A student is able to:

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

CHAPTER 2 : CARBON COMPOUNDS A UNDERSTANDING CARBON COMPOUND

Learning OutcomesYou should be able to:

State what carbon compound is,

State the carbon compounds can be classified into two groups, i.e. organic and

inorganic,

State what organic compound is,

Gives examples of organic and inorganic carbon compounds,

State what a hydrocarbon is,

List the sources of hydrocarbon,

Identify the combustion products of organic carbon compoundsActivity 1Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. 1Carbon compounds are compounds that contain . as one of their constituent elements.

2There are two groups of carbon compounds; .. compounds and .. compounds.

3 Carbon compounds that can be obtained from non-living things are classified as ..compounds.4Hydrocarbons are the simplest of all organic compounds. Hydrocarbon contains only two elements, and .

5Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen together with a few other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or halogens are called

6Hydrocarbons can be classified into two , .. and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

7. Hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bond is called .8Hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-carbon triple bond is called

9.Natural sources of hydrocarbons are , coal and natural gas.10Organic compounds burn in excess of oxygen gas to produce .. and .B ALKANES

Learning Outcomes:

You should be able to :

state what alkane is,

state what structural formula is,

deduce the molecular formulae of the first ten alkanes

Draw the structural formulae for the first ten straight-chain alkanes,

Deduce the general formula of alkanes

Name the first ten alkanes,

Relate changes in physical properties with increase in the number of carbon atoms in alkanes molecules

Explain the effect of the increase in number of carbon atoms in alkanes molecules on the molecules boiling points,

Describe complete and incomplete combustion of alkanes,

Describe the substitution reaction of alkanes,

Write chemical equations for combustion and substitution reaction of methane,

Describe how methane affects everyday life.

Activity 2(a) Complete the table below:

Number of

CarbonStructural formulaMolecular formulaName of

alkaneCondition at

room temperature

1

CH4MethaneGas

2

3

4

5

6

7

C7H16

8C8H18

9

10

b. Explain why on going down the alkane series, the melting and boiling point increase?On going down the alkanes series, the .. increases caused by the increase in molecular size.When the molecular size increases, the melting and boiling point ... This is

because the larger the molecular size, the stronger the .. forces of

attraction between the molecules. Thus more energy is needed to . the

forces of attraction during melting or boiling.

c. Explain why alkanes are non-conductors of electricity.

Alkanes are covalent compounds made up of . They dont have ..moving ions. Hence alkanes are non-conductors of electricity.

d Ethane and propene burn in excess of oxygen gas. Balance the chemical equation of the

combustion of these hydrocarbons.

(i) C2H6 (g) + O2 (g) ( CO2 (g) + H2O (l) (ii) C3H8 (g) + O2 (g) ( CO2 (g) + 4H2O (l)Activity 3Complete the sentences with the correct word.

1 Carbon is placed in Group .. 2 It has . electrons in its outer most shell.

3 An atom of carbon shares.. electrons with other atom of elements to

obtain the stability of inert gas elements.

4Atoms in alkanes are bonded with bond.5The first member in this group is the simplest compound called .

This smallest alkane can be found in natural gas and crude oil.6 The general formula for the alkane family is .. 7 Physical properties of alkanes a

b

c .

d .8Alkanes are compound, they have no effect on blue or red litmus paper.

9Alkanes burn readily in air or in excess oxygen to produce and ..

10The alkanes burn with a flame if the combustion is not complete.

11Alkanes undergo Substitution Reaction atom of H is replaced with .. or

with the presence of light or UV rays.12 According to he IUPAC, the ending indicates the compound is a member of

the alkane family.Activity 4a) Name the compound a, b, c, d, e, and f

b) State the uses of methane in everyday life

i .. ii . iii .. iv ..

c) Explain how methane can cause fire in landfills and peat swamps

...C ALKENES

Learning outcomes:You should be able to:

state what alkene is,

deduce the molecular formulae of the first nine alkenes,

deduce the general formula of alkenes,

name the first nine alkenes,

draw the structural formulae for the first nine straight chain alkenes,

relate changes in physical properties with increase in the number of carbon atoms in alkenes molecules,

explain the effects on boiling points of alkenes due to increase in the number of carbon atoms in alkenes molecules,

describe chemicals properties of alkenes,

compare and contrast alkanes with alkenes,

relate the reactivities of alkanes and alkenes to their chemicals bonds.

Generalise the characteristics of homologous series based on alkanes and alkenes

Activity 5(a) Complete the table below:

Number of

CarbonStructural formulaMolecular formulaName of

alkaneCondition at

room temperature

2

3

4

5

6

7C7H14

8

9

10

(b) Fill in the blanks by choosing the suitable answer from the textbox below.

i) Alkenes are . hydrocarbons. ii) The names end with The general formula for alkenes is iii) Generally alkenes have .. melting and boiling point but ..as the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases. iv) Alkenes have densities but increase as the number of carbon per atom increases.v) Alkenes are with water but are . in organic solvents.vi) Alkenes . conduct electricity.vii) Alkenes burn with more flame compared with alkanes of the same number of carbon atoms because the percentage of carbon by mass in alkenes is viii) Compare to alkane, alkene is reactive, due to the presence of carbon-carbon .. bond.ix) Alkane and alkene can be identified with a test by using water or . solution. Alkene decolourises both reagent while alkane does not.x) Small alkene molecules undergo addition reaction with one another. Thousands of

alkene molecules link together to form a large molecule .

This reaction is called Activity 6(a) Give name for each alkene compounds below

(b) Construct the structural formula for: (i) C5H10 (iv) 2-methylbut-2-ene (ii) 2-chlorolpropene (v) 3-methylbutene (iii) pent-2-ene (vi) hex-1,3-dieneActivity 7Write the molecular formula or structural formula of the product for every reaction of propene below.

Activity 8 (a) Table below shows the reactions to compare the chemical properties of alkane and

alkene. Complete the table.

Reaction Observation

Hexane Hexene

Reaction with oxygenHexane burns with a yellow sooty flame

Reaction with bromineNo visible change

Reaction with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solutionNo visible change

(b) Calculate the percentage of carbon in (i) hexane

(ii) hexene [ Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; C, 12 ]

Which compound can be a good fuel ? Explain .(c) List down 4 similar physical properties of alkane and alkene.

(i) .(ii) (iii) (iv)

(d) Compare the chemical properties of alkene with alkane Alkene Aspect Alkane

Sootiness of flame

Bromine water

Acidified KMnO4

D ISOMERS

Learning outcomesYou should be able to:

Construct various structural formulae of a particular alkane and alkene.

Explain what isomerism is

Use IUPAC nomenclature to name isomers

Activity 9a) Match column A with Column BColumn A

Column B

i) Phenomenon whereby two or more molecules are found to have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Alkyl group

ii) The molecules that have the same numbers

and types of atoms but differ in the arrangement of the atoms.

Ethene and Propene

iii) It is an alkane by dropping ane from the

name and replacing it with yl

Isomers

iv) These alkenes do not exhibit isomerism.Isomerism

v) Isomerism in alkanes starts with ..Butane

b) Draw the structural formula and give name to all isomers of (i) C4H8

(ii) C4H10

(iii) C5 H12

E ALCOHOLS

Learning outcomesYou should be able to:

state the general formula of alcohols,

identify the functional group of alcohols,

list the names and molecular formulae for the first four alcohols,

draw structural formulae for isomers of propanol (C3H7OH) and butanol (C4H9OH),

name isomers of propanol and butanol using IUPAC nomenclature,

describe the industrial production of ethanol.

` describe the preparation of ethanol in the laboratory,

state the physical properties of ethanol,

predict the chemical properties for other members of alcohols,

explain with examples the uses of alcohol in everyday life,

explain the effects of the misuse and abuse of alcohols.

Activity 10(a) Fill in the blanks by choosing the suitable answer from the text box below

i)Alcohol is one of the Homologue Series that has functional group of ..

ii)

The general formula for alcohol is .

iii) The melting point of alcohol is .. than alkane and alkene due to the

presence of .

iv) This is because the functional group forms hydrogen bonding that is ..

than the bonds between molecules of alcohol.

v)Methanol, ethanol dan propanol dissolve in water. The solubility of other alcohols

decreases as the increases.

vi)Naming the alcohol compound is likely to .. C1 is numbered from the carbon that nearest to the functional group..

vii) Alcohols are used as fuels, ., in medicine, in making .

and as a main component in alcoholic drinks.

viii) Alcohol is a compound.

(b) Complete the table below.

i) Name :

ii) Name:

iii) Name

iv) structural formula Name : Propan-2-olv) structural formula Name : Butan-1-olvi) structural formulaName : Pentan-2,3-diol

( c) Draw the structural formula and give names to all isomers of(i) propanol (C3H7OH)

(ii) butanol (C4H9OH)

Activity 11(a) Summarize the physical properties of ethanol in the table below

Physical properties Description

Physical state at room temperature

Smell and colour

Solubility in water

Volatility

Boiling point

(b)Ethanol can be prepared in two ways, Fermentation and Hydration.

In fermentation process, (i) What is the function of yeast?

(ii) Write the chemical equation to show the fermentation process.

(iii) State the temperature, catalyst and other condition needed for fermentation

process. .

..

(iv) State the disadvantages of this process. ..

..

..(c) Hydration process involves hydration of ethene. Ethene is obtained from the

cracking of petroleum fractions.

(i) Write the chemical equation for hydration process. ..

(ii) State the temperature, pressure and catalyst needed for hydration process.

Activity 12 a) Complete the table below 1 The Products of Combustion of ethanol

In excess oxygen:

In limited oxygen :

2 The products of Oxidation reaction of alcohol with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution or acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution

Oxidation of ethanol

Oxidation of propanol

3 Dehydration of alcohol.

Draw and label the set of apparatus to show the dehydration process of propanol.

b) State True or False for every statement below.

1Ethanol is an alcoholic drinks

2Ethanol acts as a depressant on central nervous system.

3Alcoholic drinks only slow down physical activity, not affect mental activity.

4Alcoholism create social problems for the family and society.

5Methanol is a very toxic chemical and can cause permanent blindness when consumed

6Alcohol is not addictive

7Long- term excessive consumption of alcohol drinks

can cause chronic liver disease and brain damage.

8Because of alcohol is miscible with water, it cannot be used as a solvent in toiletries.

9Alcohol is one of the raw materials in manufacture of explosive

10Alcohol is an antiseptic

F CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Learning outcomesYou should be able to :

state the general formula of carboxylic acids,

identify the functional group of carboxylic acids,

list the names and molecular formulae of the first four members of carboxylic acid,

draw structural formulae of the first four members of carboxylic acid and name them

using the IUPAC nomenclature,

describe the preparation of ethanoic acid in the laboratory,

state the physical properties of carboxylic acids,

state the chemical reactions of ethanoic acids with other chemicals,

predict the chemical properties for other members of carboxylic acid,

explain with example the uses of carboxylic acids in everyday life

Activity 13(a) Complete the diagram below.

(b) Draw the structural formula of Methanoic acid

Ethanoic acid

Propanoic acidButanoic acid

2-methylbutanoic acid

Methyl propanaoic acid

( c) A carboxylic acid, X has an empirical formula CH2O. Experimental determination shows that it has a molar mass of about 59 g mol-1

(i)What is the general formula of carboxylic acid? (ii)Calculate the molecular formula of X

[ Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; C, 12 ; O, 16 ] (iii) Draw the structural formula of X and give name.

Activity 14a) The Figure shows a series of conversion starting from ethene to ethanoic acid.

Based on the figure above, state

Reaction I:

Reaction II:b) Draw the set up of apparatus to prepare ethanoic acid .in laboratory

Write the chemical equation that involve.c) Write the observation for every test of ethanoic acid below.

TestObservationInference

1 a. Ethanoic acid + metal

carbonate

b. Gas released + lime water

2a. Ethanoic acid + magnesium

b. Gas given off + lighted

splinter

3 Ethanoic acid +

copper (II)oxide

4Glacial ethanoic acid + ethanol + concentrated sulphuric acid + heat

Then the boiling contents are poured into a beaker half filled with water.

.

G ESTER

Learning outcomes:

You should be able to:

state the general formula of esters identify the functional group of esters List the names and molecular formulae of simple esters.

Draw structural formulae of simple esters and name them using the IUPAC nomenclature,

Describe the preparation of ester in the laboratory,

State the physical properties of ethyl ethanoate.

Predict the ester produced from the esterification reaction.

Write equations for the esterification reactions,

state the natural sources of ester, state the uses of ester in everyday life.

Activity 15FormulaNameCarboxylic acidAlcohol

Example :HCOOC2H5

Ethyl methanoateMethanoic acidEthanol

a) CH3 COOCH3

b) CH3 COOC3H7

c) C2H5 COOCH3

d) C3 H7COOC3H7

(a) Name the following esters and give the alcohols and carboxylic acids required to synthesise

the esters name.

(b) Name and draw the structural formula of the ester produced from a reaction between(i) methanol and propanoic acid(ii) ethanol + butanoic acid(iii) propan-1-ol + ethanoic acid

Activity 16(a) Complete the diagram below

b) Write the fruit flavour for each of the ester below(i) n-pentyl ethanoate : .

(ii) Octyl ethanoate : .

(iii) Ethyl butanoate : .Order in homologous series

Learning outcomes:

You should be able to :

describe the systematic approach in naming members of homologous series.

describe the order in the physical and chemical properties in homologous series.

Activity 17

a) Name the homologous series for

(i) Butan-1-ol : ..(ii)Compound P : .(iii)Compound R : (iv)Compound S : ..b) Write the molecular formulae of

(i) compound P : ..(ii)compound Q : (iii)compound R : ..(iv)compound S : .H FATS

Learning outcomes:

You should be able to:

State what oils are

State what fats are

State the importance of oils and fats for body processes

State the sources of oils and fats

List the uses of oils and fats

State the differences between oils and fats

Identify structural formulae for fat molecules of certain fatty acids

State what saturated fats are

State what unsaturated fats are

Compare and contrast between saturated and unsaturated fats

Describe the effects of eating food high in fats on health

Describe the industrial extraction of palm oil

Justify the use of palm oil in the food productionActivity 18(I) Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct answer from the table below.estersolidheart attackhydrogenationhardenstrokecarbonhigh blood pressuremargarine

saturated,ester link lipidtrigleyceridesChlorofomliquidglycerol energyfatty acid

a)Fats , oils and waxes are from a large family of organic compound called ... b)They are natural .. c)They are product of the reaction between . and d)Fats are usually found in animal and they are .while oil is fat from plant

and also from animal but they are at room condition.

e) Fatty acids are long straight-chain containing between 12 to 18 atoms per

molecule.

f) A molecule of glycerol may combine with one, two or three fatty acid to form a monoester, diester or trimester. A Molecule of water is eliminated when a fatty acid joins to the glycerol molecule and the resulting bond formed is called an (-COO-).

g) Most fats and oils are . h) As a group, oil and fats tend to dissolve in organic solvents such as . i) Fats are an important source of for our body.

j) fats may cause cholesterol to deposit on the blood vessels and making them .. . This can lead to , .and .. k) Unsaturated fats can be converted to saturated fats by a process called .

l) is made by hydrogenating some of the carbon-carbon double bond in vegetable oil.

(II) Compare fats and oils Comparison Oils Fats

Source

Melting point o C< 20 / lower> 20 / higher

Physical state at room temperature

Cholesterol content

ExamplesPeanut oil, soybean oilButter , lard

Molecular structure

(III) Write the Similarities of fats and oilsIn terms of Similarities

Molecular formula

Type of compound

Type of bond.

Activity 19a) Complete the flow chart below to show the Extraction Process of Palm Oil.

b) State 5 benefits of palm oil compared to other vegetable oils i) .

ii)

iii) ..

iv) .

v) .

I NATURAL RUBBER

Learning outcomes:You should be able to :

List examples of natural polymers and their monomers,

Draw the structural formula of natural rubber,

State the properties of natural rubber,

State the uses of natural rubber

Describe the coagulation process of latex

Describe the method used to prevent latex from coagulating,

Describe the vulcanization of rubber,

Describe how the presence of sulphur atoms changes the properties of vulcanised rubber,

Compare and contrast the properties of vulcanised and unvulcanised natural rubber.

Activity 20a) Give explanation for every situation below:

i) Latex coagulate slowly when it is exposed to the air. ii) When 20 cm3 latex is added with 5cm3 methanoic acid, latex coagulate rapidly. iii) When 5 cm3 ammonia solution is added to latex, latex does not coagulate.b) Compare the aspects of unvulcanized and vulcanised rubber in the table below.

AspectUnvulcanised rubberVulcanised rubber

Structure

Oxidation

Resistance of heat

Strength

Elasticity

ACTIVITY 21

1 Base on the diagram above, (a) Name the product formed in step I. (b) (i) State the reagents needed for step II. (ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in step II. (c) (i) Name the type of reaction occurring in step III. .(ii) A catalyst is needed for the reaction in step III. Name the catalyst. (d) (i) Describe briefly how to carry out the reaction in step IV. .

.(ii) What do you expect to observe when the reaction in step IV is carried out? (e) Draw the possible structural formulae of C3H7OH formed in step V.(f) (i) Name the type of reaction occurring in step VI. .(ii) Give one use for ( C3H6)n formed in step VI. .(g) Compare and explain the sootiness of C3H6 and C3H8 when each of these

hydrocarbons is burnt in excess air.

[Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12) [4]

2 Diagram below shows the molecular formulae of 4 carbon compounds.

(a) Write the general formula of the homologous series of compound B.

..

(b) State the functional group of compound A and compound D

Compound A: ..

Compound D: ..

(c) Compound B shows isomerism. Draw the structural formula of all isomers of compound B.

(d) Compound D and compound C react in the presence of the concentrated sulphuric acid.

(i) Name the product formed from the reaction.

.

(ii) State one special characteristic of the product formed.

.

(e) Compound A burns in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

(i)Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

.................................................................................................................(ii)11.2 g of compound A burns in excess oxygen, calculate number of carbon dioxide molecules formed.

[Relative atomic mass C = 12, O = 16 and

Avogadro number = 6.02 x 1023]

Methane

Incomplete

combustion

(limited O2 )

Complete combustion

with excess O2

(a)

(b)

Substitution reaction

(chlorination)

Excess chlorine

Sunlight or heat

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

CH3

=

Cl

more , immiscible , soluble , sooty , higher , low, bromine, low, polymerization

unsaturated, ene, CnH2n , double, acidified potassium manganate(VII) ,

increases, cannot

Propene

limited O2

heat

excess O2,

heat

b)

a)

c)

Addition

polymerization

H2O(g)

300 C,60 atm, H3PO4

d)

HCl (g)

e)

Cl2(aq)

f)

H2 / Ni .180o C

g)

acidified

KMnO4 (aq)

h)

Stripping

Oil palm fruit bunches

II

CH3

H

=

Hydroxyl ; non-hydrocarbon , alkene , solvents, higher, cosmetics, stronger, molecular mass , -OH , CnH2n+1OH

Compound R

I

Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution

Ethanoic acid

Ethanol

Ethene

I

Physical properties

a ..

b ..

c

d ..

e ..

The mixture is filtered to remove solid or coarse fibre and allow to settle in an a large clarification tank. The oil is skimmed off and dried in a vacuum drier.

Breaking down the oil-bearing cells. Crush the palm oil fruits

General formula:

The fresh fruit bunches are sterilized ia large pressure vessels at 140o C for 60-90 min.

The heat from the steam kills fungus and bacteria

Pressing

names end with

.. . Eg. ethanoic acid.

Ethanoic acid normally prepared by of an alcohol

Uses :

a

b

c

d ..

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Functional group :

Compound Q

Hydrogen III

chloride

Porcelain chips

II

Compound P

Physical properties

1

2.

3.

4.

5.

uses of ester,

a) ..

b) ..

c)

d)

The of flowers and fruits is due to the presence of esters

product of an . reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

the name of an ester consists of two words. The first word originates from., the second is from the ..

All of them end with ..

the functional group is COO- or . group

The general formula is

contain , and

.

Ester is a .. organic compound

ESTERS

Butan-1-ol

C4H9OH

ethanol

Compound S

IV

C4H8

C2H5COOH

C4H9OH

C4H10

A B C D

i

v

ii

iii

iv

viii

vii

vi

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