Nichol P. Begosa Wemt, Acls, Phtls

Senior Medic- Ambucare E.M.S. Solutions

Senior Oic- Dapitan Fire Rescue Volunteers

Wemt= Wilderness Emergency Medical TechnicianAcls= Advanced Cardiac Life Support ProviderPhtls= Pre- Hospital Trauma Life Support Provider

Joel de Gula Wemt, Acls, PhtlsSenior Medic- Ambucare E.M.S. Solutions

Oic- Dapitan Fire Rescue Volunteers

Wemt= Wilderness Emergency Medical TechnicianAcls= Advanced Cardiac Life Support ProviderPhtls= Pre- Hospital Trauma Life Support Provider

Introduction to 1st Aid

What Is First Aid?• First = immediate• Aid = care• Deals with injuries or sudden illness• DOES NOT replace the need for medical

care.

1st aider or Rescuer Reactions

• Witnessing an injury and seeing the victim’s response can be unnerving.

• Rescuers need to remain calm in all situations.

• Discussing your feelings after an event is helpful.

Star of Life

Recognize the Emergency

• The bystander is a vital link between EMS and the victim.

Decide to Help• Size up the Scene

• Are there any hazards?• What is the mechanism of injury

or nature of victim’s illness?• How many victims are there?

Call EMS 117• Dispatcher will ask for

• Your name and phone number• Victim’s location• What happened?• Number of victims and any special

conditions• Victim’s condition• Do not hang up unless the dispatcher tells

you to.• May advise you how to provide care

Provide Care• Often, critical life

support is effective only if started immediately.

• Usually started by a bystander

Protection • Whenever possible, use medical exam gloves

as a barrier.

Disease Transmission (1 of 2)

• Rescuers should understand the risk.• Precautions can help protect against

bloodborne and airborne diseases.• Bloodborne: Hepatitis and HIV/AIDS • Airborne: Tuberculosis

Disease Transmission (2 of 2)

• Protection• Hepatitis B vaccine• Universal precautions and body substance

isolation (BSI)• Personal protective equipment (PPE):

medical exam gloves, protective eyewear, mask, and mouth-to-barrier devices

Dressings and Bandages

Dressings Bandages

Dressings

• Functions • Control bleeding.• Prevent infection.• Absorb blood.• Protect the

wound.

• Types• Gauze pads• Adhesive strips• Trauma dressings• Improvised

dressings

Bandages

• Functions• Hold dressing in

place. • Apply pressure to

control bleeding.• Prevent or reduce

swelling.• Support and

stabilize an extremity or joint.

• Types• Roller• Self-adhering,

conforming bandages

• Gauze rollers• Elastic roller

bandages• Triangular• Adhesive tape

QUESTION?

Bleeding and wound

Wounds

External Bleeding (1 of 2)

• Three types• Capillary (oozing)• Venous (flowing)• Arterial (spurting)

External Bleeding (2 of 2)

• Open Wounds• Abrasion• Laceration• Puncture• Avulsion• Amputation

Method of control bleeding• Direct Pressure• Elevation• Pressure Point• Tourniquet

*Precaution of using Tourniquet:• Don’t cover the tourniquet • Make a note of the tourniquet’s location and the time it was applied. • Get the victim to a medical facility as soon as possible. • Don’t remove the tourniquet once tied up except by or on the advice of a doctor, because it may cause severe shock of death due to blood loss of blood.

External bleeding

Care for External Bleeding(2 of 2)

• DO NOT remove blood-soaked dressings.

• Apply a pressure bandage.

• Apply pressure at a pressure point if needed.

Internal Bleeding

• Skin is not broken and blood is not seen.• Recognizing internal bleeding

• Bruising• Painful, tender, rigid, bruised abdomen• Vomiting or coughing up blood• Black or bright red stool

Care for Internal Bleeding

• Call117, 2422345, 16016.• Care for shock.• If vomiting occurs, roll victim on

his or her side.

Wound Care• Wash with soap and water.• Flush with water.• Remove small objects.• Apply direct pressure.• Apply antibiotic ointment.• Cover wound.• Seek medical care.

Wound Infection• Signs of Infection

• Swelling• Reddening• Warmth• Throbbing• Pus discharge

• Seek medical care for infected wounds.• Tetanus booster shot every 5 to10 years

Special Wounds

• Amputations• Embedded (impaled) objects

Care For Amputations

• Control bleeding. • Treat for shock.• Recover amputated

part.• Wrap part in gauze,

place in a bag, and keep bag cool.

• Transport the part with the victim.

Care For Embedded (Impaled) Objects

• Expose area.• DO NOT remove

the object.• Control bleeding

around the object.• Stabilize the object.

Wounds That Require Medical Attention

• Arterial bleeding• Uncontrolled

bleeding• Deep wounds• Large or deeply

embedded objects• Foreign matter in

wound• Human or animal

bite

• Possibility of noticeable scar

• Cut eyelid• Slit lip• Internal bleeding• Uncertain how to

treat• Need a tetanus shot

QUESTION?

Bone and Muscle Injuries

Bone Injuries

A. Closed (simple) fractureB. Open (compound)

fracture

Recognizing Bone Injuries• DOTS

• Deformity• Open wounds• Tenderness• Swelling

Care for Bone Injuries• Examine area using DOTS.• Stabilize injured part to prevent movement.• Cover wound and exposed bones without

applying pressure.• Apply ice pack to prevent swelling.• Seek medical care.

Splinting

• Reduces pain• Prevents further damage to muscles,

nerves, and blood vessels• Prevents closed fracture from

becoming open fracture• Reduces bleeding and swelling

Types of Splints• Rigid splint

• Self-splint (anatomic splint)

• Soft splint

Splinting Guidelines

• Cover open wounds with dry dressing before applying splint.

• Splint only if it won’t cause further pain.• Splint in position found.• Use splint that will extend beyond joints above

and below injury.• Apply firmly, but do not affect circulation.• Elevate extremity after splinting.• Apply ice pack.

Joint Injuries• Sprain• Dislocation

Recognizing Joint Injuries• Pain, swelling, inability to use• Similar to fractures• Main sign of dislocation is deformity.

Care for Joint Injuries• For dislocations, splint and provide care as

you would for fracture.• For sprains, use RICE procedure.• Seek medical care.

RICE Procedure• R = Rest• I = Ice• C = Compression• E = Elevation

Muscle Injuries

• Muscle strain (pull)• Muscle contusion (bruise)• Muscle cramp

Recognizing Muscle Injuries• Muscle strain (pull)

• Sharp pain, tenderness, indentation or bump, weakness or loss of function, stiffness and pain with movement

• Muscle contusion• Pain and tenderness, swelling, bruise

• Muscle cramp• Uncontrolled spasms, pain, restriction or

loss of movement

Care for Muscle Injuries• For strains and contusions

• Rest.• Apply ice.

• For cramps• Stretch muscle.• Apply gentle pressure.

QUESTION?

Burns

Types of Burns

• Thermal (heat) burns• Chemical burns• Electrical burns

Thermal Burns• Depth (degree)

• First-degree (superficial)• Second-degree (partial thickness)• Third-degree (full thickness)

• Extent (Rule of palm)• Parts of body burned• Other injuries or medical conditions• Whether patient is elderly or very young

First-Degree Burns (Superficial)

• Redness• Mild swelling• Tenderness• Pain

Second-Degree Burns(Partial Thickness)

• Blisters• Swelling• Weeping fluids• Intense pain

Third-Degree Burns(Full Thickness)

• Dead nerve endings

• Leathery, waxy skin

• Pearly gray or charred skin

Care for Thermal Burns• Stop the burning process.• Open airway and check breathing. • Seek medical attention if:

• Victim is younger than 5, older than 55• Victim has difficulty breathing• There are other injuries or electrical injury• Face, feet, hands, or genitals are burned• Child abuse is suspected• Second-degree burn is larger than 20% BSA• Burn is third degree

First-Degree Burns

• Cool burn. • Cover the burned area with a dry,

nonstick, sterile dressing.• Seek immediate medical attention.

Small Second-Degree Burns

Large Second-Degree and Third-Degree Burns

• Monitor breathing.• Cover burn with dry, nonstick, sterile

dressing.• Care for shock.• Seek medical care.

Chemical Burns

• Results from caustic or corrosive substance• Acids, alkalis, and organic compounds

• Continue to burn as long as they are in contact with the skin; remove quickly

Care for Chemical Burns• Flush skin.• Remove

contaminated clothing.

• Cover burn.• Seek medical care.

Electrical Burns• Thermal burn

(flame)• Arc burn (flash)• True electrical

injury (contact)

Care for Electrical Burns• Make the scene safe. • Open airway and check breathing.• Check for spinal injuries.• Cover burns.• Care for shock.• Call 117.

Contact With Electrical Current

• Downed power lines• Turn off power before approaching patient.• Must have training and appropriate tools

• Faulty electrical equipment or careless use of electrical appliances• Turn off electricity at the circuit breaker,

fuse box, or outside switch box.• Unplug appliance if plug is undamaged.• Do not touch the patient until current is off.

QUESTION?

Chest, Abdominal and

Pelvic Injuries

Chest Injuries• Rib fractures• Embedded (impaled) objects• Sucking chest wound

Rib Fractures• Recognizing Rib Fractures

• Flail chest• Sharp pain, especially when victim

breaths, coughs, or moves• Shallow breathing• Victim holds injured area

Care for Rib Fractures• Help victim find a

comfortable position for breathing.

• Support the injured area.

• Seek medical care.

Embedded (Impaled) Objects

• Recognizing an Embedded (Impaled) Object• Object stuck in

chest

Care for Embedded (Impaled) Objects

• Stabilize the object.• Do not remove object.• Seek medical care.

Sucking Chest Wound• Recognizing a Sucking Chest Wound

• Blood bubbling out of chest wound• Sound of air being sucked in and out of

chest wound

Care for a Sucking Chest Wound

• Seal open wound with plastic wrap.

• Tape on three sides.• If victim has difficulty

breathing, remove cover to let air escape, and reapply.

• Lay victim on injured side.

• Call 117.

Abdominal Injuries• Closed Abdominal Injuries

• Direct blow• Open Abdominal Injuries

• Penetrating wounds• Embedded objects• Protruding organs

Closed Abdominal Injuries• Recognizing a Closed Abdominal Injury

• Bruises or other marks• Pain, tenderness, muscle tightness, or

rigidity• Care

• Place the victim in comfortable position.• Care for shock.• Seek medical care.

Protruding Organs• Recognizing a

Protruding Organ• Internal organs

escape from wound• Care

• Position of comfort• Cover with a moist,

sterile dressing.• Care for shock.• Call 117.

Pelvic Injuries• Recognizing Pelvic Fractures

• Pain in hip, groin, or back that increases with movement

• Inability to walk or stand• Signs of shock

• Care • Keep victim still.• Care for shock.• Call 117.

Pelvic fracture

QUESTION?

Lifting and Moving

Water Rescue

• Reach-throw-row-go• Reach for victim.• Throw anything that floats.• Row by using canoe or other boat.• Go by swimming (must be trained).

• Entering water is a last resort.

Electrical Emergency Rescue

• Indoor Electrocutions• Faulty electrical equipment or careless use

of electrical appliances• Turn off power at circuit breaker, fuse box,

or outside switch box before touching the victim.

• High-Voltage Power Lines• Power must be turned off.• Wait for trained personnel with proper

equipment.

Hazardous Materials Incidents

• Signs of Hazardous Materials• Signs on vehicle• Spilled liquids or solids• Strong, unusual odors• Clouds of vapor

• Stay away and upwind.• Wait for trained personnel to arrive.

Motor Vehicle Crashes

• Park in a safe area and call 117.• Turn on emergency hazard flashers.• Make sure scene is safe.• Turn off ignitions of involved vehicles.• Place flares or reflectors.• If you suspect spinal injuries, stabilize head

and neck.• Check and care for life-threatening injuries

first.

Fires

• Get all people out of the area quickly.• Use a fire extinguisher if the fire is small.• Call 117 ,242-2345 or 16016

Confined Space (1 of 2)

• Any area not intended for human occupancy

• Dangerous atmosphere (low oxygen levels)

• Requires special training and equipment to perform rescue

Confined Space (2 of 2)

• For Confined Space Emergencies• Call 117.• Check motionless victims first. Only enter

if you have proper training and equipment.• Once victim is removed, provide care.

Triage

• Classify into care and transportation priorities

• Triage categories• Immediate care• Delayed care• Walking wounded• Dead

Moving Victims

• Only move victim if there is immediate danger.• Fire• Hazardous materials• Impossible to protect from hazards• Impossible to access other victims who need

lifesaving care• Protect victim’s spine.• Drag in direction of the long axis of the body

Emergency Moves (1 of 3)

• Drags• Shoulder drag• Ankle drag• Blanket pull

Emergency Moves (2 of 3)

• One-person moves• Human crutch• Cradle carry• Fire fighter’s carry• Pack-strap carry• Piggyback carry

Emergency Moves (3 of 3)

• Two-person or three-person moves• Two-person assist• Two-handed seat carry• Four-handed seat carry• Extremity carry• Chair carry• Hammock carry

Nonemergency Moves

• All injured parts should be stabilized before and during moving.

QUESTION?