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    2-6 Troubleshooting IP AddressingSearch...

    Home Study Guides CCNA Routing & Switching 200-120 Chapter 2 IP Addressing and Subnets 2-6 TroubleshootingIP Addressing

    As you know by now, IP Addressing is an integral part of networking and given the complexity of addressing and subnetting, it iscommon to have IP addressing errors in the network. So it is essential for you to be able to troubleshoot common problems relatedto IP Addressing. Before troubleshooting a network, you have to understand the below given common protocols and utilities that areused to troubleshoot:

    Packet InterNet Grouper (PING) Ping is one of the most commonly used utility that is used to troubleshoot addressingand connectivity problems. This utility is available in almost all operating systems, including Cisco devices and can beaccessed by the command line interface using the ping command. It uses the ICMP protocol to check if the destination host islive or not.Traceroute Traceroute is another common utility that is available with all operating systems. In some operating systems theutility can be access using the tracert or traceroute command on the CLI. It is used to find each hop between the source anddestination hosts and is useful to see the path taken by a packet.ARP table Sometimes it is useful to look at the ARP table of a system. This table contains the MAC address to IP addressbindings learned by the system. On most operating systems the ARP table can be viewed using the arp a command. On aCisco device the arp table can be viewed using the show ip arp command.IP config Sometimes, you need to verify the IP address, subnet mask, default gateway and DNS addresses the host is using.On a windows machine all this information can be seen in the output of the ipconfig /all command. On a unix based system,this information can be seen using the ifconfig command.

    For the following section consider the network shown in Figure 2-6. In this network, HostA is trying to reach ServerA and ServerBbut is not able to.Before looking at the IP addressing, you should quickly check network connectivity using four steps that Cisco recommends:

  • 1. Ping 127.0.0.1, the loopback address from the Host. You will need to open a terminal window of your operating system touse the ping utility. If you get an output similar to the following, it shows that the IP stack in the host is working well:

    ping 127.0.0.1PING 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.073 ms64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.096 ms64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.095 ms64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.145 ms

    Figure 2-6 Troubleshooting IP Addressing Scenario

    2. Ping the IP address of the host itself. If its successful then it shows that the hosts NIC is working well.>ping 192.168.1.50PING 192.168.1.50 (192.168.1.50): 56 data bytes64 bytes from 192.168.1.50: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.075 ms64 bytes from 192.168.1.50: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.096 ms64 bytes from 192.168.1.50: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.155 ms64 bytes from 192.168.1.50: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.151 ms

    3. Ping the default gateway from the host. If the ping works it shows that your host is able to communicate with the networkand the default gateway.

    >ping 192.168.1.1PING 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1): 56 data bytes64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.075 ms64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.096 ms64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.155 ms

  • 64 bytes from 192.168.1.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.151 ms4. Finally ping the remote host, ServerA or ServerB in our case. If the ping is successful, this means there is a DNS orapplication layer protocol problem between the host and ServerA. However, in our case the ping fails.

    >ping 192.168.2.65PING 192.168.2.65 (192.168.2.65): 56 data bytesRequest timeout for icmp_seq 0Request timeout for icmp_seq 1Request timeout for icmp_seq 2Request timeout for icmp_seq 3

    Now that you have used the Cisco recommended way to determine that the problem lies in the network, it is time to look at theaddressing. In this exercise, you need to look at the IP address, subnet mask and default gateway configured (as shown in Figure 2-6) to see if they are correctly configured. You can simply look at the subnet mask and see which are valid host addresses in thatsubnet to see if valid IP addresses have been configured. Take a step-by-step approach as shown below to narrow down the problemarea:

    1. The Host has an IP address of 192.168.1.50/25. A mask of /25 shows that the host lies in the 192.168.1.0/25 subnet (/25 =255.255.255.128, which gives two subnets 0 and 128). So the IP address given to the host is a valid host address.

    2. The Gateway address on the host is 192.168.1.1 and that is the IP address on the Router interface connected to the network.The IP address lies in the same subnet range as the host address. Step 1 and Step 2 eliminate addressing problem in thenetwork segment to which the host is connected.

    3. The next network segment is the point-to-point link between RouterA and RouterB. The subnet mask of /30 gives subnets0,4,8,12.128. The valid host addresses in the network 192.168.1.128/30 are 192.168.1.129 and 192.168.1.130. So the point-to-point links have valid addresses.

    4. The next network segment is the one to which ServerA is connected. /26 mask converts to 255.255.255.192. 192 deductedfrom 256 leaves 64. This means the valid subnets are 192.168.2.0, 192.168.2.64, 192.168.2.128, 192.168.2.192. ServerAsaddress is a valid address in the 192.168.2.64 subnet but the default gateway and the routers address is in the 192.168.2.0subnet. So ServerAs address is in the wrong subnet and needs to be changed to a valid address in the 192.168.2.0 subnet. Thisexplains why HostA is not able to reach ServerA.

    5. The final segment is the one to which ServerB connects. From the calculations done in the previous step, you can see thatServerBs address lies in the 192.168.2.128 subnet. The valid host addresses in this subnet are 129 to 190. 191 is the broadcastaddress of the subnet. While the router (default gateway) is configured with a valid address, ServerB has been assigned thebroadcast address, which needs to be changed. This explains why HostA is not able to reach ServerB.

    If you are careful about going step-by-step and finding out valid addresses in each subnet, you can figure out any addressingproblem in no time. Lets take a look at another example two examples. For these examples, we will use the network shown inFigure 2-7.

    Figure 2-7 Troubleshooting IP Address Example #2 & #3

  • Example #2Problem: HostB is able to reach HostD but it is not able to reach HostASolution: The question tells us two things. First that HostB is able to reach HostD, that means the network from HostB all the way toHostD is working fine. Second, HostB is not able to reach HostA. It is simple to figure out that there is a problem at HostA. To findthe problem, take a look at the IP address information given for HostA:

    1. A subnet mask of /27 coverts to 255.255.255.224.2. Deducting 224 from 256 gives us 32. So the valid host subnets are 0, 32, 64 and so on.3. HostB and RouterAs address are in the 192.168.1.0/27 subnet that has a valid host range of 1 to 30. The broadcast address for

    this subnet is 192.168.1.31.4. You will notice that HostA has an IP address of 192.168.1.31/27, which is the broadcast address of this subnet and not a valid

    host address. Hence, HostA cannot be reached from the network.Example #3Problem: HostD is able to reach HostB but not HostC.Solution: Again this problem statement tells us that the network from HostD to HostB is working well. So the problem requires alook at HostCs addressing:

    1. Again, a mask of /27 gives us subnets 0, 32, 64, 96, 128 and so on.2. HostD and RouterBs addresses lie in the 192.168.1.64/27 network. The valid host addresses for this subnet are 192.168.1.65-

    94. The broadcast address for the subnet is 192.168.1.95.3. The next subnet is 192.168.1.94/27 that has a valid host range of 192.168.1.95-192.168.1.127.4. You will notice that the IP address of HostC lies in the 192.168.1.94/27 subnet and not the 192.168.1.64/27 subnet. It lies it a

    different subnet that the default gateway (RouterB) and HostD. Hence, HostD is not able to reach HostC.

    Exam Alert: Expect a lot of questions in different forms where such IP addressing errors will be hidden during the exam. Each time you will need to patientlyfind the subnet and valid host addresses.

    Broadcast AddressesBroadcast and broadcast addresses are discussed many times in Chapter 1 and Chapter 2. Broadcast is a generic term meaning

  • message or data sent to all hosts in a network while broadcast address is a generic term meaning an address to which broadcasts aresent. It is important to understand that not all broadcasts are same. They can be divided into two different types:

    Layer 2 broadcasts These broadcasts are sent at layer 2 and are limited to a LAN. These do not cross the boundary of aLAN, which is defined by a router.Layer 3 broadcasts These broadcasts are sent at layer 3 and go to the network.

    You already know what unicast and multicast are but just to put them into perspective of broadcasts, these terms are defined belowagain:

    Unicast Messages or data sent to a single host are called unicast.Multicast Messages or data sent to a group of devices is called multicast.

    Like broadcasts, broadcast addresses also differ based on the layer. The different types are discussed below:Layer 2 Broadcast Address Layer 2 address are 48bit hexadecimal values. An example of layer 2 addresses isa3.4c.56.ea.f5.aa. Similarly, a layer 2 broadcast is a hexadecimal value of all Fs or a binary value of all 1s FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FFLayer 3 Broadcast Address This chapter showed you that the last address of a subnet is a broadcast address such as192.168.1.255/24. These addresses have all host bits on and refer to all hosts in that subnet. An address with all its bits turnedon 255.255.255.255 is a special broadcast address that refers to all hosts in all networks.

    A good example to understand how broadcast addresses are used, consider the following example of how a host requests IP addressfrom a DHCP server:

    When a host boots up and needs to get an IP address from the DHCP server, it does not know if the DHCP server in this sameLAN segment or across a router. So it sends a DHCP request with the destination IP address set to 255.255.255.255 and thedestination MAC address set to FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FFThe layer 2 broadcast goes out to the LAN and if a DHCP server is connected to the segment, it will respond back.If the DHCP server is not on the segment, the router will see the packet and covert it into a unicast message and send it to theDHCP server. The router needs to be configured for this though.The DHCP will reply back with a unicast.

    As the above example demonstrates, broadcast is very useful and can be converter to unicast when required.SummaryThis chapter is one of the most important chapters in this book and covers the most fundamental blocks of a network. IP AddressClasses, Private and Public addresses and subnetting are very important for both the CCNA exam as well as for understanding therest of the topics coming upI cannot stress enough the importance of these topics and would strongly suggest you to go through it again and clarify any doubtsyou might have before moving ahead.PreviousNext

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