7/28/2019 2 & 5- Perception & Learning

1/12

Understanding Individual Behavior:

Learning, Perception and Attribution

7/28/2019 2 & 5- Perception & Learning

2/12

Perception

The process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensoryinformation.

The interpretation of certain stimulae that an individual confronts with(actions/situations)

Sensation & Perception

Perception & Behavior

7/28/2019 2 & 5- Perception & Learning

3/12

Sub-processes of perception

Confrontation, Attention and Registration

Stimulus Characteristics:

Intensity, Size, Motion, Contrast, Novelty and Familiarity

Organism Characteristics:

Learning, Personality, Motivation

7/28/2019 2 & 5- Perception & Learning

4/12

Sub-processes of perception

Principles of perception (interpretation)

1. Figure Ground Principle

2. Perceptual Grouping:

Closure, Continuity, Proximity, Similarity

3. Perceptual Constancy

4. Perceptual Context

7/28/2019 2 & 5- Perception & Learning

5/12

Problems in Perception

1. Using the in-approperiate principle of interpretation

2. Perceptual defense:

Denial, Acceptance with distortion, Acceptance but refusal to change, Acceptance

3. Stereotyping

4. Halo effect

5. Attribution errors (Dispositional vs Situational attribution)

7/28/2019 2 & 5- Perception & Learning

6/12

Impression Management

1. Impression Motivation

Promotion-enhancement

Demotion-prevention

2. Impression Construction

Promotion-enhancement: Entitlements, Enhancements, Obstacle disclosure, Association

Demotion-prevention: Accounts, Apologies, Disassociation

7/28/2019 2 & 5- Perception & Learning

7/12

Learning

Behavioral Management

7/28/2019 2 & 5- Perception & Learning

8/12

Learning

The permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.

Characteristics:

Learning involves change

It is relatively permanentIt is experience based

Types of learning:

Informational, Experiential, Vicarious (Observational) learning

7/28/2019 2 & 5- Perception & Learning

9/12

Reinforcement

Law of effect

A reinforcement is defined to occur when an event following a response causes an

increase in the probability of that response occurring in the future.

A reinforcer is the environment change that happens contingent upon the behavioural

response.

7/28/2019 2 & 5- Perception & Learning

10/12

Classification of Reinforces

Desirable Consequence Undesirable Consequence

Applied Positive Reinforcement Punishment

Withdrawn Punishment Negative Reinforcement

7/28/2019 2 & 5- Perception & Learning

11/12

Interventions

Positive reinforcement: rewarding a desirable behavior

Negative reinforcement: Removal of unpleasent consequrnce when a desirable behavior

occurs

Punishment: Application of an undesirable consequence

Extinction: withholding of reinforcement for a previously reinforced behaviour which

decreases the future probability of that behaviour

Fixed vs Varibleratio strategy

Continuous, fixed and Intermittentschedule strategy

7/28/2019 2 & 5- Perception & Learning

12/12

OB Modification Through Learning

Process:

1. Identify critical behaviors

2. Make the baseline measurements of the critical behavior(s)

3. Identify consequences (the ABC analysis)

4. Choosing/developing and applying the intervention strategy

5. Evaluation/Feedback about the improvement