2- body tissues
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TheThe TissueTissueLevel ofLevel of
OrganizationOrganization
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4 Tissues of the Human Body4 Tissues of the Human BodyEpithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous/Neural
Tissues are collections of cells & cellTissues are collections of cells & cellproducts that perform specific, limitedproducts that perform specific, limitedfunctionsfunctions
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Epithelial TissueEpithelial TissueCoversCovers exposed surfacesexposed surfaces
LinesLines internalinternalpassagewayspassageways
FormsForms glandsglands
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Characteristics of EpithelialCharacteristics of Epithelial
TissueTissue1.1. CellularityCellularity((cell junctionscell junctions) (pg. 109)) (pg. 109)
2.2. PolarityPolarity((apicalapical && basalbasal surfaces) (pg.surfaces) (pg.108)108)
3.3. AttachmentAttachment ((basal laminabasal lamina))
4.4. AvascularityAvascularity(lack blood vessels)(lack blood vessels)5.5. RegenerationRegeneration (short life)(short life)
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Functions of Epithelial TissueFunctions of Epithelial Tissue
1.1. ProvideProvidephysical protectionphysical protection
--Move fluidsMove fluids overoverthe epithelium (protection)the epithelium (protection)
2.2. ControlControlpermeabilitypermeability--Move fluidsMove fluids throughthroughthe epitheliumthe epithelium
(permeability)(permeability)
3.3. ProvideProvide sensationsensation
4.4. Produce specializedProduce specialized secretionssecretions
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Figure 41
POLARITYPOLARITY
Organelles areOrganelles arenot evenlynot evenlydistributeddistributed
apicalapical&&basolateralbasolateral
(basal)(basal)surfacessurfaces
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Increasing Surface AreaIncreasing Surface Area
MicrovilliMicrovilliincreaseincrease
absorption orabsorption orsecretionsecretion
Cilia
Cilia (ciliated(ciliatedepithelium)epithelium)
move fluidsmove fluids
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Classes of EpitheliaClasses of Epithelia Based on shape & layers (Pg. 111)Based on shape & layers (Pg. 111)
SquamousSquamous: flat: flat
CuboidalCuboidal: square: square
ColumnarColumnar: tall: tall
1 layerof cells
2 + layerof cells
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Squamous EpitheliaSquamous Epithelia
Simple SquamousSimple Squamous
EpitheliaEpithelia::
Examples:Examples:
MesotheliumMesothelium::
lines body cavitieslines body cavities
EndotheliumEndothelium::
lines heart & bloodlines heart & bloodvesselsvessels
Stratified SquamousStratified Squamous
EpitheliaEpithelia
Examples:Examples:
Skin, lining of throat, anus,Skin, lining of throat, anus,vaginavagina
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Cuboidal EpitheliaCuboidal Epithelia
Simple cuboidalSimple cuboidal
epithelia:epithelia:
Examples:Examples:
Kidney tubules, thyroidKidney tubules, thyroid
glandgland
Stratified cuboidalStratified cuboidalepithelia:epithelia:
Examples:Examples:
Sweat glands, mammarySweat glands, mammary
glandsglands
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Transitional EpitheliumTransitional Epithelium
Functions:Functions:Allows forAllows for expansionexpansion && recoilrecoil after stretchingafter stretching
Examples:Examples:
Urinary bladderUrinary bladderFigure 44c
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ColumnarColumnar
EpitheliaEpithelia Simple columnarSimple columnar::
Examples:Examples:
Intestinal liningIntestinal lining
PseudostratifiedPseudostratifiedciliatedciliated
columnarcolumnar::
Functions:Functions: cilia movementcilia movement
Examples:Examples:
TracheaTrachea
Stratified columnarStratified columnar::
Examples:Examples:
Salivary gland ductSalivary gland duct
Figure 45b
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Glandular EpitheliaGlandular Epithelia
EndocrineEndocrine glands:glands: Release hormones into interstitial fluidRelease hormones into interstitial fluid
ExocrineExocrine glandsglands
Produce secretions onto epithelialProduce secretions onto epithelialsurfaces through ductssurfaces through ducts
Figure 46
Figure 47
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Epithelial Tissue WarmEpithelial Tissue Warm--upup
What are the 3 shapesWhat are the 3 shapesof ET?of ET?
What kind of tissue isWhat kind of tissue isin the picture to thein the picture to theright?right?
What function wouldWhat function wouldthis ET have for thethis ET have for thebody?body?
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CONNECTIVE TISSUECONNECTIVE TISSUE
Basal LaminaBasal Lamina= connects= connectsepithelium to the rest of bodyepithelium to the rest of body
BoneBone = structure= structure
FatF
at = storage of energy= storage of energy BloodBlood= transports materials= transports materials
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Connective tissue characteristicsConnective tissue characteristics
Extracellular components ofExtracellular components ofconnective tissues (connective tissues (fibersfibers && groundground
substancesubstance):): matrixmatrix
Makes up majority of cellMakes up majority of cellvolumevolume
NotNot ex
posed to outside environmentex
posed to outside environment Highly vascularHighly vascular with many sensorywith many sensory
receptorsreceptors
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Classification of Connective TissuesClassification of Connective Tissues
Connective tissue proper (CTP)Connective tissue proper (CTP)::(fat/tendons)(fat/tendons)
connect & protectconnect & protect Fluid connective tissuesFluid connective tissues: (blood/lymph): (blood/lymph)
transporttransport
Supportive connective tissuesSupportive connective tissues::(cartilage/bone)(cartilage/bone)
structural strengthstructural strength
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Connective Tissue Proper (CTP)Connective Tissue Proper (CTP)(Pg. 119)(Pg. 119)
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8 Cell Types of CTP8 Cell Types of CTP FibroblastsFibroblasts
MacrophagesMacrophages
AdipocytesAdipocytes
MesenchymalMesenchymalcellscells
MelanocytesMelanocytes
Mast cellsMast cells
LymphocytesLymphocytes
MicrophagesMicrophages
Divide the back of your CTP diagram intoDivide the back of your CTP diagram into 1212even spaceseven spaces1 line vertically down the center & 51 line vertically down the center & 5
lines horizontally across
lines horizontally across
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FibroblastsFibroblasts Most abundant cell type:Most abundant cell type:
found in all CTPfound in all CTP
secrete proteins &secrete proteins & hyaluronanhyaluronan (cellular(cellular
cement)cement)
Large, amoebaLarge, amoeba--like cells of the immunelike cells of the immunesystem:system:
eat pathogens & damaged cellseat pathogens & damaged cells--fixed macrophagesfixed macrophages -- stay in tissuestay in tissue
--free macro ha esfree macro ha es -- mi ratemi rate
MacrophagesMacrophages
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AdipocytesAdipocytes
Fat cells:Fat cells:
each cell stores a single, large fateach cell stores a single, large fatdropletdroplet
Stem cellsStem cells that respond to injury orthat respond to injury orinfection by differentiating intoinfection by differentiating into fibroblastsfibroblasts,,macrophagesmacrophages, etc, etc..
Mesenchymal CellsMesenchymal Cells
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MelanocytesMelanocytes
Synthesize & store the brown pigmentSynthesize & store the brown pigmentmelaninmelanin
Mast CellsMast Cells StimulateStimulate inflammationinflammation after injury or infection:after injury or infection:
releaserelease histaminehistamine && heparinheparin
BasophilsBasophils are mast cells carried by bloodare mast cells carried by blood
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LymphocytesLymphocytes
Specialized immune cells in lymphaticSpecialized immune cells in lymphaticsystem:system:
e.g.,e.g.,plasma cellsplasma cells which producewhich produce
antibodiesantibodies
MicrophagesMicrophages
Phagocytic blood cells that respond toPhagocytic blood cells that respond tosignals from macrophages & mast cellssignals from macrophages & mast cells
e.g.,e.g., neutrophilsneutrophils && eosinophilseosinophils
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Fibers in CTPFibers in CTP
CollagenCollagen fibers:fibers:
most common fibers in CTPmost common fibers in CTP
long, straight & unbranchedlong, straight & unbranchedstrong & flexiblestrong & flexible
resists force inresists force in 11
directiondirectione.g.,e.g., tendonstendons &&
ligamentsligaments
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Fibers in CTPFibers in CTP
ReticularReticular fibers:fibers:network of interwoven fibers (stroma)network of interwoven fibers (stroma)
strong & fle
xiblestrong & fle
xible
resists force inresists force inmany directionsmany directions
stabilizes functionalstabilizes functional
cells & structurescells & structurese.g.,e.g., sheaths aroundsheaths around
organsorgans
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Fibers in CTPFibers in CTP
ElasticElastic fibers:fibers:
containcontain elastinelastin
branched & wavybranched & wavy
return to originalreturn to original
length after stretchinglength after stretchinge.g.,e.g., elastic ligamentselastic ligaments of vertebraeof vertebrae
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Ground SubstanceGround Substance
Ground substanceGround substance::
Clear, colorless & viscousClear, colorless & viscous
Fills spaces between cells & slowsFills spaces between cells & slowspathogenspathogens
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LooseLooseConnective TissuesConnective Tissues
Packing materialsPacking materials
of the bodyof the body
3 types in adults:3 types in adults:
areolarareolar
adiposeadipose
reticularreticular
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Tissue WarmTissue Warm--upup What are the 4 major tissuesWhat are the 4 major tissues
of the body?of the body?
Give a specific example orGive a specific example orlocation of Connectivelocation of Connective
Tissue?Tissue? Muscular Tissue?Muscular Tissue?
Epithelial Tissue?Epithelial Tissue?
What is a major function ofWhat is a major function ofE
pithelial Tissue?E
pithelial Tissue? What are the 3 subcategoriesWhat are the 3 subcategories
of CT?of CT?
Cartilage is an example ofCartilage is an example ofwhich subcategories of CT?which subcategories of CT?
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Areolar TissueAreolar Tissue
Least specialized (Least specialized (found in manyfound in manyplaces of bodyplaces of body))
Open frameworkOpen framework
Viscous ground substanceViscous ground substance
Elastic fibersElastic fibers
Holds blood vessels &Holds blood vessels &
capillary beds:capillary beds:e.g.,e.g., under skinunder skin
(subcutaneous layer)(subcutaneous layer)
Shots are given in this areaShots are given in this area
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Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue
Contains manyContains manyadipocytesadipocytes (fat cells)(fat cells)
Energy storage, heat/insulation, padding underEnergy storage, heat/insulation, padding under
epithelial tissue & around organsepithelial tissue & around organs
Figure 410a
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Reticular TissueReticular Tissue
Provides supportProvides support Complex, 3Complex, 3--dimensional networkdimensional network
Supportive fibers (Supportive fibers (stromastroma):):
Reticular organs:Reticular organs:
spleen, liver, lymph nodes & bone marrowspleen, liver, lymph nodes & bone marrow
Figure 410b
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DenseDenseConnective TissueConnective Tissue Aka: dense fibrous tissueAka: dense fibrous tissue
Has high quantity of collagen fibers within theHas high quantity of collagen fibers within the
matrix
matrix
Forms strong, ropeForms strong, rope--likelike
structures such as tendons &structures such as tendons &ligamentsligaments
TendonsTendons: Attach skeletal: Attach skeletalmuscle to bonesmuscle to bones
LigamentsLigaments: Connect bones: Connect bonesto bones at jointsto bones at joints
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FluidFluidConnective TissuesConnective Tissues
bloodblood&& lymphlymph
waterywaterymatrix ofmatrix of
dissolveddissolvedproteinsproteins
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Fluid Tissue Transport SystemsFluid Tissue Transport Systems
Cardiovascular systemCardiovascular system(blood):(blood):
arteriesarteriescapillariescapillaries
veinsveins
venulesvenules
Lymphatic systemLymphatic system(lymph):(lymph): lymphatic vesselslymphatic vessels
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SupportiveSupportiveConnective TissuesConnective Tissues Support soft tissues & bodyweight:Support soft tissues & bodyweight:
CartilageCartilage:: gelgel--type ground substancetype ground substance
for shock absorption &for shock absorption &protectionprotection
Bone (Osseous tissue)Bone (Osseous tissue)::
calcifiedcalcified (made rigid by(made rigid bycalcium salts, minerals)calcium salts, minerals)
combo ofcombo ofosteocytesosteocytes(bone cells)(bone cells)
for weight supportfor weight support
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BoneBone
Also calledAlso called osseous tissueosseous tissue::
strong (strong (calcifiedcalcified: calcium salt deposits: calcium salt deposits))
resistsresistsshatteringshattering((flexibleflexible
collagencollagenfibersfibers))
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Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue Specialized for contractionSpecialized for contraction
Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, & walls of holloworgansSkeletal muscle, heart muscle, & walls of holloworgans
3 Types:3 Types:
SkeletalSkeletal musclemuscle::
large body muscleslarge body musclesresponsible for movementresponsible for movement
CardiacCardiac musclemuscle::
found only in the heartfound only in the heart
SmoothSmooth musclemuscle::
found in walls of hollow, contracting organs (bloodfound in walls of hollow, contracting organs (blood
vessels; urinary bladder; respiratory, digestive andvessels; urinary bladder; respiratory, digestive andreproductive tracts)reproductive tracts)
http://apps.uwhealth.org/health/adam/graphics/images/en/19917.jpg
(See page 133(See page 133))
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Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle Striated, voluntary & multinucleatedStriated, voluntary & multinucleated
Skeletal muscle cells:Skeletal muscle cells:
are long & thinare long & thin
are usually calledare usually called muscle fibersmuscle fibers
do not dividedo not divide newfibers arenewfibers are
produced byproduced bystem cellsstem cells
((satellite cellssatellite cells))
Figure 418a
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Cardiac Muscle TissueCardiac Muscle Tissue Striated, involuntary & single nucleusStriated, involuntary & single nucleus
Cardiac muscle cells:Cardiac muscle cells:
are calledare called cardiocytescardiocytes
form branching networks connected atform branching networks connected at intercalated disksintercalated disks
are regulated byare regulated bypacemaker cellspacemaker cells
Figure 418b
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Smooth Muscle TissueSmooth Muscle Tissue Nonstriated, involuntary & single nucleusNonstriated, involuntary & single nucleus
Smooth muscle cells:Smooth muscle cells:
are small & taperedare small & tapered
can divide &can divide &
regenerateregenerate
Figure 418c
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Neural TissueNeural Tissue Carries electrical signals from 1 part of the body toCarries electrical signals from 1 part of the body to
anotheranother
Also calledAlso called nervousnervous oror nerve tissuenerve tissue::
specialized for conducting electrical impulsesspecialized for conducting electrical impulses rapidly senses internal or external environmentrapidly senses internal or external environment
process information and controls responsesprocess information and controls responses
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Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System
Neural tissue is concentrated in theNeural tissue is concentrated in the centralcentralnervous systemnervous system::
brainbrainspinal cordspinal cord
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/740/64910.JPG
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2 Kinds of Neural Cells2 Kinds of Neural Cells
1.1.N
euronsN
eurons::
nerve cellsnerve cells
perform electricalperform electrical
communicationcommunication Parts of a Neuron:Parts of a Neuron:
Cell bodyCell body::
contains the nucleus & nucleoluscontains the nucleus & nucleolus
DendritesDendrites::
short branches extending from the cell bodyshort branches extending from the cell body
receive incomingreceive incoming signalssignals
AxonAxon ((nerve fibernerve fiber):):
long, thin extension of the cell bodylong, thin extension of the cell body
carries outgoingcarries outgoing electrical signals to their destinationelectrical signals to their destination
http://www.mindcreators.com/Images/NB_Neuron.gif
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2 Kinds of Neural Cells2 Kinds of Neural Cells
2.2. NeurogliaNeuroglia::
support cellssupport cells
repair & supply nutrients torepair & supply nutrients toneuronsneurons
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Nerve TissueNerve Tissue LetLets make sense ofs make sense ofwhat you saw!what you saw!
Spinal cord ganglionSpinal cord ganglion
Motor nerve tissueMotor nerve tissue
Gray matterGray matter ==cell body &cell body &dendritesdendrites
White matterWhite matter ==axonsaxons
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Tissue Injuries & RepairTissue Injuries & Repair
Tissues respond to injuries to maintainTissues respond to injuries to maintainhomeostasishomeostasis
Cells restore homeostasis with 2Cells restore homeostasis with 2processes:processes:
inflammationinflammation trauma (physical injury)trauma (physical injury)
infection (the presence of harmfulinfection (the presence of harmfulpathogens)pathogens)
regenerationregeneration
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InflammationInflammation
The tissueThe tissues first response to injurys first response to injury
Signs ofSigns ofinflammatory responseinflammatory response include:include:
swellingswelling
rednessredness
heatheat
painpain
http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/GCaplan/anat2/notes/Image448.gif
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Steps for Inflammation ResponseSteps for Inflammation Response1.1. Damaged cells releaseDamaged cells release
chemicalchemical signalssignalsintointosurroundingsurroundinginterstitial fluid:interstitial fluid: prostaglandinsprostaglandins
proteinsproteins
potassium ionspotassium ions
2.2. As cells break down:As cells break down: lysosomeslysosomes releaserelease
enzymesenzymes destroy the injured celldestroy the injured cell
attack surrounding tissuesattack surrounding tissues((necrosisnecrosis)) necronecro -- deathdeath
3.3. Necrotic tissues & cellular debris (Necrotic tissues & cellular debris (puspus) accumulate in wound) accumulate in wound
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Steps for Inflammation ResponseSteps for Inflammation Response4.4. Injury stimulatesInjury stimulates Mast cellsMast cells to release:to release:
histaminehistamine heparinheparin
prostaglandinsprostaglandins
dilate surrounding blood vesselsdilate surrounding blood vessels
5.5. DilationDilation of blood vessels:
of blood vessels:
increases blood circulation inincreases blood circulation inareaarea
causes warmth & rednesscauses warmth & redness
brings more nutrients & Obrings more nutrients & O22 toto
areaarea removes wastesremoves wastes
6.6. PlasmaPlasma diffuses into the area:diffuses into the area:
causing swelling & paincausing swelling & pain
7.7. Phagocytic white blood cells:Phagocytic white blood cells:
clean up the areaclean up the area
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RegenerationRegeneration When the injury or infection is cleaned up:When the injury or infection is cleaned up:
healing (healing (regenerationregeneration) begins) begins FibroblastsFibroblasts move into necrotic area:move into necrotic area:
lay downlay down collagen fiberscollagen fibers
to bind the area together (to bind the area together (scar tissuescar tissue))
Newcells migrateNewcells migrateinto area or areinto area or areproduced byproduced byMesenchymal cellsMesenchymal cells
NotNot all tissues canall tissues can
regenerate:regenerate: epithelia &epithelia &
connective tissuesconnective tissuesregenerate wellregenerate well
cardiac cells &cardiac cells &neurons do NOTneurons do NOT
regenerateregenerate