1.reflected by aerosols (dust particles, water droplets) (6%) 2. reflected by clouds (20%) 3....
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1. Reflected by aerosols (dust particles, water droplets) (6%)
2. Reflected by clouds (20%)
3. Reflected by Earth’s surface (4%)
4. Absorbed by clouds (3%)
5. Absorbed by Earth (51%)
6. Absorbed by Ozone, water vapor, dust (16%)
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C. Factors that effect the amount/ rate of heating
Angle
And
Duration
Of Insolation
Land Vs. Water
Land heats and cools faster than water
2.
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3. Color
Dark / Black White / Light
Black heats faster than white
4. Texture
Smooth RoughVs.
Vs.
Rough surfaces heat faster
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Why does water heat up slower than land?
1. Specific Heat:Water has a HIGHER SPECIFIC HEAT, therefore takes more calories of heat to change temperature.
Material Specific Heat
(in Joules/gram-0C)
Water – Liquid 4.18
Water – Solid 2.11
Water – Gas 2.00
Dry Air 1.01
Basalt 0.84
Granite 0.79
Iron 0.45
Copper 0.38
Lead 0.13
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2. Transparency:
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3. Convection:
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4. Evaporation:
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The Greenhouse Effect
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LatitudeSeason
North South
Latitude 90
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1. March 21
2. June 21
3. Sept. 21
4. Dec 21
F. Length of day light (duration) changes with
the seasons and with latitude.
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
24 24 24 18.5 16.2515 14 13.25 12.5 12 11.5 10.75 10 9 7.75 5.5 0 0 0
0 0 0 5.5 7.75 9 10 10.75 11.5 12 12.5 13.25 14 15 16.25 18.5 24 24 24
23
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G. Angle of Isolation (sunlight) and Heating of Earth’s Surface
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The intensity (strength) of isolation is greatest when:sunlight (insolation) is perpendicular to the surface- striking at 90 degrees
Because:the sunlight is concentrated in the smallest possible area
As the angle of insolation increases,the intensity of insolation increases.
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H. Factors Affecting the Angle and Intensity of Insolation
1. Shape of the Earth:
As latitude increases, the angle of insolation decreases, and the intensity of insolation decreases.
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2. Season of the Year
a. As Earth travels along its orbital path around the Sun, the angle of insolation at a given latitude changes with the seasons. This depends on how far a given latitude is from the direct rays of Sun. The direct rays migrate between the and the Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn.
Location of Direct Ray:
Date:
Season:
Capricorn
Dec 21st
Winter
Equator
Mar/Sep 21st
Equinox
Cancer
June 21st
Summer
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b. Maximum angle of isolation at 12 Noon for mid N.Y.S. (latitude 43 degrees North)
1. Dec. 21- 24.5 degrees- low angle, low intensity
2. Mar/Sept 21- 48 degrees- medium angle, medium intensity
3. June 21- 71.5 degrees- high angle, high intensity
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3. Time of Day
a. The angle of insolation changes in the course of one day. Maximum intensity occurs at noon.
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b. Looking South
The Shadow of a vertical pole indicates how the angle of insolation changes during the day. The higher/greater the angle of insolation, the shorter the shadow, and the greater the intensity of insolation.
S N
E
W
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VII. Seasons of the Year
A. Causes:
1.
2.
3.
B. Earth’s axis is tilted 23.5 degrees relative to the plane of its orbit
Earth revolves around the Sun
Earth’s tilted/inclined on its axis 23.5 degrees
Earth’s axis always points in the same direction
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Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn0 o
23 ½ o N
23 ½ o S
Antarctic Circle
66 ½ o S
66 ½ o N
Arctic Circle
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C. Earth revolves around the Sun in a yearly cycle of _________ days
D. As Earth revolves, It’s axis always points in the same direction
September 22Autumnal equinox
December 21Winter Solstice
June 21Summer Solstice
March 21Spring Equinox
365 ¼
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D. As Earth revolves, its axis always points in the same direction- parallelism of axis
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E. The apparent path of the sun changes with the seasons and with latitude.
NYS – 43 degrees latitude
E
S N
W
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E. The apparent path of the sun changes with the seasons and with latitude.
Equator – 00 Degrees
E
S N
W
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N.Y.S vs. Equator