the ad- where wevancement of science, includin; the presentation of mi-nority or conflicting points of view, rather than by pub- wrote the!lishing only matenal on which a consensus has been knowledreached. Accordingly, all articles published in Science- gincluding editorials, news and comment, and book re- with the fviews-are signed and reflect the individual views of theauthors and not official points of view adopted by the claimed tiAAAS or the institutions with which the authors are af- --rue also Ifiliated.

of two kiedtorWBd

1978: RICHARD E. BALZHISER, JAMES F. CROW, borrow ItHANS LANDSBERG, EDWARD NEY, FRANK W. PUTNAM, The priMAXINE SINGER, PAUL E. WAGGONER, F. KARL WIL- acerbatedLENBROCK

1979: E. PETER GEIDUSCHEK, WARD GOODENOUGH, edge in atlN. BRUCE HANNAY, MARTIN J. KLEIN, FRANKLIN A.LONG, NEAL E. MILLER, JEFFREY J. WINE first but r

PubUlsher Many librWILLIAM D. CAREY been a de

Editor libray.PHILIP H. ABELSON Steps t4

Editoial sta informati4Managing Editor Business Manager improvinjROBERT V. ORMES HANS NUSSBAUM lished anAssistant Managing Editor Production EditorJOHN E. RINGLE ELLEN E. MURPHY retrieve tiNews and Comment: BARBARA J. CULLITON, Editor; For the

WILLIAM J. BROAD (intern), LUTHER J. CARTER, hCONSTANCE HOLDEN, ELIOT MARSHALL, DEBORAH graphiC reSHAPLEY, R. JEFFREY SMITH, NICHOLAS WADE, JOHN large andWALSH. Editorial Assistant, SCHERRAINE MACKResearch News: ALLEN L. HAMMOND, Editor; RICH- be indeXe

ARD A. KERR, GINA BARI KOLATA, JEAN L. MARX, real timeTHOMAS H. MAUGH II, WILLIAM D. METZ, ARTHUR L. United StROBINSON. Editorial Assistant, FANNIE GROOMAssociate Editors: ELEANORE BUTZ, MARY DORF- MEDLIN

MAN, SYLVIA EBERHART, JUDITH GOTTLIEB Today'Assistant Editors: CAITILIN GORDON, RUTH KUL-

STAD, LOIS SCHMITT, DIANE TURKIN able for irBook Reviews: KATHERINE LIVINGSTON, Editor; cles, moi

LINDA HEISERMAN, JANET KEGG health da:Letters: CHRISTINE KARLIKCopy Editor: ISABELLA BOULDIN ture, caneProduction: NANCY HARTNAGEL, JOHN BAKER; YA and abstr

LI SWIGART, ELEANOR WARNER; JEAN ROCKWOOD, More thaiLEAH RYAN, SHARON RYANCovers, Reprints, and Permissions: GRAYCE FINGER, The sec

Editor; CORRINE HARRIS, MARGARET LLOYD so muchGuide to Scientific Instruments: RICHARD SOMMER sources.)Assistant to the Editors: RICHARD SEMIKLOSE so es.Membership Recruitment: GWENDOLYN HUDDLE of shelveMember and Subscription Records: ANN RAGLAND tion to pi

EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE: 1515 Massachu- regional csetts Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20005. Area code202. General Editorial Office, 467-4350; Book Reviews, allow an i467-4367; Guide to Scientific Instruments, 4674480; be an extNews and Comment, 467-4430; Reprints and Per-missions, 4674483; Research News, 467-4321; Cable: In thisAdvancesci, Washington. For "Instructions for Contrib- work of butors," write the editorial office or see page xi, Science,29 September 1978. regional nBUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE: Area Code 202. ronalerBusiness Office, 467-4411; Circulation, 4674417. a docume

Advertsing Representatives of the neaDirector: EARL J. SCHERAGO braries arProduction Manager: MARGARET STERLING books anAdvertising Saks Manager: RICHARD L. CHARLESMarketing Manager: HERBERT L. BURKLUND training-

Sales: NEW YORK, N.Y. 10036: Steve Hamburger, 1515 collectiveBroadway (212-730-1050); SCOTCH PLAINS, N.J. 07076:C. Richard Callis, 12 Unami Lane (201-889-4873); CHI- The infCAGO, ILL. 60611: Jack Ryan, Room 2107, 919 N. Mich- useful patian Ave. (312-DE-74973); BEVERLY HILLS, CALIF.90211: Winn Nance, 111 N. La Cienega Blvd. (213-657- are probl(2772); DORSET, VT. 05251: Fred W. Dieffenbach, Kent approachHill Rd. (802-867-5581)ADVERTISING CORRESPONDENCE: Tenth floor, source si1515 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10036. Phone: 212- ei e730-1050. Medicine,

SCIENCE

iation T;ansfer: The Biomedical Modelvledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we knowE can find information upon it." In 1775, when Samuel Johnsonse words, there existed men of science who could claim to possessge in their disciplines that was both broad and deep. Today, evenfractionation of science, it would be a presumptuous scientist who.o know everything in his specialty. What is true for scientists isfor librarians; to paraphrase the great doctor: scientific literature isinds-we have the information ourselves, or we know where to

roblem of information transfer in contemporary science is ex-i by two trends. First is the geometric increase in published knowl-branches of science and technology. Second, as inexorable as the

more pernicious, is the rapidly rising cost of books and journals.raries are not able to keep pace. The net result of both trends hascrease in the proportion of the total scientific record held by each

cope with this dilemma are already being taken by libraries andon centers. The solution is a long-term one and has two elements:g our ability to search the aggregate record of what has been pub-d identify pertinent materials, and improving our ability to thenhe books and journal articles themselves.first of these two elements the key is computerized on-line biblio-Orieval. In the area of biomedicine it has been demonstrated that agrowing body of literature, both periodical and monographic, can.d, entered into a central computer, and searched economically infrom computer terminals in more than 900 institutions across thetates. The experience gained from operating this system-called{E-should have wide application in other scientific fields.'s health professional has an array ofbibliographic data bases avail-nstantaneous searching over the MEDLINE network: journal arti-nographs, audiovisual materials, toxicology and environmentalLta, chemical information, health planning and management litera-cer research information, and so forth. The number of referencesracts in these combined data bases is now approaching 4 million.Ln 1 million on-line searches are being performed each year.cond element-retrieving the actual book or article-depends noton computers (although they have their place) as on sharing re-As the increasing volume of scientific literature strains the capacitys and budgets, science librarians rely more and more on coopera-rovide for the needs of their users. In many instances local and.onsortia have been formed. Union catalogs and lists of periodicalsinformation center of modest size to provide access to what wouldtensive collection if it were housed in one institution.area also, the health sciences have assumed a leading role. A net-biomedical libraries, ranging from local community hospitals to 11medical libraries to the National Library of Medicine, ensures thatnt, no matter where it is located, is available to any other membertwork. Within the network, more consortia of health science li-re being encouraged. Members of consortia not only share theirId journals but arrange cooperative on-line search services and-activities that individually they are too small to engage in but thatzly they find feasible.!ormation services pioneered by biomedical libraries may provide attern for improving communication in other fields of science. There[ems yet to be overcome, but experience indicates that the basicof computerized bibliographic access with concomitant library re-haring is sound.-MARTIN M. CUMMINGS, National Library of, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014